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arxiv: 2605.11000 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-09 · ⚛️ physics.ins-det · nucl-ex

Recognition: no theorem link

The ICESPICE demonstrator for particle/γ-e⁻ coincidence experiments at Florida State University

A.L. Conley , M. Spieker , R. Aggarwal , L.T. Baby , J. Davis , J. Esparza , I. Hay , B. Kelly
show 12 more authors
T. Kirk M.I. Khawaja R. Mahajan S.T. Marley M. Mestayer A.B. Morelock A. Peters A.M. Ring J. Sheridan V. Sitaraman T. Stuck I. Wiedenh\"over
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-13 01:25 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.ins-det nucl-ex
keywords ICESPICEmini-orange spectrometerinternal conversion electronscoincidence measurementsnuclear structurePIPS detectorsin-beam spectroscopyparticle-gamma coincidences
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The pith

The ICESPICE demonstrator uses a modular mini-orange spectrometer to enable particle-gamma-electron coincidence measurements for nuclear structure studies.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper presents the design, optimization, and commissioning of ICESPICE, a system built around toroidal permanent magnet arrays that guide internal conversion electrons to PIPS detectors. Tests with a calibrated 207Bi source confirmed basic performance, while coincidence runs with CeBr3 gamma detectors showed clear electron-gamma correlations. In-beam measurements in the 208Pb(d,t)207Pb reaction at the Super-Enge Split-Pole Spectrograph produced prompt triton-electron coincidences. The work establishes that the setup functions as an ancillary detector for in-beam internal conversion electron spectroscopy.

Core claim

ICESPICE, built on the mini-orange spectrometer concept with commercially available permanent magnets in toroidal configurations, transports internal conversion electrons to room-temperature PIPS detectors while suppressing background; commissioning with a 207Bi source and first in-beam tests in the 208Pb(d,t)207Pb reaction produced observable gamma-electron correlations and prompt particle-electron coincidences, demonstrating its suitability for low-energy nuclear structure experiments at the FSU SE-SPS.

What carries the argument

Toroidal arrangements of permanent magnets that focus internal conversion electrons onto PIPS detectors while rejecting undesired particles and background.

If this is right

  • The system supports coincidence measurements between tritons detected in the SE-SPS and electrons in the PIPS detectors.
  • Gamma-electron correlations with the CeBrA array were recorded for the first time with this setup.
  • The design is optimized via SolidWorks, COMSOL, and Geant4 modeling for electrons near 1 MeV.
  • Multiple spectrometer-detector configurations were validated with the 207Bi source.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • This approach could allow conversion electron data to be collected in reactions where gamma-ray detection alone suffers from high background.
  • Routine use at the SE-SPS may enable new measurements of internal conversion coefficients in nuclei populated by light-ion transfer reactions.

Load-bearing premise

The observed prompt coincidences arise from the spectrometer's magnetic transmission and background rejection rather than from detector artifacts or unquantified backgrounds.

What would settle it

A control measurement in the same reaction with the magnets removed or demagnetized that still shows the same prompt electron-triton coincidences would falsify the performance attribution.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.11000 by A.B. Morelock, A.L. Conley, A.M. Ring, A. Peters, B. Kelly, I. Hay, I. Wiedenh\"over, J. Davis, J. Esparza, J. Sheridan, L.T. Baby, M.I. Khawaja, M. Mestayer, M. Spieker, R. Aggarwal, R. Mahajan, S.T. Marley, T. Kirk, T. Stuck, V. Sitaraman.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: (left) Photograph of the first ICESPICE spectrometer configuration, consisting of five 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: This sliced view of the SE-SPS sliding-seal chamber and internal sleeve shows the backward-angle geometry. The opening behind the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Simulated energy deposition spectra in PIPS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Decay scheme of 207Bi to excited states in 207Pb via electron capture (angled solid arrows), followed by γ-ray emission (vertical solid arrows). Levels are labeled with excitation energy (Ex) and J π . Transition labels indicate the γ-ray energy Eγ, relative intensity Iγ, and internal conversion coefficient α. The corresponding electron energies are listed in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Spectra from the decay of 207Bi measured using three PIPS® detectors with different mini-orange configurations. All detectors were tested in identical geometry (f = 70 mm, g = 25.4 mm). The 300-µm detector was paired with a mini-orange spectrometer using five N42 1 ′′ × 1 ′′ × 1/16′′ magnets, and the 500-µm and 1000-µm detectors with mini-orange spectrometers using five N42 1′′ × 1 ′′ × 1/8 ′′ magnets. The… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Digital filter windows for the 1000-µm thick PIPS® detector coupled to a mesytec MPR-1 preamplifier [35] and digitized with a CAEN V1725S digitizer using proprietary DPP-PHA firmware [36]. The red trace represents the trigger, the blue trace shows the trapezoidal filter, and the green trace marks the sampling region at the peaking time. to the simulation [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: a) Measured 207Bi spectrum with and without a the mini-orange spectrometer (MOS) configuration with five N42 1′′ × 1 ′′ × 1/8 ′′ for the 1000-µm thick PIPS® detector with a 50 mm2 active area in identical geometry (f = 70 mm, g = 30 mm). The spectrum without the MOS was normalized to the yield of the 1064-keV K-shell conversion electrons. Panels (b) and (d) compare the detector response with and without th… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: (a) Magnetic transmission probability TM(E) from Geant4 simulations for a detector with an active area of 50 mm2 positioned at f = 70(2) mm and g = 30(2) mm relative to the source, with and without a mini-orange spectrometer (MOS) consisting of five N42 1′′ ×1 ′′ ×1/8 ′′ magnets. The shaded band reflects uncertainties from varying the detector positions by ±2 mm in the simulation. A point source was simula… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: (a) Time-difference, ∆t, spectrum between a 3′′ × 4 ′′ CeBr3 detector and a 1000 µm-thick PIPS® detector coupled to a mini-orange spectrometer (MOS) configured with five N42 1′′×1 ′′×1/8 ′′ magnets. Time differences are defined relative to the CeBr3 detector. The measurement lasted 46 hours with ICESPICE positioned at f = 70(2) mm and g = 30(2) mm. The CeBr3 detector was located at θ = 90◦ and at a distanc… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Electron-γ coincidence matrix (left), also shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Photograph of the first in-beam particle- [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: a) Corrected and uncorrected focal-plane (FP) spectra from the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Time-difference spectrum between the 1000-µm thick PIPS® detector coupled to a five N42 1′′ × 1 ′′ × 1/8 ′′ magnet mini-orange spectrometer (MOS) and the SE-SPS focal-plane scintillator. The spectrum corresponds to the first four (569-, 897-, 1633-, and 2339-keV) states populated in the 208Pb(d, t) 207Pb reaction. A distinct prompt coincidence peak is observed at 1951 ns with a FWHM of 92 ns, obtained fro… view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Geant4 simulations comparing (a) the transmission probability, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_14.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The Internal Conversion Electron SPectrometer In Coincidence Experiments (ICESPICE) demonstrator has been developed at Florida State University to enable particle/gamma-electron coincidence measurements in low-energy nuclear structure studies. ICESPICE is based on the mini-orange spectrometer concept and features a modular design using commercially available permanent magnets arranged in toroidal configurations to transport internal conversion electrons to room-temperature PIPS detectors while suppressing background from undesired particles. The system was optimized through SolidWorks modeling, COMSOL magnetic field simulations, and Geant4 particle tracking to maximize the magnetic transmission probability for electrons around 1 MeV. Commissioning tests using a calibrated 207Bi source demonstrated the performance of multiple spectrometer-detector configurations. Coincidence measurements between CeBr3 detectors from the CeBrA array and PIPS detectors revealed clear gamma-electron correlations. The first in-beam particle-electron measurements using ICESPICE were performed with the Super-Enge Split-Pole Spectrograph (SE-SPS) in the 208Pb(d,t)207Pb reaction. Prompt coincidences between tritons detected with the SE-SPS and electrons detected with ICESPICE were observed. The presented results show that ICESPICE is a promising ancillary detector system for in-beam internal conversion electron spectroscopy at the FSU SE-SPS.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript describes the design, simulation-based optimization, and initial experimental commissioning of the ICESPICE mini-orange spectrometer demonstrator for internal conversion electron detection in particle/gamma-electron coincidence experiments. It details a modular toroidal magnet arrangement using commercial permanent magnets, Geant4 tracking for ~1 MeV electrons, commissioning with a 207Bi source, gamma-electron correlations with CeBr3 detectors, and first in-beam results showing prompt triton-electron coincidences in the 208Pb(d,t)207Pb reaction at the FSU SE-SPS. The central conclusion is that ICESPICE is a promising ancillary detector system for in-beam internal conversion electron spectroscopy.

Significance. If the reported coincidence signals are attributable to the spectrometer's transmission and background suppression, this work provides a practical, accessible modular system that could expand nuclear structure capabilities at facilities like the SE-SPS by enabling electron spectroscopy in coincidence with charged particles and gammas. The combination of SolidWorks/COMSOL/Geant4 optimization and use of room-temperature PIPS detectors is a strength for reproducibility. However, the absence of tabulated quantitative metrics (transmission probabilities, energy resolution, background rejection) limits direct comparison to existing mini-orange systems and weakens the ability to gauge the degree of promise.

major comments (1)
  1. Abstract and in-beam results section: The claim that prompt coincidences demonstrate the spectrometer's performance is load-bearing for the 'promising ancillary system' conclusion, yet no numerical values are provided for magnetic transmission probability, electron detection efficiency, energy resolution, or background suppression factors. Without these, it remains unclear whether the observed triton-electron and gamma-electron correlations arise from the optimized toroidal transport or from unquantified backgrounds/detector artifacts, as noted in the commissioning and reaction data descriptions.
minor comments (2)
  1. The manuscript would benefit from a dedicated table or figure panel summarizing key commissioning metrics (e.g., detected electron energies from 207Bi, coincidence rates, and any estimated efficiencies) to make the performance assessment more quantitative and self-contained.
  2. Notation for detector configurations (e.g., multiple spectrometer-detector setups) could be clarified with a short table or diagram legend for easier reference across the commissioning and in-beam sections.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive review and recommendation of minor revision. We address the major comment below and have prepared revisions to strengthen the quantitative support for our claims.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Abstract and in-beam results section: The claim that prompt coincidences demonstrate the spectrometer's performance is load-bearing for the 'promising ancillary system' conclusion, yet no numerical values are provided for magnetic transmission probability, electron detection efficiency, energy resolution, or background suppression factors. Without these, it remains unclear whether the observed triton-electron and gamma-electron correlations arise from the optimized toroidal transport or from unquantified backgrounds/detector artifacts, as noted in the commissioning and reaction data descriptions.

    Authors: We agree with the referee that the absence of explicit numerical values in the abstract and in-beam results section limits the ability to directly assess performance and compare with other systems. The manuscript describes the SolidWorks/COMSOL/Geant4 optimization process and reports the observation of prompt coincidences, but does not tabulate the requested metrics in those locations. In the revised version we will add the simulated magnetic transmission probability for ~1 MeV electrons, the energy resolution measured with the 207Bi source, and quantitative details on coincidence timing and rates from the commissioning and in-beam data. These additions will clarify that the observed prompt triton-electron and gamma-electron correlations are consistent with the expected internal-conversion electrons transported by the toroidal field rather than random or artifactual backgrounds. The prompt timing constraint inherent to the SE-SPS coincidence setup provides additional evidence against uncorrelated events. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; self-contained instrumentation report

full rationale

The manuscript is a hardware development and commissioning paper describing the ICESPICE mini-orange spectrometer. It reports SolidWorks/COMSOL/Geant4 optimization of a modular permanent-magnet design, 207Bi source tests, CeBr3-PIPS gamma-electron correlations, and first in-beam triton-electron coincidences in 208Pb(d,t)207Pb. No derivations, fitted parameters, or predictions appear; all claims rest on direct simulation outputs and raw coincidence observations. No self-citations are invoked as load-bearing uniqueness theorems or ansatzes. The central claim of 'promising ancillary system' follows immediately from the presented design and qualitative signals without reduction to prior inputs by construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper is an experimental instrumentation report and introduces no new physical axioms, free parameters, or postulated entities; it relies on standard electromagnetic simulation codes and commercially available components.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5625 in / 1110 out tokens · 29574 ms · 2026-05-13T01:25:01.849068+00:00 · methodology

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