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arxiv: 2605.13569 · v1 · pith:B4NC3PCKnew · submitted 2026-05-13 · ⚛️ nucl-ex · hep-ex

Exclusive dimuon production and coherent charmonium photoproduction at forward rapidity in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at mathbf{sqrt{s_(rm NN)}=5.36} TeV

ALICE Collaboration This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-30 21:16 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ nucl-ex hep-ex
keywords coherent photoproductionnuclear shadowingultra-peripheral collisionscharmoniumJ/ψψ(2S)dimuon productionforward rapidity
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The pith

Nuclear shadowing reduces coherent J/ψ and ψ(2S) photoproduction cross sections to roughly 76% and 71% of impulse-approximation predictions at forward rapidity.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reports rapidity-differential measurements of coherent J/ψ and ψ(2S) photoproduction together with exclusive dimuon production in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at 5.36 TeV. The observed quarkonium rates lie below the impulse-approximation baseline that ignores nuclear modifications, yielding square-root ratios of approximately 0.76 for J/ψ and 0.71 for ψ(2S) near y = -3. These values correspond to Bjorken-x values near 10^{-2} and indicate sizable nuclear shadowing of gluons. The dimuon data separately constrain the photon flux at impact parameters close to the nuclear radius.

Core claim

The square root of the ratio of the measured quarkonium cross section to the impulse approximation prediction is about 0.76 for J/ψ and 0.71 for ψ(2S), at y ≈ -3, corresponding to typical Bjorken-x values of 10^{-2}. The exclusive dimuon results highlight the sensitivity of such measurements to precise modeling of the photon flux, particularly at impact parameters near the nuclear radius.

What carries the argument

The square root of the ratio of measured coherent photoproduction cross section to the impulse-approximation prediction, which quantifies the nuclear shadowing factor.

If this is right

  • Nuclear shadowing must be included in calculations of coherent vector-meson production in heavy-ion collisions.
  • The extracted ratios supply direct constraints on nuclear gluon distributions at x ≈ 10^{-2}.
  • Exclusive dimuon spectra test the accuracy of photon-flux models near the nuclear surface.
  • The results extend existing data to a new collision energy and forward rapidity interval.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar suppression factors are likely to appear in other vector-meson channels at comparable x.
  • The measurements could serve as input for global fits of nuclear parton distributions that also incorporate LHC heavy-ion data.
  • Refined photon-flux modeling informed by the dimuon results may affect predictions for electromagnetic dissociation and two-photon processes.

Load-bearing premise

The measured events are assumed to arise purely from coherent photoproduction and the impulse approximation without nuclear effects is taken as the correct reference baseline.

What would settle it

A new measurement at the same kinematics that returns a shadowing ratio consistent with unity would falsify the reported suppression.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.13569 by ALICE Collaboration.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Leading-order diagrams for the coherent vector meson photoproduction (left) and for the exclusive dimuon production by photon fusion (right). is then applied, thus neglecting the flux of photons emitted at impact parameters smaller than the nu￾clear radius. In a more refined approach implemented in event generators such as SuperChic 4 [42, 43] and Upcgen [44, 45], photon fluxes are described using nuclear … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Left: invariant mass distribution for the selected muon pairs with pT < 0.25 GeV/c in the full forward rapidity range. Right: transverse momentum distribution for muon pairs in the invariant mass range 2.8 < mµµ < 3.3 GeV/c 2 . Fit components are described in the text. simulations. The mass and width parameters of the J/ψ distributions are left unconstrained, while the ψ(2S) mass parameter is connected to … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Transverse momentum distribution for muon pairs in the full rapidity range for two invariant mass intervals. Fit components are described in the text [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Measured rapidity-differential cross sections of the coherent J/ψ (left) and ψ(2S) (right) production in Pb–Pb UPCs at √ sNN = 5.36 TeV. The results are compared with theoretical calculations described in the text. The statistical uncertainties are shown with bars, the systematic uncertainties are shown with boxes. STARlight predictions for coherent vector meson cross sections in Pb–Pb UPCs are based on th… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: compares the measured ratio with theoretical predictions. The CGC-based model is consistent with the measurement within its validity range. The impulse approximation, which uses the ψ(2S)- to-J/ψ cross section ratio R = 0.166 ± 0.007(stat.) ± 0.008(syst.) ± 0.007(BR) measured by the H1 collaboration [77], lies above the ALICE data but remains compatible within 1.9σ in the rapidity interval −4 < y < −3.25 a… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Measured invariant-mass differential cross sections of the exclusive dimuon production γγ → µµ in Pb–Pb UPCs at √ sNN = 5.36 TeV. The results are compared with predictions by Monte Carlo generators [39, 40, 42–45] described in the text. The top part of the figures: the absolute values of the cross sections are presented. The bottom part of the figures: the ratios of data to Monte Carlo-based predictions ar… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

This Paper presents rapidity-differential measurements of coherent J/$\psi$ and $\psi({\rm 2S})$ photoproduction, as well as rapidity- and mass-differential measurements of exclusive dimuon production, in the forward rapidity region $-4 < y < -2.5$ in ultra-peripheral Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.36$ TeV using data recorded by the ALICE detector at the LHC in 2023, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $\mathcal{L} = 1170 \pm 50~\mu{\rm b}^{-1}$. The J/$\psi$ and $\psi({\rm 2S})$ results reveal the significant role of nuclear shadowing effects. The square root of the ratio of the measured quarkonium cross section to the impulse approximation prediction is about 0.76 for J/$\psi$ and 0.71 for $\psi({\rm 2S})$, at $y \approx -3$, corresponding to typical Bjorken-$x$ values of $10^{-2}$. The exclusive dimuon results highlight the sensitivity of such measurements to precise modeling of the photon flux, particularly at impact parameters near the nuclear radius.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. This manuscript reports rapidity-differential cross sections for coherent J/ψ and ψ(2S) photoproduction as well as rapidity- and mass-differential exclusive dimuon production in the forward region −4 < y < −2.5 in ultra-peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at √s_NN = 5.36 TeV with the ALICE detector (L = 1170 ± 50 μb⁻¹). The central results are the extracted ratios of measured quarkonium cross sections to impulse-approximation predictions, whose square roots are stated to be approximately 0.76 (J/ψ) and 0.71 (ψ(2S)) at y ≈ −3 (x ≈ 10⁻²), interpreted as evidence for nuclear shadowing; the dimuon channel is noted to be sensitive to photon-flux modeling near the nuclear radius.

Significance. If the data selection, background subtraction, and systematic uncertainties are robust, the measurements supply new experimental constraints on coherent photoproduction at a previously unmeasured energy, directly probing nuclear gluon distributions at x ∼ 10⁻². The reported ratios and the explicit sensitivity of the dimuon channel to photon-flux modeling constitute falsifiable inputs for nuclear PDF fits and for modeling of ultra-peripheral collisions.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the interpretation that the quoted square-root ratios demonstrate nuclear shadowing assumes both (i) that the selected sample is purely coherent photoproduction and (ii) that the impulse approximation without nuclear effects supplies the correct baseline. The manuscript must demonstrate in the analysis section how coherent purity is quantified and how the impulse-approximation prediction is computed (including any references to the specific theoretical calculation employed).
  2. [Abstract] Abstract: the dimuon results are stated to highlight sensitivity to photon-flux modeling at impact parameters near the nuclear radius, yet no quantitative statement is given on the size of the modeling uncertainty relative to the statistical precision of the measurement. This uncertainty must be evaluated explicitly if the dimuon channel is to be used to validate the photon-flux description underlying the quarkonium ratios.
minor comments (2)
  1. The integrated luminosity is quoted with a ±50 μb⁻¹ uncertainty; confirm that this uncertainty (and all other systematics) is propagated into the final ratios and their uncertainties.
  2. Clarify the precise kinematic cuts and invariant-mass windows used for the J/ψ and ψ(2S) signals and for the dimuon continuum.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment and the recommendation for minor revision. We address each major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the interpretation that the quoted square-root ratios demonstrate nuclear shadowing assumes both (i) that the selected sample is purely coherent photoproduction and (ii) that the impulse approximation without nuclear effects supplies the correct baseline. The manuscript must demonstrate in the analysis section how coherent purity is quantified and how the impulse-approximation prediction is computed (including any references to the specific theoretical calculation employed).

    Authors: The analysis section already specifies the coherent selection via the forward muon spectrometer, neutron emission vetoes, and absence of additional activity to quantify sample purity. The impulse-approximation baseline is obtained from the STARlight Monte Carlo (referenced in the paper) which implements the standard IA without nuclear effects. To address the referee's point directly, we will add explicit cross-references and a short paragraph in the revised analysis section restating the purity quantification and the exact IA implementation used. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the dimuon results are stated to highlight sensitivity to photon-flux modeling at impact parameters near the nuclear radius, yet no quantitative statement is given on the size of the modeling uncertainty relative to the statistical precision of the measurement. This uncertainty must be evaluated explicitly if the dimuon channel is to be used to validate the photon-flux description underlying the quarkonium ratios.

    Authors: We agree that the manuscript does not provide a direct numerical comparison of photon-flux modeling uncertainty to the dimuon statistical precision. In the revised version we will add this evaluation: we will vary the nuclear radius parameter in the photon-flux calculation, propagate the resulting cross-section variation, and quote it relative to the statistical uncertainties in the dimuon rapidity and mass bins. This will be included in the results section and referenced from the abstract. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in experimental measurement paper

full rationale

This is a pure experimental measurement paper reporting cross sections and ratios extracted directly from ALICE detector data in Pb-Pb collisions. The central results (e.g., sqrt(measured cross section / impulse approximation)) are data-driven comparisons to an external theoretical baseline; no derivation chain, parameter fit, or self-citation reduces the quoted numbers to the paper's own inputs by construction. The paper is self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the impulse approximation as baseline and standard modeling of photon flux in UPC; no new free parameters beyond the reported luminosity and no invented entities.

free parameters (1)
  • integrated luminosity = 1170 ± 50 μb^{-1}
    Value 1170 ± 50 μb^{-1} used to normalize measured cross sections to absolute scale.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption The impulse approximation without nuclear modifications is the appropriate reference for extracting shadowing ratios from photoproduction data.
    Invoked in the abstract to interpret the measured-to-predicted ratios as evidence for shadowing.

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discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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