arxiv: 2605.13991 · v1 · pith:MN3Z6BCGnew · submitted 2026-05-13 · ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Circularity in Perovskite-Based Tandem Photovoltaics for Terawatt-Scale Deployment

Abderrahime Sekkat , Shiling Dong , Jenny Baker , Matt Burnell , Tapas Mallick , Ruy S. Bonilla , Robert L. Z. Hoye This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-15 02:57 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci

keywords metal-halide perovskitetandem photovoltaicscircularityrecyclingsustainabilitysolar energylead managementpolicy

0 comments

The pith

Metal-halide perovskite tandem photovoltaics promise higher efficiencies alongside intrinsic circularity benefits that simplify recycling compared to crystalline silicon.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review argues that as photovoltaics scale to multiple terawatts, perovskite-based tandem devices can support sustainable deployment better than crystalline silicon by offering not just higher efficiencies but also simpler architectures that facilitate recycling and material recovery. It identifies specific challenges such as replacing scarce materials, creating scalable recycling methods, safely handling lead, and establishing supportive policies. By considering materials science, economics, and policy together, the paper outlines paths to make these devices both high-performing and circular. This approach matters because silicon PVs are projected to create 160 million tonnes of waste by 2050, highlighting the need for better end-of-life solutions in the clean energy shift.

Core claim

MHP-based tandem PVs not only promise higher power conversion efficiencies than single-junction c-Si devices, but also offer intrinsic advantages for circularity, including simpler device architectures, low-temperature processing, and more accessible materials recovery routes. At the point where perovskite PVs are entering the market, the paper examines the critical circularity challenges that must be addressed, including substitution of scarce raw materials, scalable recycling protocols, cost-effective stack delamination, safe lead sequestration, and policy frameworks to encourage circularity across the device lifecycle. By integrating materials, technoeconomic and policy dimensions, the p

What carries the argument

Intrinsic circularity advantages from simpler device architectures, low-temperature processing, and accessible materials recovery in perovskite tandem photovoltaics

If this is right

Simpler architectures would allow cost-effective stack delamination and higher recovery rates of valuable materials.
Low-temperature processing could reduce energy inputs in manufacturing and enable more recycling-friendly designs.
Policy frameworks with effective incentives would promote circular practices throughout the PV lifecycle.
Addressing lead sequestration would mitigate environmental risks and support public acceptance of perovskite technology.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

These design features might allow perovskite tandems to meet stricter future environmental regulations more easily than silicon.
Researchers could prioritize developing delamination techniques tailored to tandem stacks as a next step.
Broader implications include reduced reliance on scarce materials like silver or indium in PV production.
Testing full lifecycle models that include these circularity benefits would quantify the sustainability gains.

Load-bearing premise

That the intrinsic circularity advantages can be realized at commercial scale while maintaining performance, and that policy frameworks will provide effective incentives across the device lifecycle.

What would settle it

A pilot-scale demonstration showing that perovskite tandem modules can be recycled with high material recovery rates and minimal lead contamination at costs competitive with silicon recycling.

read the original abstract

As photovoltaics (PVs) scale from one to multiple terawatts over the next decade, ensuring sustainable deployment is urgently required. Crystalline silicon (c-Si) PVs, the current industry standard, will generate an estimated 160 million tonnes of waste by 2050, and there remains complex technoeconomic challenges associated with their recycling. Metal-halide perovskite (MHP)-based tandem PVs not only promise higher power conversion efficiencies than single-junction c-Si devices, but also offer intrinsic advantages for circularity, including simpler device architectures, low-temperature processing, and more accessible materials recovery routes. At this pivotal juncture when perovskite PVs begin to enter the market, this review examines the critical circularity challenges that must be addressed: substitution of scarce raw materials, scalable recycling protocols, cost-effective stack delamination, safe lead sequestration, and policy frameworks to encourage circularity across the device lifecycle with effective incentives. By integrating the materials, technoeconomic and policy dimensions that go beyond conventional lifecycle assessments, we outline actionable strategies to co-optimize device performance and sustainability. This review aims to guide researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders in steering perovskite-based tandem PVs towards a circular and responsible commercialization pathway within the global clean-energy transition.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This review argues perovskite tandems carry built-in circularity edges over silicon but supplies no new numbers showing those edges survive commercial scale.

read the letter

The main thing to know is that the paper positions metal-halide perovskite tandems as having simpler architectures, lower processing temperatures, and easier material recovery than crystalline silicon, yet it offers no fresh calculations or measurements to confirm those features remain practical once production hits terawatt levels. The text instead compiles the known obstacles—scarce-material replacement, stack delamination, lead containment, recycling yields, and policy incentives—and sketches ways to address them together with performance goals. That cross-link between materials choices, cost models, and regulatory levers is the part that stands out. Most work on perovskites stays inside one of those silos, so pulling them into one document gives a clearer picture of the trade-offs that actually matter for deployment. The limitation is that the advantages stay stated as intrinsic without quantitative backing on how they hold up under real manufacturing constraints or end-of-life streams. The strategies listed come from the cited literature rather than new tests or models, so the reader is left to judge whether the co-optimization paths are realistic. This is the sort of synthesis that helps researchers who already work on perovskite tandems and want to factor sustainability into device design from the start. It could also inform policy discussions or industry road-mapping. The topic is timely and the integration is broad enough that it merits sending out for peer review, with the expectation that referees will ask for tighter evidence on the scalability claims.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. This review synthesizes literature on circularity challenges for metal-halide perovskite (MHP)-based tandem photovoltaics at terawatt scale. It contrasts projected c-Si PV waste (160 Mt by 2050) with claimed intrinsic MHP advantages (simpler architectures, low-temperature processing, accessible recovery routes), then examines five load-bearing issues—scarce-material substitution, scalable recycling protocols, cost-effective stack delamination, safe lead sequestration, and policy incentives—while outlining co-optimization strategies that integrate materials, technoeconomic, and policy dimensions beyond conventional LCA.

Significance. If the qualitative advantages and co-optimization pathways can be substantiated with quantitative metrics, the work would usefully bridge materials science and policy for sustainable PV deployment, directly addressing the terawatt-scale waste problem and guiding commercialization decisions.

major comments (2)

[Introduction] Introduction / central claim paragraph: The assertion that MHP tandems possess 'intrinsic advantages for circularity' (simpler architectures, low-temperature processing, accessible recovery) is load-bearing because it justifies the subsequent focus on specific challenges and strategies. However, the text provides no comparative LCA numbers, recycling-yield data, or energy-payback metrics demonstrating that these advantages persist at commercial scale while maintaining efficiency; the advantages therefore remain unquantified assertions rather than demonstrated properties.
[Co-optimization strategies] Section on co-optimization strategies: The proposed actionable strategies for delamination, lead sequestration, and policy incentives are outlined at a high level but lack any new quantitative models, process-flow diagrams with yields, or sensitivity analyses showing how performance metrics (e.g., PCE retention) trade off against circularity metrics under realistic manufacturing constraints.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] Abstract: The phrase 'more accessible materials recovery routes' should be accompanied by at least one concrete reference to a demonstrated recovery process or yield figure to avoid appearing aspirational.
[References] Throughout: Ensure all cited recycling and LCA studies include publication years and are cross-checked against the most recent 2023–2024 literature to maintain currency of the synthesis.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive feedback, which helps clarify the quantitative foundations of our review. We address each major comment below and propose targeted revisions to strengthen the manuscript without altering its scope as a synthesis of the literature.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Introduction] Introduction / central claim paragraph: The assertion that MHP tandems possess 'intrinsic advantages for circularity' (simpler architectures, low-temperature processing, accessible recovery) is load-bearing because it justifies the subsequent focus on specific challenges and strategies. However, the text provides no comparative LCA numbers, recycling-yield data, or energy-payback metrics demonstrating that these advantages persist at commercial scale while maintaining efficiency; the advantages therefore remain unquantified assertions rather than demonstrated properties.

Authors: We agree that the central claim would benefit from explicit quantitative support drawn from the literature. While the review already cites studies on perovskite recycling advantages, we will revise the introduction to insert specific comparative LCA values, recycling-yield percentages, and energy-payback metrics from key references (e.g., recent technoeconomic analyses contrasting MHP tandems with c-Si). This will demonstrate persistence at projected commercial scales while preserving efficiency targets. revision: yes
Referee: [Co-optimization strategies] Section on co-optimization strategies: The proposed actionable strategies for delamination, lead sequestration, and policy incentives are outlined at a high level but lack any new quantitative models, process-flow diagrams with yields, or sensitivity analyses showing how performance metrics (e.g., PCE retention) trade off against circularity metrics under realistic manufacturing constraints.

Authors: As a review, the manuscript synthesizes rather than originates new quantitative models. We will nevertheless expand the co-optimization section with additional process-flow diagrams and yield data extracted from the cited literature, plus explicit sensitivity analyses on PCE-circularity trade-offs under manufacturing constraints. This will provide more concrete illustrations without introducing original modeling. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Review synthesizes external literature with no derivations, predictions, or self-referential reductions

full rationale

The manuscript is a review paper that states qualitative advantages of MHP tandems (simpler architectures, low-temperature processing, accessible recovery) and outlines challenges/strategies without any equations, fitted parameters, or quantitative predictions. No derivation chain exists that could reduce to inputs by construction. The provided text contains no self-citations invoked as load-bearing uniqueness theorems or ansatzes, and the central claims rest on synthesis of external sources rather than internal re-derivation. This matches the default expectation of no significant circularity for a non-modeling review.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The review draws on standard domain knowledge in photovoltaics and policy without introducing new free parameters, axioms beyond common assumptions, or invented entities.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Perovskite tandem devices have simpler architectures and lower processing temperatures than crystalline silicon, enabling easier material recovery.
Invoked in the abstract as the basis for intrinsic circularity advantages.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5555 in / 1266 out tokens · 45154 ms · 2026-05-15T02:57:23.268829+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

235 extracted references · 235 canonical work pages

[1]

Haegel, B. N. M. et al. Photovoltaics at multi-terawatt scale: Waiting is not an option. Science. 380, 39 (2023). 48

work page 2023
[2]

A., Hansen, L., Krüger, T., Ramazanov, T

Ussenov, Y. A., Hansen, L., Krüger, T., Ramazanov, T. S. & Kersten, H. Particle formation during deposition of SiOx nanostructured thin films by atmospheric pressure plasma jet. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 59, (2020)

work page 2020
[3]

& Warmuth, W

Philipps, S. & Warmuth, W. Photovoltaics Report. Fraunhofer ISE https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/publications/stud (2022)

work page 2022
[4]

Future of solar photovoltaic: Deployment, investment, technology, grid integration and socio-economic aspects

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Future of solar photovoltaic: Deployment, investment, technology, grid integration and socio-economic aspects. Irena November, (2019)

work page 2019
[5]

Akram, W., Li, X., Ahmed, S., Ouyang, Z. & Li, G. A review of life cycle assessment and sustainability analysis of perovskite/Si tandem solar cells. RSC Sustain. 3, 21 (2025)

work page 2025
[6]

Available at: https://tamesol.com/fr/

TAMESOL. Available at: https://tamesol.com/fr/. (Accessed: 21st March 2024)

work page 2024
[7]

Mirletz, H., Hieslmair, H., Ovaitt, S., Curtis, T. L. & M.Barnes, T. Unfounded concerns about photovoltaic module toxicity and waste are slowing decarbonization. Nat. Phys. 19, 1376–1378 (2023)

work page 2023
[8]

& Heath, G

Weckend, S., Wade, A. & Heath, G. End-Of-Life Management Of Solar Photovoltaic Panels. IEA International Energy Agency (2016)

work page 2016
[9]

& Shaw, S

Wambach, K., Libby, C. & Shaw, S. Advances in Photovoltaic Module Recycling 49 Literature Review and Update to Empirical Life Cycle Inventory Data and Patent Review. (2024)

work page 2024
[10]

& Anctil, A

Nain, P. & Anctil, A. End-of-life solar photovoltaic waste management: A comparison as per European Union and United States regulatory approaches. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. Adv. 21, 200212 (2024)

work page 2024
[11]

I have photovoltaic waste – OUTSIDE EU-27 and UK

CYCLE, P. I have photovoltaic waste – OUTSIDE EU-27 and UK. Available at: https://pvcycle.org/international-pv-services. (Accessed: 3rd August 2025)

work page 2025
[12]

Available at: https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/recycling-photovoltaic-panels-circular-economy-france

Veolia opens the first European plant entirely dedicated to recycling photovoltaic panels. Available at: https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/recycling-photovoltaic-panels-circular-economy-france. (Accessed: 17th July 2025)

work page 2025
[13]

Maina, J. W. et al. Atomic layer deposition of transition metal films and nanostructures for electronic and catalytic applications. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 46, 468–489 (2021)

work page 2021
[14]

& Pumera, M

Ng, S., Sanna, M., Redondo, E. & Pumera, M. Engineering 3D-printed carbon structures with atomic layer deposition coatings as photoelectrocatalysts for water splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 12, 396–404 (2024)

work page 2024
[15]

Huang, Z. et al. Life Cycle Assessment of Recycling Waste Glass from Retired Photovoltaic Modules. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 13, 12615–12624 (2025). 50

work page 2025
[16]

Kipyator, M. J. et al. Scenario-based recycling strategies for perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells: a harmonized life cycle assessment study. Sustain. Energy Fuels 8, 2570–2582 (2024)

work page 2024
[17]

Longi claims 34.6% efficiency for perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell

Shaw, V. Longi claims 34.6% efficiency for perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell. (2024). Available at: https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/06/14/longi-claims-34-6-efficiency-for-perovskite-silicon-tandem-solar-cell/

work page 2024
[18]

Ballif, C., Haug, F.-J., Boccard, M., Verlinden, P. J. & Hahn, G. Status and perspectives of crystalline silicon photovoltaics in research and industry. Nat. Rev. Mater. 7, 597–616 (2022)

work page 2022
[19]

& Baliozian, P

Fischer, M., Woodhouse, M. & Baliozian, P. International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaics (ITRPV) 2013 Results. (2024)

work page 2013
[20]

& Shaw, V

Bellini, E. & Shaw, V. Longi achieves 34.85% efficiency for two-terminal tandem perovskite solar cell. (2025). Available at: https://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/04/18/longi-achieves-34-85-efficiency-for-two-terminal-tandem-perovskite-solar-cell/. (Accessed: 25th July 2025)

work page 2025
[21]

J., Kojima, N

Yamaguchi, M., Dimroth, F., Ekins-Daukes, N. J., Kojima, N. & Ohshita, Y. Overview and loss analysis of III-V single-junction and multi-junction solar cells. EPJ Photovoltaics 13, 22 (2022)

work page 2022
[22]

Hu, S. et al. Steering perovskite precursor solutions for multijunction photovoltaics. 51 Nature 639, 93–101 (2025)

work page 2025
[23]

Xiao, X. et al. Aqueous-based recycling of perovskite photovoltaics. Nature 638, 670–675 (2025)

work page 2025
[24]

Schmidt, F. et al. Organic solvent free PbI2 recycling from perovskite solar cells using hot water. J. Hazard. Mater. 447, 130829 (2023)

work page 2023
[25]

& Bhowmik, S

Sanathi, R., Banerjee, S. & Bhowmik, S. A technical review of crystalline silicon photovoltaic module recycling. Sol. Energy 281, 112869 (2024)

work page 2024
[26]

& Chang, N

Chowdhury, P., Chowdhury, T., Chowdhury, H., Corkish, R. & Chang, N. L. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells Necessity for recycling photovoltaic glass : Managing resource constraints and environmental impacts of antimony in terawatt scale photovoltaics. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 295, 114012 (2026)

work page 2026
[27]

Davies, M. L. Toward closed-loop recycling of perovskite PV Preview. Joule 9, 101958 (2025)

work page 2025
[28]

Li, B. et al. Closed-loop manufacturing for sustainable perovskite photovoltaics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 11, 10–25 (2025)

work page 2025
[29]

Life cycle assessment of end-of-life treatments for plastic film waste

Ping Hou et al. Life cycle assessment of end-of-life treatments for plastic film waste. J. Clean. Prod. 201, 1052–1060 (2018). 52

work page 2018
[30]

& Allen, J

Lee, J., Duffy, N. & Allen, J. A Review of End‐of‐Life Silicon Solar Photovoltaic Modules and the Potential for Electrochemical Recycling. Adv. Energy Sustain. Res. 6, 2400254 (2025)

work page 2025
[31]

Larini, V. et al. Sustainable and Circular Management of Perovskite Solar Cells via Green Recycling of Electron Transport Layer-Coated Transparent Conductive Oxide. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2306040 (2024)

work page 2024
[32]

& Adcock, R

Tao, M., Chen, T., Click, N. & Adcock, R. Recent progress and future prospects of silicon solar module recycling. Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem. 44, 100863 (2023)

work page 2023
[33]

Bartie, N. et al. Cost versus environment? Combined life cycle, techno-economic, and circularity assessment of silicon- and perovskite-based photovoltaic systems. J. Ind. Ecol. 27, 993–1007 (2023)

work page 2023
[34]

& Liu, Q

Wei, G., Zhou, Y., Hou, Z., Li, Y. & Liu, Q. Review of c-Si PV module recycling and industrial feasibility. EES Sol. 1, 9–29 (2025)

work page 2025
[35]

D., Norton, M., Khoo, S

Ghahremani, A., Adams, S. D., Norton, M., Khoo, S. Y. & Kouzani, A. Z. Delamination Techniques of Waste Solar Panels : A Review. Clean Technol. 6, 280–298 (2024)

work page 2024
[36]

Liu, F. W. et al. Recycling and recovery of perovskite solar cells. Mater. Today 43, 185–197 (2021)

work page 2021
[37]

K., Silva, R

Chi, W., Banerjee, S. K., Silva, R. P. & Seok, S. Il. Perovskite / Silicon Tandem Solar 53 Cells : Choice of Bottom Devices and Recombination Layers. ACS Energy Lett. 8, 1535–1550 (2023)

work page 2023
[38]

Dyson, Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin, F

Bhati, Naveen Paul J. Dyson, Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin, F. M. Techno-economic analysis framework for perovskite solar module production at various manufacturing capacities. Renew. Energy 256, 123752 (2026)

work page 2026
[39]

J.Prince, K. et al. Sustainability pathways for perovskite photovoltaics. Nat. Mater. 24, 22–33 (2025)

work page 2025
[40]

Vidal, R. et al. Assessing health and environmental impacts of solvents for producing perovskite solar cells. Nat. Sustain. 4, 277–285 (2021)

work page 2021
[41]

Wagner, L. et al. The resource demands of multi-terawatt-scale perovskite tandem photovoltaics. Joule 8, 1142–1160 (2024)

work page 2024
[42]

Wagner, L. et al. Actions for sustainably scalable multi-terawatt photovoltaics. Nat. Rev. Clean Technol. 2, 107–122 (2026)

work page 2026
[43]

I., Azam, S., Ompong, D

Abian, A. I., Azam, S., Ompong, D. & Mathur, D. Comprehensive review of the material life cycle and sustainability of solar photovoltaic panels. Sol. Energy 301, 113927 (2025)

work page 2025
[44]

Trade, D. for B. and. UK Critical Minerals Strategy. (2025). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-critical-minerals-strategy. (Accessed: 54 9th March 2026)

work page 2025
[45]

Survey, U. S. D. of the I. U. S. G. Methodology and Technical Input for the 2025 U . S . List of Critical Minerals — Assessing the Potential Effects of Mineral Commodity Supply Chain Disruptions on the. (2025)

work page 2025
[46]

2025 Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/chemical-classification/classification/mcl-list.htm

The GB mandatory classification and labelling list (GB MCL List). 2025 Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/chemical-classification/classification/mcl-list.htm

work page 2025
[47]

& Libby, C

Wambach, K., Heath, G. & Libby, C. Life Cycle Inventory of Current Photovoltaic Module Recycling Processes in Europe. (2017)

work page 2017
[48]

Kurmayer, N. J. Germany’s last major solar module producer to close in March. Available at: https://www.euractiv.com/news/germanys-last-major-solar-module-producer-to-close-in-march/. (Accessed: 12th November 2025)

work page 2025
[49]

Daniela-Abigail, H. L. et al. Life cycle assessment of photovoltaic panels including transportation and two end-of-life scenarios: Shaping a sustainable future for renewable energy. Renew. Energy Focus 51, 100649 (2024)

work page 2024
[50]

Available at: https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/environment/pages/greenhouse-gas-studies-2014.aspx

Third IMO GHG Study 2014. Available at: https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/environment/pages/greenhouse-gas-studies-2014.aspx. (Accessed: 17th February 2026)

work page 2014
[51]

Pain, S. L. & Murphy, J. D. Forecasting solar module waste in the United Kingdom. 55 Energy Strateg. Rev. 61, 101849 (2025)

work page 2025
[52]

& Ghosh, A

Al Zaabi, B. & Ghosh, A. Managing photovoltaic Waste: Sustainable solutions and global challenges. Sol. Energy 283, 112985 (2024)

work page 2024
[53]

& Gupta, R

Meena, R., Pareek, A. & Gupta, R. A comprehensive Review on interfacial delamination in photovoltaic modules. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 189, 113944 (2024)

work page 2024
[54]

& Agamuthu, P

Herat, S. & Agamuthu, P. E-waste: A problem or an opportunity? Review of issues, challenges and solutions in Asian countries. Waste Manag. Res. 30, 1113–1129 (2012)

work page 2012
[55]

M., Hauch, J

Peters, I. M., Hauch, J. A. & Brabec, C. J. The role of innovation for economy and sustainability of photovoltaic modules. iScience 25, 105208 (2022)

work page 2022
[56]

& Dauskardt, R

Bosco, N., Eafanti, J., Kurtz, S., Tracy, J. & Dauskardt, R. Defining Threshold Values of Encapsulant and Backsheet Adhesion for PV Module Reliability. IEEE J. Photovoltaics 7, 1536–1540 (2017)

work page 2017
[57]

& Leva, S

Mulazzani, A., Eleftheriadis, P. & Leva, S. Recycling c-Si PV Modules: A Review, a Proposed Energy Model and a Manufacturing Comparison. Energies 15, 8419 (2022)

work page 2022
[58]

& Lluch, X

Olivari, E., Caballini, C. & Lluch, X. How to calculate GHG emissions in freight transport? A review of the main existing online tools. Case Stud. Transp. Policy 19, 101343 (2025). 56

work page 2025
[59]

& Corkish, R

Celik, I., Lunardi, M., Frederickson, A. & Corkish, R. Sustainable End of Life Management of Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Solar Photovoltaic Waste : The Impact of Transportation. Appl. Sci. 10, 5465 (2020)

work page 2020
[60]

Bilbao, Garvin Heath, Alex Norgren, Marina M

Jose I. Bilbao, Garvin Heath, Alex Norgren, Marina M. Lunardi, Alberta Carpenter, R. C. PV Module Design for Recycling Guidelines. (2021)

work page 2021
[61]

Universal circular economy policy goals: Enabling the transition to scale

Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Universal circular economy policy goals: Enabling the transition to scale. 2021

work page 2021
[62]

& Dziedzic, M

Dziedzic, R., Pondicherry, P. & Dziedzic, M. Review of national policy instruments motivating circular construction. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 215, 108053 (2025)

work page 2025
[63]

European Parliament; Council of the European Union. Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials and amending Regulations (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/17. Off. J. Eur. Union 1–67 (2024)

work page 2024
[64]

Is Extended Producer Responsibility living up to expectations? A systematic literature review focusing on electronic waste

Compagnoni, M. Is Extended Producer Responsibility living up to expectations? A systematic literature review focusing on electronic waste. J. Clean. Prod. 367, 133101 (2022)

work page 2022
[65]

Netherlands imposes measures on free riders

WEEE. Netherlands imposes measures on free riders. (2023). Available at: https://www.take-e-way.com/news/netherlands-imposes-measures-on-free-riders/. 57 (Accessed: 3rd August 2025)

work page 2023
[66]

Wang, R. et al. Prospects for metal halide perovskite-based tandem solar cells. Nat. Photonics 15, 411–425 (2021)

work page 2021
[67]

Jia, L. et al. Efficient perovskite/silicon tandem with asymmetric self-assembly molecule. Nature 644, 912–919 (2025)

work page 2025
[68]

Ying, Z. et al. Antisolvent seeding of self-assembled monolayers for flexible monolithic perovskite/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 tandem solar cells. Nat. Energy 10, 737–749 (2025)

work page 2025
[69]

Hwang, S. K. et al. Cs-treatments in Kesterite Thin-Film Solar Cells for Efficient Perovskite Tandems. Small 20, 2307175 (2024)

work page 2024
[70]

Song, Z. et al. Monolithic Bifacial Perovskite-CdSeTe Tandem Solar Cells. in Conference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 1–3 (IEEE, 2023). doi:10.1109/PVSC48320.2023.10359573

work page doi:10.1109/pvsc48320.2023.10359573 2023
[71]

Chen, X. et al. Efficient Perovskite/Organic Tandem Photovoltaic Devices and Large-area Modules Featuring Thick-Film Organic Solar Cells. Adv. Mater. 37, 2500190 (2025)

work page 2025
[72]

Available at: https://www.fluxim.com/research-blogs/perovskite-silicon-tandem-pv-record-updates

Highest Efficiency Solar Cells: Perovskite Solar Cells (2025 Update). Available at: https://www.fluxim.com/research-blogs/perovskite-silicon-tandem-pv-record-updates. (Accessed: 25th July 2025) 58

work page 2025
[73]

Wen, J. et al. Present status of and future opportunities for all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics. Nat. Energy 10, 681–696 (2025)

work page 2025
[74]

P., Yi, C., Almansouri, I., Ho-Baillie, A

Bremner, S. P., Yi, C., Almansouri, I., Ho-Baillie, A. & Green, M. A. Optimum band gap combinations to make best use of new photovoltaic materials. Sol. Energy 135, 750–757 (2016)

work page 2016
[75]

Oxford PV targets 20-year lifetime for perovskite-silicon tandem modules by 2028

Emiliano Bellini & Gouras, E. Oxford PV targets 20-year lifetime for perovskite-silicon tandem modules by 2028. (2026). Available at: https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/01/16/oxford-pv-targets-20-year-lifetime-for-perovskite-silicon-tandem-modules-by-2028/. (Accessed: 10th February 2026)

work page 2028
[76]

Trina Solar achieves tech milestone and sets its sights on space PV

Peleg, R. Trina Solar achieves tech milestone and sets its sights on space PV. (2026). Available at: https://www.perovskite-info.com/trina-solar-achieves-tech-milestone-and-sets-its-sights-space-pv. (Accessed: 10th February 2026)

work page 2026
[77]

Chinese PV Industry Brief: UtmoLight starts perosvkite module production

Shaw, V. Chinese PV Industry Brief: UtmoLight starts perosvkite module production. (2025). Available at: https://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/02/07/chinese-pv-industry-brief-utmolight-begins-perosvkite-solar-module-production-at-gw-scale-facility/. (Accessed: 10th February 2026)

work page 2025
[78]

A new kind of solar cell is coming: is it the future of green energy? Nature 623, 902–905 (2023)

Peplow, M. A new kind of solar cell is coming: is it the future of green energy? Nature 623, 902–905 (2023)

work page 2023
[79]

Microquanta developing perovskite solar modules for BIPV applications

Vincent Shaw. Microquanta developing perovskite solar modules for BIPV applications. 59 (2025). Available at: https://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/02/17/microquanta-developing-perovskite-solar-modules-for-bipv-applications/. (Accessed: 2nd June 2025)

work page 2025
[80]

CEA and 3SUN Set a New Efficiency Record for a Photovoltaic Cell. (2025). Available at: https://www.ines-solaire.org/en/news/le-cea-et-3sun-battent-un-nouveau-record-de-rendement-dune-cellule-photovoltaique/. (Accessed: 25th July 2025)

work page 2025

Showing first 80 references.