arxiv: 2605.02321 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-04 · ⚛️ nucl-ex · nucl-th

Recognition: unknown

mathbf{{K}⁰_{S}}-mathbf{{K}⁰_{S}} femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at mathbf{sqrt{textit{s}_{rm NN}} = 5.02} TeV at the LHC

ALICE Collaboration

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 01:46 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ nucl-ex nucl-th

keywords femtoscopyK0S correlationsPb-Pb collisionssource radiuscollective expansionALICE experimentLHC heavy ions

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The pith

Neutral kaon pair correlations in Pb-Pb collisions yield source radii that decrease with pair transverse momentum and increase with centrality, consistent with collective expansion of the system.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper presents measurements of the femtoscopic source radius R and correlation strength lambda from K0S-K0S pairs produced in lead-lead collisions at 5.02 TeV. These quantities are extracted as functions of collision centrality and the pair's average transverse momentum. The trends show smaller radii at higher momenta and larger radii in more central events. This pattern aligns with expectations from a system that expands collectively before emitting particles. The results agree with earlier data at lower collision energy and with another experiment's measurements at the same energy.

Core claim

In Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 5.02 TeV, the one-dimensional Gaussian fit to the K0S-K0S correlation function gives source radii that fall with rising kT and rise with increasing centrality, matching the picture of a collectively expanding emitting source. Hydrokinetic models reproduce the central data but deviate in peripheral collisions.

What carries the argument

The one-dimensional Gaussian parametrization of the two-particle correlation function for identical neutral kaons, from which the source radius R and intercept lambda are extracted.

Load-bearing premise

The one-dimensional Gaussian source assumption allows extraction of R and lambda without large biases from resonance decays, non-Gaussian effects, or final-state interactions, particularly in peripheral collisions.

What would settle it

Observation of radii that do not decrease with increasing kT or that fail to match hydrodynamic expectations in central collisions would indicate that the collective expansion interpretation does not hold.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.02321 by ALICE Collaboration.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: Purity of K0 S candidates as a function of pT. Black markers represent the selection using the nominal invariant mass range 0.485 < Mππ < 0.510 GeV/c 2 , red markers represent the selection using the loose range 0.480 < Mππ < 0.515 GeV/c 2 , and blue markers represent the selection using the tight range 0.490 < Mππ < 0.505 GeV/c 2 . In case of femtoscopic analyses involving primary tracks, two-track effect… view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Correlation functions with the respective fits in four kT ranges for Pb–Pb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV in the 10-30% centrality range. Statistical uncertainties are shown as the black bars and systematic uncertainties, described in Sec. 4, are shown as boxes. The linear baseline contribution is shown in blue and the LednickýLyuboshitz model from Eq. 2 is shown in green. The total fit, shown in red, cor… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Extracted radii R (left panel) and λ (right panel) as a function of the average pair-transverse momentum kT in the ranges 0.2–0.6, 0.6–0.8, 0.8–1.0, and 1.0–1.5 GeV/c for different centrality classes. Filled markers represent the results obtained for Pb–Pb at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV, hollow markers refer to results obtained in Pb–Pb at √ sNN = 2.76 TeV [10] with a horizontal offset applied for legibility. Vertica… view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Radii R (left) and λ (right) as a function of the cubed root of the average charged-particle multiplicity density for different kT ranges. Filled markers represent the results obtained for Pb–Pb at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV, hollow markers refer to results obtained in Pb–Pb at √ sNN = 2.76 TeV [10]. Vertical bars and boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. In the right plot, the … view at source ↗

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Radius (left) and λ (right) parameters as a function of hdNch/dηi 1/3 from the highest kT range compared with results from CMS. oration [12], which analyzes K0 S –K0 S in the same collision system and energy, with the extracted source parameters shown as a function of hdNch/dηi 1/3 in view at source ↗

read the original abstract

Results from a one-dimensional femtoscopic analysis of ${\rm K}^{0}_{\rm S}-{\rm K}^{0}_{\rm S}$ correlations in Pb$-$Pb collisions at the center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~5.02$ TeV using data collected by the ALICE experiment at the LHC are presented. The source radius $R$ and correlation strength $\lambda$ are studied as a function of centrality and pair-transverse momentum ($k_{\rm T}$) to provide insight into the space-time structure and composition of the particle-emitting source. The observed trends of radii as a function of $k_{\rm T}$ and centrality are consistent with the collective expansion of the system. Comparisons with measurements at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~2.76$ TeV by the ALICE Collaboration show agreement across multiplicities and $k_{\rm T}$. Hydrokinetic model predictions match the most central collision results but deviate in peripheral events, potentially reflecting limitations in the model's description of peripheral collisions. A comparison with recent measurements at the same energy by the CMS Collaboration shows compatibility in both $R$ and $\lambda$ within 1.3$\sigma$. These results extend previous ${\rm K}^{0}_{\rm{S}}-{\rm K}^{0}_{\rm{S}}$ femtoscopy to a higher energy, providing a consistent baseline for future comparisons.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This is a straightforward extension of ALICE K0S femtoscopy to 5.02 TeV that confirms prior trends and matches CMS but leaves the peripheral analysis choices under-documented.

read the letter

Colleague, the main point is that ALICE has now measured K0S-K0S correlation functions in Pb-Pb at 5.02 TeV and extracted one-dimensional Gaussian radii R and correlation strengths lambda versus centrality and kT. The radii shrink with rising kT and in more peripheral events, exactly as expected from collective expansion, and the numbers sit within 1.3 sigma of the CMS results at the same energy while agreeing with ALICE's own 2.76 TeV data across the board. The hydrokinetic model works for central collisions but deviates in peripheral ones. That is the new content: a higher-energy data point that fills out the existing ALICE dataset and supplies a cross-check. The paper does a clean job of showing the trends line up with the lower-energy run and with another experiment, which is useful for anyone building or testing hydrodynamic pictures of the source. The soft spot is that the abstract gives almost no numbers on systematic uncertainties, pair cuts, or how the fit handles resonance feed-down and possible non-Gaussian tails. In peripheral events those effects are largest, and the one-dimensional Gaussian assumption could pull R(kT) in a way that mimics or masks the collective-flow signal. The model disagreement appears right where that bias would be strongest, so the full paper needs to show dedicated checks on fit stability and source shape before the peripheral results can be taken at face value. This is for heavy-ion groups that track femtoscopic source sizes and want the latest LHC numbers to compare against models. A reader who already follows ALICE or CMS femtoscopy will get value from the consistency plots. It deserves peer review because the measurement itself is direct and the external comparisons are there; the referee can press on the systematic studies and the 1D fit assumptions without the work being fundamentally flawed.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports a one-dimensional femtoscopic analysis of K⁰_S-K⁰_S correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at √s_NN = 5.02 TeV. It extracts the Gaussian source radius R and correlation strength λ as functions of pair transverse momentum k_T and collision centrality, finding that R decreases with increasing k_T and increases toward more central collisions. These trends are interpreted as consistent with collective expansion. The results agree with prior ALICE data at 2.76 TeV across multiplicities and k_T, are compatible with CMS measurements at the same energy within 1.3σ, and match hydrokinetic model predictions in central collisions but deviate in peripheral events.

Significance. If the extracted parameters are robust against analysis choices, the work extends femtoscopy to a new LHC energy, confirming the persistence of collective-expansion-driven trends and providing a cross-experiment baseline. The direct measurement of correlation functions with external model comparisons adds a useful constraint on the space-time structure of the emitting source in heavy-ion collisions.

major comments (2)

[§3 (analysis)] §3 (analysis) and fit procedure: the central claim that the observed R(k_T) and centrality trends reflect collective expansion assumes that the one-dimensional Gaussian source after FSI corrections faithfully captures the source size without significant bias. In peripheral collisions, where resonance decay lengths become comparable to R and non-Gaussian tails are expected to be larger, this assumption requires explicit validation (e.g., via 3D vs. 1D comparison or Gaussian vs. exponential source tests) because the hydrokinetic model already deviates precisely in this regime.
[Systematic uncertainties] Systematic uncertainties and pair selection: the manuscript provides insufficient quantitative detail on how systematic uncertainties are evaluated, what pair selection cuts are applied, and the precise implementation of Coulomb plus strong FSI corrections in the fitting procedure. These elements are load-bearing for the reliability of the reported R and λ trends and their 1.3σ agreement with CMS.

minor comments (2)

[Figures and text] Figure captions and text should explicitly state the functional form of the fit (including the treatment of λ) and the k_T binning used, to improve reproducibility.
[Abstract] The abstract could quantify the observed R trends (e.g., the slope of R vs. k_T) rather than stating only qualitative consistency.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading of the manuscript and the constructive comments. We address each major comment point by point below and will revise the manuscript to incorporate additional details and clarifications where appropriate.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [§3 (analysis)] §3 (analysis) and fit procedure: the central claim that the observed R(k_T) and centrality trends reflect collective expansion assumes that the one-dimensional Gaussian source after FSI corrections faithfully captures the source size without significant bias. In peripheral collisions, where resonance decay lengths become comparable to R and non-Gaussian tails are expected to be larger, this assumption requires explicit validation (e.g., via 3D vs. 1D comparison or Gaussian vs. exponential source tests) because the hydrokinetic model already deviates precisely in this regime.

Authors: We agree that the one-dimensional Gaussian parametrization has inherent limitations, especially in peripheral collisions where contributions from resonance decays can introduce non-Gaussian features and the source size is smaller. The manuscript already notes the deviation between data and the hydrokinetic model in peripheral events and attributes it potentially to model limitations in describing such collisions. The observed R(k_T) and centrality trends remain consistent with collective expansion, as evidenced by agreement with ALICE results at 2.76 TeV and CMS data at the same energy. To address the concern, we will expand the discussion in the revised manuscript to include references to prior studies on non-Gaussian effects in femtoscopy and explicitly state the assumptions and potential biases of the 1D Gaussian approach. A full 3D analysis or exhaustive Gaussian-vs-exponential tests are beyond the scope of this work, which focuses on 1D correlations, but we will consider adding a brief sensitivity study if statistics permit. revision: partial
Referee: [Systematic uncertainties] Systematic uncertainties and pair selection: the manuscript provides insufficient quantitative detail on how systematic uncertainties are evaluated, what pair selection cuts are applied, and the precise implementation of Coulomb plus strong FSI corrections in the fitting procedure. These elements are load-bearing for the reliability of the reported R and λ trends and their 1.3σ agreement with CMS.

Authors: We acknowledge that the current manuscript lacks sufficient quantitative detail on these aspects. In the revised version, we will add a dedicated subsection or expanded text describing: (i) the specific pair selection cuts (e.g., on track quality, PID, and invariant mass for K0S reconstruction), (ii) the breakdown of systematic uncertainties with quantitative contributions from each source (track selection, PID efficiency, FSI parameter variations, fit range, etc.), and (iii) the exact implementation of the FSI corrections, including the specific parametrizations for Coulomb and strong final-state interactions used in the fitting routine. This will strengthen the assessment of result robustness and the reported compatibility with CMS measurements. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Direct experimental measurement; no derivation reduces to inputs by construction

full rationale

The paper reports measured K0S-K0S correlation functions from Pb-Pb data, fits them with a one-dimensional Gaussian source to extract R and λ as functions of centrality and kT, and compares the resulting trends to external hydrokinetic models and prior ALICE/CMS data at different energies. No theoretical derivation chain exists; the central claim that trends are consistent with collective expansion is an observational statement about the extracted parameters, not a prediction derived from the fit procedure itself. Self-citations to previous ALICE femtoscopy papers provide context but are not load-bearing for the new results at 5.02 TeV. The Gaussian assumption and 1D projection are explicit methodological choices whose potential biases are external to the circularity question and do not make the reported radii equivalent to the input data by construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard femtoscopic techniques and the validity of the hydrokinetic model for comparisons. No new entities are postulated.

free parameters (2)

source radius R
Extracted by fitting the measured correlation function; central to all reported trends.
correlation strength λ
Extracted by fitting the measured correlation function; quantifies the fraction of correlated pairs.

axioms (2)

domain assumption The two-particle correlation function for identical bosons can be parameterized with a Gaussian source in one dimension.
Standard assumption invoked for the one-dimensional analysis described in the abstract.
domain assumption Hydrokinetic model predictions provide a valid benchmark for the space-time evolution in central collisions.
Used for the comparison that matches central but deviates in peripheral events.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5582 in / 1526 out tokens · 87574 ms · 2026-05-08T01:46:31.306636+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

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