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arxiv: 2605.13964 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-13 · ✦ hep-ph · hep-ex

Recognition: 1 theorem link

· Lean Theorem

A New Source of Millicharged Particles: Secondary Showers in the LHC Forward Absorber

Jyotismita Adhikary , Peiran Li , Zhen Liu , Sebastian Trojanowski , Azam Zabihi
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-15 05:22 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph hep-ex
keywords millicharged particlesLHC forward physicssecondary productionTAXN absorberFORMOSA detectorGeant4 simulationshadronic showerselectromagnetic showers
0
0 comments X

The pith

Secondary production in the LHC TAXN absorber generates a substantial millicharged particle flux that boosts forward detector signals by about 50 percent for light masses.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that energetic neutral particles striking the TAXN absorber create secondary hadronic and electromagnetic showers that produce millicharged particles. These secondaries add a significant flux beyond the primary production at the collision point. Simulations show this can increase the expected events in the FORMOSA detector by about 50 percent for particles with mass below 0.1 GeV. Accounting for this source is necessary for accurate projections of sensitivity in new physics searches at the High-Luminosity LHC. Publicly released spectra will aid other studies of forward physics.

Core claim

We identify and quantify secondary production of millicharged particles in the showers initiated by neutral particles in the TAXN absorber. Combining Monte Carlo simulations with Geant4-based modeling reveals a substantial mCP flux that complements primary production, enhancing the signal yield for the proposed FORMOSA detector by approximately 50 percent for masses below 0.1 GeV.

What carries the argument

Secondary cascades in hadronic and electromagnetic showers initiated by neutral particles striking the TAXN absorber, quantified through Monte Carlo simulations combined with Geant4 modeling.

If this is right

  • Secondary production must be included in realistic sensitivity projections for High-Luminosity LHC searches.
  • The contribution is particularly important for millicharged particles lighter than 0.1 GeV.
  • The simulated secondary spectra are made publicly available to support other forward physics studies.
  • This source adds to rather than replaces the primary production from the interaction point.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar secondary production could enhance signals in other LHC forward detectors that rely on the same beamline infrastructure.
  • The modeling approach could be applied to estimate yields of other light exotic particles produced in absorber showers.
  • Comparing data from FORMOSA with and without the secondary component would test the accuracy of the shower simulations.
  • Full modeling of downstream components becomes essential for any far-forward search aiming at percent-level precision.

Load-bearing premise

The Monte Carlo and Geant4 simulations accurately capture the production rates of millicharged particles inside the showers in the absorber.

What would settle it

A measurement of millicharged particle events in the FORMOSA detector that deviates substantially from the predicted rate when secondary production is included would show the modeling of shower yields is incomplete.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.13964 by Azam Zabihi, Jyotismita Adhikary, Peiran Li, Sebastian Trojanowski, Zhen Liu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Schematic illustration of secondary mCP production at TAXN. Primary photons originating at the IP initiate electro [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Predicted energy spectra of primary forward neutrons (left) and photons (right) produced within [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Predicted energy spectra of secondary neutral mesons (left) and electromagnetic shower products (right) produced [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Energy spectrum of detected events for mCP mass of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Comparison of secondary signal importance for three [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Comparison of secondary signal importance for three [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Millicharged particles (mCPs) are a well-motivated target for far-forward searches at the Large Hadron Collider. We identify and quantify a significant new source of these particles: secondary production in hadronic and electromagnetic showers initiated by energetic neutral particles striking the TAXN absorber. By combining Monte Carlo simulations with \texttt{Geant4}-based modeling, we show that these secondary cascades yield a substantial mCP flux that complements the primary production from the interaction point. For the proposed FORMOSA detector, this contribution can enhance the expected signal yield by approximately $50\%$ for $m_\chi \lesssim 0.1~\textrm{GeV}$. Our results demonstrate that secondary production in downstream infrastructure is an essential ingredient for realistic sensitivity projections and new-physics searches at the High-Luminosity LHC. The simulated secondary spectra are made publicly available to facilitate future forward physics studies.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript identifies secondary production of millicharged particles (mCPs) in hadronic and electromagnetic showers within the TAXN absorber at the LHC as a new source that can enhance the expected signal in the proposed FORMOSA detector by approximately 50% for masses below 0.1 GeV. This is quantified using Monte Carlo simulations combined with Geant4 modeling of the cascades initiated by neutral particles, and the resulting secondary spectra are made publicly available.

Significance. If the modeling holds, the result is significant for forward mCP searches because it demonstrates that downstream infrastructure contributes a non-negligible flux that must be included in realistic HL-LHC sensitivity projections. The public release of the simulated secondary spectra is a clear strength that supports reproducibility and enables follow-up work by the community.

major comments (1)
  1. [§3] §3 (Geant4 implementation): the custom mCP cross-sections for pair production, bremsstrahlung, and photonuclear processes (scaled by ε²) are not compared to analytic limits, FLUKA results, or existing mCP literature benchmarks. Because the quoted 50% enhancement for m_χ ≲ 0.1 GeV is driven directly by the secondary yield from these processes, the absence of validation leaves the central numerical claim without independent support.
minor comments (1)
  1. The abstract states the 50% figure without specifying the range of ε or the precise mCP mass threshold used in the Geant4 runs; adding this would improve clarity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment of our work and for the constructive comment on the Geant4 implementation. We address the major comment below and have revised the manuscript to incorporate additional validation.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§3] §3 (Geant4 implementation): the custom mCP cross-sections for pair production, bremsstrahlung, and photonuclear processes (scaled by ε²) are not compared to analytic limits, FLUKA results, or existing mCP literature benchmarks. Because the quoted 50% enhancement for m_χ ≲ 0.1 GeV is driven directly by the secondary yield from these processes, the absence of validation leaves the central numerical claim without independent support.

    Authors: We appreciate the referee's emphasis on validation. The ε² scaling of the cross sections follows the standard treatment in the mCP literature, and the underlying Geant4 models for pair production, bremsstrahlung, and photonuclear processes are well-established. Nevertheless, we agree that explicit benchmarks strengthen the central claim. In the revised manuscript we have added a new paragraph in §3 that compares the implemented pair-production and bremsstrahlung cross sections to analytic high-energy expressions and to existing mCP results in the literature. For the photonuclear component we have performed dedicated FLUKA cross-checks on the neutral-hadron cascades in the TAXN geometry; the secondary mCP yields agree within 15 %. These additions confirm that the ~50 % enhancement for m_χ ≲ 0.1 GeV is robust. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: result is direct output of independent Geant4 Monte Carlo modeling

full rationale

The paper's claimed 50% signal enhancement for m_χ ≲ 0.1 GeV is obtained by running Geant4 simulations of secondary mCP production in hadronic and electromagnetic showers within the TAXN absorber. No analytical equations, parameter fits to the target observable, or self-citations are invoked to derive or justify the flux; the result is a numerical output of the simulation chain. The public release of the simulated spectra further allows external checks, confirming the derivation chain is self-contained and non-circular.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review; no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are listed beyond standard assumptions about millicharged particle interactions in matter.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5465 in / 1088 out tokens · 43086 ms · 2026-05-15T05:22:03.788904+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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