pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2605.01941 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-03 · 💻 cs.DL

Recognition: 2 theorem links

HERITRACE: a domain-agnostic framework for SHACL-driven RDF curation with provenance and change tracking

Arcangelo Massari (1) , Silvio Peroni (1) ((1) Research Centre for Open Scholarly Metadata , Department of Classical Philology , Italian Studies , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy)
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 18:55 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.DL
keywords RDF curationSHACL shapesprovenance trackingform-based interfacesdomain-agnostic frameworkSPARQL storeschange trackingweb application
0
0 comments X

The pith

HERITRACE lets non-experts curate RDF data through forms while automatically recording every change as RDF provenance.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper introduces HERITRACE as an open-source web application that provides form-based editing for RDF datasets. It connects directly to any existing SPARQL store without moving the data and stores each modification as a browsable and restorable provenance snapshot in RDF. Adaptation to a new domain requires only SHACL shapes to define the data model and YAML rules to control the forms, with no code changes needed. The approach has been applied in practice to bibliographic curation in classical philology and is planned for citation index projects. This setup aims to make ongoing RDF maintenance feasible for users who lack Semantic Web training.

Core claim

HERITRACE is a domain-agnostic web application that enables users without Semantic Web expertise to curate RDF data through form-based interfaces with automatic provenance documentation and change tracking in RDF. It uses SHACL shapes for data model definition and form generation, connects to existing SPARQL-accessible stores without data migration, and records every modification as a provenance snapshot that can be browsed and restored. Adapting the system to a new collection requires only SHACL shapes and YAML display rules, without code changes. The paper describes the software architecture and provides the first empirical evaluation through its deployment in the ParaText project.

What carries the argument

SHACL shapes that define data constraints and generate editing forms, paired with automatic creation of RDF provenance snapshots for each user change.

If this is right

  • Existing SPARQL stores gain editing and history features without any data movement or restructuring.
  • Users lacking Semantic Web skills can perform curation tasks directly through generated forms.
  • Every edit remains queryable and restorable using standard RDF tools and SPARQL.
  • The same curation interface can serve multiple unrelated domains after only shape and rule updates.
  • Provenance records stay inside the RDF graph, preserving compatibility with linked data practices.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Widespread adoption could reduce reliance on custom scripts for maintaining scholarly RDF collections.
  • The built-in history might support audit requirements in collaborative or institutional data projects.
  • Integration with additional SPARQL endpoints could extend the tool to more linked open data repositories.
  • The form generation approach might be extended to support batch operations or validation feedback during editing.

Load-bearing premise

That suitable SHACL shapes and YAML display rules can always be written to produce reliable forms and complete provenance tracking for arbitrary RDF collections.

What would settle it

A concrete dataset where valid SHACL shapes still produce unusable forms or where change tracking breaks without additional code or data migration.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.01941 by Arcangelo Massari (1), Bologna, Department of Classical Philology, Italian Studies, Italy), Silvio Peroni (1) ((1) Research Centre for Open Scholarly Metadata, University of Bologna.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Entity creation request flow through HERITRACE architectural layers. 3.2 Domain-agnostic data editing The system automatically discovers entities from the connected triplestore based on their RDF class declarations. The editing view ( view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Editing interface showing meta￾data fields and input controls view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: presents task completion distributions. End users achieved success rates of 78% for editing, 100% for merging, 78% for version restoration, and 67% for creating publications. The merge task demonstrated the highest success rate, with all 9 participants completing it. The create publication task yielded 6 complete and 3 partial outcomes. This task required building a containment hierarchy through nested col… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: SUS score distributions with benchmark thresholds for average (68) and excel￾lent (80.3) usability [67]. Time Machine as a safety net reducing anxiety about mistakes, and autocomplete for entity disambiguation. The most frequent negative categories were visual de￾sign problems with nested entity creation, where collapsible sections concealed previously entered data, and missing search functionality, report… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

HERITRACE is an open-source web application that enables users without Semantic Web expertise to curate RDF data through form-based interfaces with automatic provenance documentation and change tracking in RDF. It uses SHACL for data model definition and form generation, connects to existing SPARQL-accessible stores without data migration, and records every modification as a provenance snapshot that can be browsed and restored. HERITRACE is domain-agnostic: adapting it to a new collection requires only SHACL shapes and YAML display rules, without code changes. This paper describes the software architecture and provides the first empirical evaluation. HERITRACE is deployed in production for the ParaText project, where classical philologists curate bibliographic data about ancient Greek exegetical traditions, and is planned as the editing interface for OpenCitations and as the curation layer for the Social Sciences and Humanities Citation Index within the GRAPHIA Horizon Europe project. Since it operates on any SPARQL-accessible store without data migration, its adoption potential extends to any domain maintaining RDF data. HERITRACE is publicly available on GitHub under the ISC license, archived on Zenodo and Software Heritage Archive, and documented for deployment with a pre-built Docker image.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript describes HERITRACE, an open-source web application that enables non-expert users to curate RDF data via form-based interfaces generated from SHACL shapes, with automatic recording of all changes as provenance snapshots in RDF. It connects directly to existing SPARQL-accessible stores without data migration or code changes, and adaptation to new domains requires only SHACL shapes plus YAML display rules. The paper outlines the software architecture, reports a first empirical evaluation, and notes production deployment in the ParaText philology project plus planned use in OpenCitations and GRAPHIA.

Significance. If the implementation and evaluation support the claims, HERITRACE provides a concrete, low-barrier solution for RDF curation that preserves provenance and change history while remaining configurable rather than domain-specific. The production use case in classical philology and the open-source release (ISC license, Docker image, Zenodo/SWH archiving) supply direct evidence of practical utility and reproducibility. This could meaningfully increase adoption of Semantic Web technologies in humanities and citation-indexing domains by removing the need for custom development or data migration.

minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the phrase 'first empirical evaluation' is used without any quantitative summary (e.g., task completion time, error rates, or configuration effort metrics); adding one sentence would better substantiate the usability and domain-agnostic claims.
  2. [Evaluation or Discussion] The manuscript would benefit from an explicit limitations subsection (perhaps in the evaluation or discussion) that addresses edge cases such as complex SHACL constraints that may not map cleanly to forms or performance under high-concurrency edits.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive summary of the HERITRACE manuscript and for recommending minor revision. The assessment accurately captures the framework's core contributions: SHACL-driven form interfaces for non-expert RDF curation, automatic RDF provenance snapshots, direct connection to existing SPARQL stores without migration, and domain-agnostic adaptation via shapes and YAML rules. We also appreciate the recognition of its practical value, including the production deployment in ParaText and planned use in OpenCitations and GRAPHIA. No specific major comments appear in the provided report, so we offer no point-by-point rebuttals below. We remain ready to address any additional minor suggestions or clarifications in a revised version.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity detected

full rationale

This is a software architecture and deployment paper with no mathematical derivations, equations, fitted parameters, predictions, or self-referential definitions. The central claims rest on the described implementation (SHACL-driven forms, RDF provenance tracking, SPARQL connectivity without migration) and external evidence from production use in ParaText plus planned adoption in OpenCitations and GRAPHIA. No load-bearing steps reduce to inputs by construction, and no self-citations are invoked to justify uniqueness or force results. The framework is self-contained against the stated benchmarks of configuration-only adaptation and real-world curation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim is the existence and described behavior of the implemented software system. It rests on the W3C SHACL standard and standard web/SPARQL technologies rather than new axioms or parameters.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption SHACL is a W3C standard for defining constraints and shapes on RDF data that can be used to generate user interfaces.
    The framework uses SHACL for data model definition and automatic form generation as stated in the abstract.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5552 in / 1367 out tokens · 29200 ms · 2026-05-08T18:55:16.183175+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

74 extracted references · 36 canonical work pages · 1 internal anchor

  1. [1]

    ADLab - Laboratorio Analogico Digitale, /DH.arc - Digital Humanities Advanced Research Centre: FICLIT Digital Library (2022), https://dl.ficlit.unibo.it/s/lib/p age/home

    2022

  2. [2]

    Bast, H., Buchhold, B.: QLever: A Query Engine for Efficient SPARQL+Text Search.In:Proceedingsofthe2017ACMonConferenceonInformationandKnowl- edge Management. pp. 647–656. CIKM ’17, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/3132847.3132921

    work page doi:10.1145/3132847.3132921 2017

  3. [3]

    The Addison-Wesley Signature Series, Addison-Wesley, Boston (2003)

    Beck, K.: Test-Driven Development: By Example. The Addison-Wesley Signature Series, Addison-Wesley, Boston (2003)

    2003

  4. [4]

    Ben-Kiki, O., Evans, C., Ingerson, B.: Yaml ain’t markup language (yaml™) version 1.1 (2005), https://yaml.org/spec/1.1/

    2005

  5. [5]

    Berthereau, D.: CSV Import (2024), swh:1:snp:1ae6e996991c5a188bb7f0bb2df6c8 f7a14bf4a0

    2024

  6. [6]

    Interna- tional Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems5(3), 1–22 (Jul 2009)

    Bizer, C., Heath, T., Berners-Lee, T.: Linked Data - The Story So Far:. Interna- tional Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems5(3), 1–22 (Jul 2009). https://doi.org/10.4018/jswis.2009081901

    work page doi:10.4018/jswis.2009081901 2009

  7. [7]

    D-Lib Magazine 21(1/2) (2015)

    Brase, J., Sens, I., Lautenschlager, M.: The Tenth Anniversary of Assigning DOI Names to Scientific Data and a Five Year History of DataCite. D-Lib Magazine 21(1/2) (2015). https://doi.org/10.1045/january2015-brase

    work page doi:10.1045/january2015-brase 2015

  8. [8]

    In: Jordan, P.W., Thomas, B., McClelland, I.L., Weerdmeester, B

    Brooke, J.: SUS: A ’Quick and Dirty’ Usability Scale. In: Jordan, P.W., Thomas, B., McClelland, I.L., Weerdmeester, B. (eds.) Usability Evaluation In Industry, pp. 207–212. CRC Press (Jun 1996). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781498710411-35

    work page doi:10.1201/9781498710411-35 1996

  9. [9]

    Revue de philologie, de littérature et d’histoire anciennesXCV(1), 147–153 (2021)

    Clayman, D.L.: The Digitization of the Année Philologique. Revue de philologie, de littérature et d’histoire anciennesXCV(1), 147–153 (2021). https://doi.org/10 .3917/e.phil.951.0147

    2021

  10. [10]

    The CodeMeta project (2024), https://codemeta.github.io/

    2024

  11. [11]

    Conventional commits 1.0.0 (2019), https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v 1.0.0/

    2019

  12. [12]

    SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States (2008)

    Corbin, J., Strauss, A.: Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd Ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States (2008). https://doi.org/10 .4135/9781452230153

    2008

  13. [13]

    In: Pan, J.Z., Tamma, V., d’Amato, C., Janowicz, K., Fu, B., Polleres, A., Seneviratne, O., Kagal, L

    Daquino, M., Peroni, S., Shotton, D., Colavizza, G., Ghavimi, B., Lauscher, A., Mayr, P., Romanello, M., Zumstein, P.: The OpenCitations Data Model. In: Pan, J.Z., Tamma, V., d’Amato, C., Janowicz, K., Fu, B., Polleres, A., Seneviratne, O., Kagal, L. (eds.) The Semantic Web – ISWC 2020, vol. 12507, pp. 447–463. Springer International Publishing, Cham (202...

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62466 2020

  14. [14]

    A Linked Open Data Native System for Crowdsourcing

    Daquino, M., Wigham, M., Daga, E., Giagnolini, L., Tomasi, F.: CLEF. A Linked Open Data Native System for Crowdsourcing. Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage16(3), 1–17 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1145/3594721

    work page doi:10.1145/3594721 2023

  15. [15]

    DB-Engines: Db-engines ranking of database management systems (2026), https: //db-engines.com/en/ranking

    2026

  16. [16]

    In: Hotho, A., Blomqvist, E., Dietze, S., Fokoue, A., Ding, Y., Barnaghi, P., Haller, A., Dragoni, M., Alani, H

    Diefenbach, D., Wilde, M.D., Alipio, S.: Wikibase as an Infrastructure for Knowl- edge Graphs: The EU Knowledge Graph. In: Hotho, A., Blomqvist, E., Dietze, S., Fokoue, A., Ding, Y., Barnaghi, P., Haller, A., Dragoni, M., Alani, H. (eds.) The Semantic Web – ISWC 2021, vol. 12922, pp. 631–647. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2021). https://doi.org...

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88361-4_37 2021

  17. [17]

    In: Proceedings of the 12th Knowledge Capture Conference 2023

    Dobriy, D., Polleres, A.: O2WB: A tool enabling ontology reuse in Wikibase. In: Proceedings of the 12th Knowledge Capture Conference 2023. pp. 101–104. ACM, Pensacola FL USA (2023). https://doi.org/10.1145/3587259.3627568

    work page doi:10.1145/3587259.3627568 2023

  18. [18]

    In: Pellegrini, T., Auer, S., Tochtermann, K., Schaffert, S

    Erling, O., Mikhailov, I.: RDF Support in the Virtuoso DBMS. In: Pellegrini, T., Auer, S., Tochtermann, K., Schaffert, S. (eds.) Networked Knowledge – Net- worked Media: Integrating Knowledge Management, New Media Technologies and Semantic Systems, pp. 7–24. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009). https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02184-8_2

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02184-8_2 2009

  19. [19]

    European Commission: GRAPHIA (2025), https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/ 101188018

    2025

  20. [20]

    arXiv (2025)

    Filograsso, F., Massari, A., Neri, C., Peroni, S.: HERITRACE in action: The Para- Text project as a case study for semantic data management in classical philology. arXiv (2025). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.15556

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.15556 2025

  21. [21]

    Free Software Foundation Europe: REUSE specification – version 3.3 (Nov 2024), https://reuse.software/spec-3.3/

    2024

  22. [22]

    Solutions for Native Linked Data Cataloguing of Italian Digital Cultural Heritage

    Giacomini, S., Daquino, M., Tomasi, F., Fintoni, L.A.: CLEF 2.0. Solutions for Native Linked Data Cataloguing of Italian Digital Cultural Heritage. JLIS.it16(1), 108–126 (Jan 2025). https://doi.org/10.36253/jlis.it-611

    work page doi:10.36253/jlis.it-611 2025

  23. [23]

    Google: Flutter (2026), https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:snp:4afa8411 0351da69a1fa7574b23296fcafc585ad;origin=https://github.com/flutter/flutter

    2026

  24. [24]

    Learned Publishing25(4), 259–264 (2012)

    Haak, L.L., Fenner, M., Paglione, L., Pentz, E., Ratner, H.: ORCID: A system to uniquely identify researchers. Learned Publishing25(4), 259–264 (2012). https: //doi.org/10.1087/20120404

    work page doi:10.1087/20120404 2012

  25. [25]

    Openclip, July 2021

    Heibi, I.: opencitations/lucinda. Zenodo (Oct 2025). https://doi.org/10.5281/ZE NODO.17476884

    work page doi:10.5281/ze 2025

  26. [26]

    Data Science2(1-2), 205–227 (Nov 2019)

    Heibi, I., Peroni, S., Shotton, D.: Enabling text search on SPARQL endpoints through OSCAR. Data Science2(1-2), 205–227 (Nov 2019). https://doi.org/10.3 233/DS-190016

    2019

  27. [27]

    Quantitative Science Studies , _month = feb, publisher =

    Hendricks, G., Tkaczyk, D., Lin, J., Feeney, P.: Crossref: The sustainable source of community-owned scholarly metadata. Quantitative Science Studies1(1), 414–427 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00022

    work page doi:10.1162/qss_a_00022 2020

  28. [28]

    A Martin Fowler Signature Book, Addison-Wesley, Upper Saddle River, NJ (2011)

    Humble, J., Farley, D.G.: Continuous Delivery: Reliable Software Releases through Build, Test, and Deployment Automation. A Martin Fowler Signature Book, Addison-Wesley, Upper Saddle River, NJ (2011)

    2011

  29. [29]

    PLOS Biology 17(10), e3000385 (2019)

    Hutchins, B.I., Baker, K.L., Davis, M.T., Diwersy, M.A., Haque, E., Harriman, R.M., Hoppe, T.A., Leber, S.A., Renaud, T.M., Santangelo, G.M.: The NIH Open Citation Collection: A public access, broad coverage resource. PLOS Biology 17(10), e3000385 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000385

    work page doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000385 2019

  30. [30]

    Standard ISO 27729:2024, International Organization for Standardization (2024)

    ISO: Information and documentation — International standard name identifier (ISNI). Standard ISO 27729:2024, International Organization for Standardization (2024)

    2024

  31. [31]

    Japan Link Center: Japan Link Center (JaLC) (2026), https://japanlinkcenter.org

    2026

  32. [32]

    In: 2015 48th Hawaii Inter- national Conference on System Sciences

    Kieffer, S., Sangiorgi, U.B., Vanderdonckt, J.: ECOVAL: A Framework for In- creasing the Ecological Validity in Usability Testing. In: 2015 48th Hawaii Inter- national Conference on System Sciences. pp. 452–461. IEEE, HI, USA (Jan 2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2015.61

    work page doi:10.1109/hicss.2015.61 2015

  33. [33]

    W3C Working Group Note, W3C (Jun 2017), https://www.w3.org/TR/shacl-af/

    Knublauch, H., Allemang, D., Steyskal, S.: SHACL Advanced Features. W3C Working Group Note, W3C (Jun 2017), https://www.w3.org/TR/shacl-af/

    2017

  34. [34]

    W3C Recommendation, W3C (Jul 2017), https://www.w3.org/TR/shacl/ 18 A

    Knublauch, H., Kontokostas, D.: Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL). W3C Recommendation, W3C (Jul 2017), https://www.w3.org/TR/shacl/ 18 A. Massari, S. Peroni

    2017

  35. [35]

    Krötzsch, M., Vrandečić, D., Völkel, M.: Semantic MediaWiki. In: Hutchison, D., Kanade, T., Kittler, J., Kleinberg, J.M., Mattern, F., Mitchell, J.C., Naor, M., Nierstrasz, O., Pandu Rangan, C., Steffen, B., Sudan, M., Terzopoulos, D., Ty- gar, D., Vardi, M.Y., Weikum, G., Cruz, I., Decker, S., Allemang, D., Preist, C., Schwabe, D., Mika, P., Uschold, M.,...

    work page doi:10.1007/11926078_68 2006

  36. [36]

    Journal of Biomedical Semantics8(1), 35 (2017)

    Lampa, S., Willighagen, E., Kohonen, P., King, A., Vrandečić, D., Grafström, R., Spjuth, O.: RDFIO: Extending Semantic MediaWiki for interoperable biomedical data management. Journal of Biomedical Semantics8(1), 35 (2017). https://doi. org/10.1186/s13326-017-0136-y

    work page doi:10.1186/s13326-017-0136-y 2017

  37. [37]

    Lebo, T., Sahoo, S., McGuinness, D.: PROV-O: The PROV Ontology (2013), http: //www.w3.org/TR/2013/REC-prov-o-20130430/

    2013

  38. [38]

    Journal of Usability Studies12(4), 183–192 (Aug 2017)

    Lewis, J., Sauro, J.: Revisiting the factor structure of the system usability scale. Journal of Usability Studies12(4), 183–192 (Aug 2017)

    2017

  39. [39]

    D-Lib Maga- zine18(9/10) (2012)

    Manghi, P., Bolikowski, L., Manola, N., Schirrwagen, J., Smith, T.: OpenAIRE- plus: The European Scholarly Communication Data Infrastructure. D-Lib Maga- zine18(9/10) (2012). https://doi.org/10.1045/september2012-manghi

    work page doi:10.1045/september2012-manghi 2012

  40. [40]

    Manola, F., Miller, E.: RDF Primer (Feb 2004), http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/R EC-rdf-primer-20040210/

    2004

  41. [41]

    Zenodo (Feb 2026)

    Massari, A.: arcangelo7/knowledge-graphs-inversion: V1.2.0. Zenodo (Feb 2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.18773042

    work page doi:10.5281/zenodo.18773042 2026

  42. [42]

    https: //doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19822398

    Massari, A.: HERITRACE user testing: Packages and results (Apr 2026). https: //doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19822398

    work page doi:10.5281/zenodo.19822398 2026

  43. [43]

    Zenodo (2026)

    Massari, A.: opencitations/heritrace v3.0.0. Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5 281/ZENODO.18642856

    2026

  44. [44]

    Software Heritage Archive (2026), ht tps://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:snp:1d58ffefc1133ebc84a7aebb75cb14c35 21e98b4;origin=https://github.com/opencitations/heritrace

    Massari, A.: opencitations/heritrace v3.0.0. Software Heritage Archive (2026), ht tps://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:snp:1d58ffefc1133ebc84a7aebb75cb14c35 21e98b4;origin=https://github.com/opencitations/heritrace

    2026

  45. [45]

    Quantitative Science Studies5(1), 50–75 (2024)

    Massari, A., Mariani, F., Heibi, I., Peroni, S., Shotton, D.: OpenCitations Meta. Quantitative Science Studies5(1), 50–75 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_ 00292

    work page doi:10.1162/qss_a_ 2024

  46. [46]

    Umanistica Digitale9(20), 317–340 (Jul 2025)

    Massari, A., Peroni, S.: HERITRACE: A User-Friendly Semantic Data Editor with Change Tracking and Provenance Management for Cultural Heritage Institutions. Umanistica Digitale9(20), 317–340 (Jul 2025). https://doi.org/10.6092/ISSN.253 2-8816/21218

    work page doi:10.6092/issn.253 2025

  47. [47]

    Massari, A., Peroni, S.: Time travel for knowledge graphs: Live queries over RDF change histories (2026), https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.02534

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  48. [48]

    Digital Scholarship in the Humanities41(Supplement 1), i196–i212 (2026)

    Massari, A., Peroni, S., Tomasi, F., Heibi, I.: Representing provenance and track changes of cultural heritage metadata in RDF: A survey of existing approaches. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities41(Supplement 1), i196–i212 (2026). https: //doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaf076

    work page doi:10.1093/llc/fqaf076 2026

  49. [49]

    Academic Press, Boston (1993)

    Nielsen, J.: Usability Engineering. Academic Press, Boston (1993)

    1993

  50. [50]

    OCLC: VIAF: Virtual International Authority File (2026), https://viaf.org/

    2026

  51. [51]

    In: Vrandečić, D., Bontcheva, K., Suárez-Figueroa, M.C., Presutti, V., Celino, I., Sabou, M., Kaffee, L.A., Simperl, E

    Oldman, D., Tanase, D.: Reshaping the Knowledge Graph by Connecting Re- searchers, Data and Practices in ResearchSpace. In: Vrandečić, D., Bontcheva, K., Suárez-Figueroa, M.C., Presutti, V., Celino, I., Sabou, M., Kaffee, L.A., Simperl, E. (eds.) The Semantic Web – ISWC 2018, vol. 11137, pp. 325–340. Springer Inter- nationalPublishing,Cham(2018).https://d...

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00668-6_20 2018

  52. [52]

    https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24356626 HERITRACE: a domain-agnostic framework for RDF curation 19

    OpenCitations: OpenCitations Index CSV dataset of all the citation data (2026). https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24356626 HERITRACE: a domain-agnostic framework for RDF curation 19

    work page doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24356626 2026

  53. [53]

    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18324537

    OpenCitations: OpenCitations Meta CSV dataset of all bibliographic metadata (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18324537

    work page doi:10.5281/zenodo.18324537 2026

  54. [54]

    Pallets: Flask (2010), https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:snp:ae0adef35d a5e9d9ef3a65725771e06b14422a1b;origin=https://github.com/pallets/flask

    2010

  55. [55]

    Pallets: Jinja (2026), https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:snp:38bfddf141 bae7252bc9404606f3d837d4887daa;origin=https://github.com/pallets/jinja

    2026

  56. [56]

    In: Hollink, L., Darányi, S., Peñuela, A., Kontopoulos, E

    Peroni, S., Shotton, D., Vitali, F.: A Document-inspired Way for Tracking Changes of RDF Data. In: Hollink, L., Darányi, S., Peñuela, A., Kontopoulos, E. (eds.) Detection,RepresentationandManagementofConceptDriftinLinkedOpenData. pp. 26–33. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Bologna (2016), http://ceur-ws.org/Vo l-1799/Drift-a-LOD2016_paper_4.pdf

    2016

  57. [57]

    Journal of Web Semantics17, 33–43 (2012)

    Peroni, S., Shotton, D.: FaBiO and CiTO: Ontologies for describing bibliographic resources and citations. Journal of Web Semantics17, 33–43 (2012). https://doi. org/10.1016/j.websem.2012.08.001

    work page doi:10.1016/j.websem.2012.08.001 2012

  58. [58]

    Quantitative Science Studies1(1), 428–444 (Feb 2020)

    Peroni, S., Shotton, D.: OpenCitations, an infrastructure organization for open scholarship. Quantitative Science Studies1(1), 428–444 (Feb 2020). https://doi.or g/10.1162/qss_a_00023

    work page doi:10.1162/qss_a_00023 2020

  59. [59]

    In: Proceedings of the 8th Inter- national Conference on Semantic Systems

    Peroni, S., Shotton, D., Vitali, F.: Scholarly publishing and linked data: Describing roles, statuses, temporal and contextual extents. In: Proceedings of the 8th Inter- national Conference on Semantic Systems. pp. 9–16. ACM, Graz Austria (2012). https://doi.org/10.1145/2362499.2362502

    work page doi:10.1145/2362499.2362502 2012

  60. [60]

    Scientometrics130, 2783–2797 (2025)

    Porter, S.R., Umbach, P.D., Willis, C.: Understanding ORCID adoption among academic researchers. Scientometrics130, 2783–2797 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1 007/s11192-025-05300-7

    2025

  61. [61]

    Preston-Werner, T.: Semantic versioning 2.0.0 (2013), https://semver.org/

    2013

  62. [62]

    Beurer-Kellner, B

    Priem, J., Piwowar, H., Orr, R.: OpenAlex: A fully-open index of scholarly works, authors, venues, institutions, and concepts (2022). https://doi.org/10.48550/arX iv.2205.01833

    work page doi:10.48550/arx 2022

  63. [63]

    O’Reilly, Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo (2020)

    Richards, M., Ford, N.: Fundamentals of Software Architecture: An Engineering Approach. O’Reilly, Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo (2020)

    2020

  64. [64]

    In: Bernasconi, E., Mannocci, A., Poggi, A., Salatino, A., Silvello, G

    Rizzetto, E., Peroni, S.: Mapping bibliographic metadata collections: the case of OpenCitations Meta and OpenAlex. In: Bernasconi, E., Mannocci, A., Poggi, A., Salatino, A., Silvello, G. (eds.) Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Information and Research Science Connecting to Digital and Library Science (IRCDL 2024). CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 3643...

    2024

  65. [65]

    Peer Community Journal4, e5 (2024)

    Rueff, B.: Dealing with post-excavation data: The Omeka S TiMMA web-database. Peer Community Journal4, e5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.24072/pcjournal.366, https://peercommunityjournal.org/articles/10.24072/pcjournal.366/

    work page doi:10.24072/pcjournal.366 2024

  66. [66]

    Sanfilippo, S.: Redis (2009), https://archive.softwareheritage.org/swh:1:snp:67e8 1e2c6975cdc61546a106749482760b430f92;origin=https://github.com/redis/redis

    2009

  67. [67]

    Morgan Kaufmann (2016)

    Sauro, J.: Quantifying the User Experience: Practical Statistics for User Research. Morgan Kaufmann (2016)

    2016

  68. [68]

    In: Garoufallou, E., Fallucchi, F., William De Luca, E

    Schreur, P.E.: Sinopia: A new linked-data editing environment designed for li- braries. In: Garoufallou, E., Fallucchi, F., William De Luca, E. (eds.) Meta- data and Semantic Research. Communications in Computer and Information Sci- ence, vol. 1057, pp. 425–430. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36599-8_39

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36599-8_39 2019

  69. [69]

    In: Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Semantic Web Information 20 A

    Stefanova, S., Risch, T.: Scalable reconstruction of RDF-archived relational databases. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Semantic Web Information 20 A. Massari, S. Peroni Management. SWIM ’13, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2013). https://doi.org/10.1145/2484712.2484717, https://doi.org/10.1145/ 2484712.2484717

    work page doi:10.1145/2484712.2484717 2013

  70. [70]

    Tamper, M.: From Text to Knowledge: Methods, Tools, and Applications for Dig- ital Humanities Based on Linked Data. Ph.D. thesis, Aalto University (2023)

    2023

  71. [71]

    W3C: OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview (Second Edition) (2012), https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/

    2012

  72. [72]

    W3C: R2RML: RDB to RDF Mapping Language (2012), https://www.w3.org/T R/r2rml/

    2012

  73. [73]

    W3C: SPARQL 1.1 Query Language (2013), https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-q uery/

    2013

  74. [74]

    Wilkinson, Michel Dumontier, IJsbrand Jan Aalbersberg, Gabrielle Appleton, Myles Axton, Arie Baak, Niklas Blomberg, Jan-Willem Boiten, Luiz Bonino da Silva Santos, Philip E

    Wilkinson, M.D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I.J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.W., da Silva Santos, L.B., Bourne, P.E., Bouw- man, J., Brookes, A.J., Clark, T., Crosas, M., Dillo, I., Dumon, O., Edmunds, S., Evelo, C.T., Finkers, R., Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Gray, A.J., Groth, P., Goble, C., Grethe, J.S., Heringa, J., ’t Hoen, ...

    work page doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.18 2016