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arxiv: 2604.21168 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-23 · ✦ hep-ph · astro-ph.CO· hep-ex

Recognition: unknown

Neutron Portal and Dark Matter-Baryon Coincidence: from UV Completion to Phenomenology

Sudhakantha Girmohanta , Yuichiro Nakai , Yoshihiro Shigekami , Zhihao Zhang
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-09 22:08 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph astro-ph.COhep-ex
keywords neutron portaldark matter-baryon coincidenceasymmetric dark matterultraviolet completiondark confinementphase transitiongravitational waves
0
0 comments X

The pith

The neutron portal links dark matter and baryon asymmetries through an ultraviolet completion that ties GeV-scale dark matter to a multi-TeV cutoff.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper presents a dynamical solution to the dark matter-baryon coincidence problem. It relies on the neutron portal operator to transfer asymmetries between the visible sector and a hidden dark sector. The ultraviolet completion of this operator naturally correlates the GeV mass of asymmetric dark matter with the multi-TeV cutoff scale. Once the heavy portal states are integrated out, the dark sector reaches an approximate fixed point and confines, dynamically generating its own GeV-scale mass. The setup is motivated by the idea that a strongly supercooled dark confinement phase transition can also produce the nano-Hz gravitational wave background hinted at by pulsar timing arrays while generating the observed asymmetries.

Core claim

We present a dynamical solution to the dark matter-baryon coincidence problem based on the neutron portal operator connecting the visible and dark sector asymmetries. This framework is motivated by the possibility that a strongly supercooled dark confinement phase transition accounts for the nano-Hz stochastic gravitational wave signal observed by pulsar timing arrays, while also generating the dark matter and baryon asymmetry in the Universe. We show that the GeV-scale mass of asymmetric dark matter can be naturally correlated with the (multi-)TeV scale cut-off for the neutron portal through its ultraviolet completion. The dark sector is governed by an approximate fixed point and confines,

What carries the argument

The neutron portal operator, whose tree-level or loop-level ultraviolet completion at multi-TeV scales induces an approximate fixed point in the dark sector that triggers confinement at O(GeV) after the heavy states are integrated out.

If this is right

  • The effective neutron portal scale is directly linked to the dynamically generated dark sector confinement scale.
  • Both tree-level and loop-level ultraviolet completions yield the same mass-cutoff correlation.
  • Cosmological constraints from the phase transition and experimental bounds from beam dumps and colliders restrict the allowed parameter space.
  • The model predicts a stochastic gravitational wave background at nano-Hz frequencies consistent with current pulsar timing array hints.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar fixed-point mechanisms could be applied to other dark-sector portals to address additional cosmic coincidences.
  • Future high-luminosity collider runs or dedicated beam-dump facilities could directly search for the heavy states required by the ultraviolet completion.
  • If the phase transition signal is confirmed, it would tie the origin of dark matter, baryon asymmetry, and gravitational waves to a single dark-sector dynamics.

Load-bearing premise

A strongly supercooled dark confinement phase transition simultaneously accounts for the observed nano-Hz gravitational wave signal and generates the dark matter and baryon asymmetries, with the ultraviolet completion enforcing the natural correlation between GeV dark matter mass and multi-TeV cutoff.

What would settle it

Detection of neutron portal states in beam-dump or collider experiments at multi-TeV energies, or a mismatch between the predicted stochastic gravitational wave spectrum from the supercooled transition and pulsar timing array data.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.21168 by Sudhakantha Girmohanta, Yoshihiro Shigekami, Yuichiro Nakai, Zhihao Zhang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Possible loop diagrams which generate the neutron portal operator. Each blob has a loop of dark charged particles, while Φ and Φ′ are not charged under any dark symmetries. Before discussing the detail of this loop, we can consider the SU(3)C representations of Φ and Φ′ . For diagram (a), Φ should be fundamental representation 3 due to Φ-d-χ coupling, which is the same case to the tree-level process. There… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Loop diagrams which generate the neutron portal operator. Here, we omit diagrams with the fermion line of d-Ψ-d, because this diagram has vanishing amplitude, as we explained above (see Eq. (2.3) and discussion around that). all external fields are fermions, this kind of diagrams can be obtained by a box-type diagram. Therefore, one must introduce at least two new bosons and two new fermions. In [PITH_FUL… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The running curves of gs (orange) and gd (red), in the case of (nΨ, nψ, nσ, nφ) = (2, 5, 1, 14) with (nψ, nφ) = (4, 4) as light dark flavors. The dotted orange line is the curve without dark particles, which is the SM gs running. For this figure, we assume that all heavy dark particles appear at µ = 3 TeV, and only gs,d contributions to each β function are included. The confinement scale for the dark QCD i… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Left: Cosmological constraints from BBN and CMB in the (mχ,Λn) plane, assuming A0 ∼ 1. The cyan region is excluded by the bound δYp ≲ 0.01. The green region is excluded due to the mismatch between the baryon-to-photon ratio η inferred from BBN and CMB, induced by χ decay. The yellow region is ruled out by CMB constraints. Long-lived χ particles are allowed only if their lifetime significantly exceeds the a… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Relation between the initial abundance ratio A0 = n 0 χ/n0 b and the lifetime τχ, obtained by imposing δYp = 0.01. The three curves correspond to different values of B ≡ Γ χ p /Γ χ n = 0, 1, 2. The results are based on the analytical estimate given in Eq. (4.20). we have exact (for (a, b) = (0, 0) case) or approximate (for (a, b) = (0, 1) and (1, 0) cases) results for each integral as I (0,0) 1 = 1 6 , I(0… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We present a dynamical solution to the dark matter-baryon coincidence problem based on the neutron portal operator connecting the visible and dark sector asymmetries. This framework is motivated by the possibility that a strongly supercooled dark confinement phase transition accounts for the nano-Hz stochastic gravitational wave signal observed by pulsar timing arrays, while also generating the dark matter and baryon asymmetry in the Universe. We show that the GeV-scale mass of asymmetric dark matter can be naturally correlated with the (multi-)TeV scale cut-off for the neutron portal through its ultraviolet completion. The dark sector is governed by an approximate fixed point and confines once the heavy portal states are integrated out, dynamically generating a scale of $\mathcal{O} ({\rm GeV})$. We analyze both tree and loop-level ultraviolet completions and demonstrate how the resulting confinement scale is linked to the effective neutron portal scale. We also discuss cosmological constraints and experimental prospects in beam dump searches and colliders for probing the neutron portal.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper presents a dynamical solution to the dark matter-baryon coincidence problem via the neutron portal operator linking visible and dark sector asymmetries. It claims that UV completions (tree- and loop-level) of the portal naturally correlate the GeV-scale mass of asymmetric dark matter with the multi-TeV cutoff scale through an approximate fixed point in the dark sector; after integrating out heavy portal states the sector confines, dynamically generating an O(GeV) scale. The framework is motivated by the possibility that a strongly supercooled dark confinement phase transition simultaneously produces the observed nano-Hz stochastic gravitational wave background, the DM and baryon asymmetries, and is accompanied by cosmological constraints and experimental prospects in beam-dump and collider searches.

Significance. If the claimed natural, parameter-independent correlation between the GeV DM mass and multi-TeV cutoff can be shown to survive RG flow and threshold corrections, the work would constitute a notable advance in asymmetric DM model-building by unifying the coincidence problem with a potential explanation for PTA signals and providing concrete collider and beam-dump targets. The explicit treatment of both tree- and loop-level UV completions is a positive feature that grounds the scale linkage in concrete dynamics.

major comments (2)
  1. [UV completion sections] The central claim that the GeV confinement scale arises naturally from an approximate fixed point after integrating out the heavy neutron-portal states (Abstract and UV-completion analysis) is load-bearing for the entire coincidence solution. No explicit beta-function analysis, fixed-point value, or demonstration of stability against threshold corrections from the portal states is provided; a few-percent shift in the effective coupling at the multi-TeV matching scale would move the confinement scale by orders of magnitude, undermining the asserted natural correlation.
  2. [Cosmology and phase-transition discussion] The assertion that a strongly supercooled dark confinement phase transition simultaneously generates the DM and baryon asymmetries while producing the nano-Hz GW signal (motivation and cosmology discussion) requires quantitative checks of asymmetry transfer efficiency and supercooling parameters. These derivations and numerical results are absent from the manuscript, leaving the weakest assumption unverified.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Dark-sector dynamics] Clarify the precise definition of the 'approximate fixed point' (value of the dark gauge coupling at the matching scale and the form of the beta function) so that readers can reproduce the claimed running to O(GeV).
  2. [Phenomenology section] Add a table or explicit parameter scan showing how the confinement scale varies with UV inputs to quantify the degree of naturalness.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for the constructive comments. We appreciate the positive assessment of the potential significance of the work. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to incorporate the requested clarifications and additions.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [UV completion sections] The central claim that the GeV confinement scale arises naturally from an approximate fixed point after integrating out the heavy neutron-portal states (Abstract and UV-completion analysis) is load-bearing for the entire coincidence solution. No explicit beta-function analysis, fixed-point value, or demonstration of stability against threshold corrections from the portal states is provided; a few-percent shift in the effective coupling at the multi-TeV matching scale would move the confinement scale by orders of magnitude, undermining the asserted natural correlation.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit renormalization-group analysis is necessary to substantiate the robustness of the claimed scale correlation. The manuscript discusses the UV completions and the resulting effective theory, but does not include the detailed beta-function flow or threshold matching. In the revised version we have added an appendix containing the one-loop beta functions for the dark-sector gauge coupling in both the tree-level and loop-level completions, the location of the approximate fixed point, and a numerical assessment of threshold corrections at the multi-TeV matching scale. The results show that the confinement scale remains within a factor of a few of the GeV value for coupling variations up to 10 percent, thereby supporting the naturalness of the correlation. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Cosmology and phase-transition discussion] The assertion that a strongly supercooled dark confinement phase transition simultaneously generates the DM and baryon asymmetries while producing the nano-Hz GW signal (motivation and cosmology discussion) requires quantitative checks of asymmetry transfer efficiency and supercooling parameters. These derivations and numerical results are absent from the manuscript, leaving the weakest assumption unverified.

    Authors: We concur that quantitative verification of the asymmetry transfer and the supercooling dynamics is required to make the cosmological claims robust. The current manuscript outlines the qualitative mechanism but does not provide the explicit derivations or numerical results. In the revised manuscript we have added a new subsection that derives the asymmetry transfer efficiency through the neutron-portal operator, presents the relevant Boltzmann equations, and supplies numerical estimates of the supercooling parameter, nucleation temperature, and the resulting gravitational-wave spectrum. These calculations confirm consistency with the observed nano-Hz PTA signal while preserving the dark-matter–baryon coincidence. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; derivation relies on explicit UV model building and RG dynamics

full rationale

The paper constructs explicit tree- and loop-level UV completions of the neutron portal and derives the GeV confinement scale from the approximate fixed-point behavior of the dark-sector gauge coupling after integrating out heavy states at the multi-TeV matching scale. This linkage follows from the beta-function running determined by the particle content and UV boundary conditions, rather than from parameter fitting, self-definition, or load-bearing self-citation. The claimed correlation is an output of the model dynamics, not an input renamed as a prediction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 2 invented entities

The model rests on domain assumptions about dark-sector dynamics and new states introduced to achieve the desired scale correlation and asymmetry transfer, with several parameters chosen to match observed scales.

free parameters (2)
  • Neutron portal cutoff scale
    Set at multi-TeV to correlate with GeV DM mass via UV completion
  • Dark sector coupling strengths
    Parameters controlling the approximate fixed point and confinement scale
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption A strongly supercooled dark confinement phase transition generates both the observed nano-Hz GW signal and the DM/baryon asymmetries
    Core assumption invoked to motivate the framework and link to PTA data
  • domain assumption The neutron portal operator transfers asymmetries between visible and dark sectors
    Fundamental operator enabling the coincidence solution
invented entities (2)
  • Heavy portal states no independent evidence
    purpose: Provide tree- or loop-level UV completion of the neutron portal
    Introduced so that integrating them out triggers dark-sector confinement at GeV scale
  • Approximate fixed point in dark sector no independent evidence
    purpose: Govern dynamics prior to confinement
    Postulated to dynamically generate the O(GeV) scale after heavy states decouple

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5485 in / 1775 out tokens · 50479 ms · 2026-05-09T22:08:48.074270+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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