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arxiv: 2605.16014 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-15 · ⚛️ physics.plasm-ph · nucl-th

Advances in laser-assisted nuclear decay and nuclear excitation

Q. Xiao , J. H. Cheng , Y. Y. Xu , Y. T. Zou , Z. Z. Ren , A. Ya. Dzyublik , T. P. Yu This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 19:04 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.plasm-ph nucl-th
keywords laser-assisted nuclear decaynuclear excitation229Thnuclear isomersoptical clocksFermi golden ruletime-dependent Schrödinger equation
0
0 comments X p. Extension

The pith

Lasers assist nuclear decays and induce excitations in nuclei like 229Th via new models and experiments.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review surveys the past decade of research on how lasers interact with nuclei to modify decay processes and excite nuclear states. It outlines theoretical tools including the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for modeling laser-assisted alpha decay and proton emissions, plus Fermi's golden rule for excitation probabilities. The work also compiles experimental results on laser-induced excitations in 229Th, 83Kr, and 45Sc. These elements together establish groundwork for using lasers in nuclear isomer control and related applications.

Core claim

The rapid development of laser technology combined with nuclear physics has produced concrete theoretical methods and experimental demonstrations showing that lasers can influence radioactive charged-particle emissions and drive nuclear excitations, with particular successes for the isotopes 229Th, 83Kr, and 45Sc.

What carries the argument

Time-dependent Schrödinger equation for laser-assisted decays combined with Fermi's golden rule for nuclear excitation rates.

Load-bearing premise

The cited theoretical models and the reported experimental results on 229Th, 83Kr, and 45Sc accurately represent the current state of the field.

What would settle it

A new experiment on 229Th that fails to reproduce the reported laser-induced excitation or a theoretical calculation showing large discrepancies with the TDSE predictions would challenge the review's synthesis.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.16014 by A. Ya. Dzyublik, J. H. Cheng, Q. Xiao, T. P. Yu, Y. T. Zou, Y. Y. Xu, Z. Z. Ren.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of secondary particles and radiation generated via laser [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: A 3D visualization of nuclear excitation and decay characteristics, with the X [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Schematic of the influence of lasers on α decay, proton radioactivity, and two-proton radioactivity. The red arrows highlight the schematics from previous studies [125,135,137], illustrating the influence of high-intensity laser focal fields on the emitted particle and the daughter nucleus interaction potential for different nuclear decay modes. theoretical frameworks developed to address the temporal mism… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Predicted energy spectrum of the laser-assisted [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The change rates ∆T(red star) and ∆P (blue circle) for the 190 deformed ground state even-even nuclei with the laser intensity of 1023 W/cm2 [126]. 24 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Penetration rate change of a Gaussian laser field on [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Analysis of proton radioactivity-related parameters (rate of change of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: The averaged change rate (∆Pavg) of proton radioactivity penetration probability at I0 = 1025 W/cm2 : (a) with different negative chirp values, (b) with different positive chirp values [135]. 6. Two-proton radioactivity in laser fields Two-proton (2p) radioactivity is a rare but fascinating mode of nuclear decay occurring in proton-rich nuclei beyond the proton drip line. First predicted by Goldansky in th… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Schematic diagram of the three different 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: figure 10. The results indicated that ∆ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: The influences of a laser pulse on 2p radioactivity penetration probability for different laser wavelength λ0 at I = 1024 W/cm2 and I = 1026 W/cm2 , respectively. The values provided in parentheses represent the experimentally determined 2p decay energy, measured in MeV [137]. environment. These fields enable the creation of extreme plasma environments and laser￾driven secondary particles, thereby activat… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: The partial relevant energy levels of the excited states of different nuclei. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Schematic representation of NEET, NEEC, and NEIES processes. NEET [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p046_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Schematic experimental setup: A dipole magnet converges two electron [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p049_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: (a) Yield of 229mTh from NEEC under three different laser intensities I = 1014 W/cm2 , 1015 W/cm2 and 1016 W/cm2 . (b) Yield of 229mTh from NEIES under the same conditions. (c) Electron kinetic energy distributions at 1 ps during the cluster expansion. (d) Yield of 229mTh as a function of laser intensity at 5 ps [162]. challenging to isolate a NEEC contribution. The authors further suggested that lower￾in… view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: The isomeric excitation cross section of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p055_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Calculated NEET edge function FNEET(E) and K-absorption function Fabs(E) for 197Au as functions of the X-ray photon energy E = BK + ∆E, where BK is the K-shell binding energy [151]. from NEET’s strict dependence on precise resonance conditions and the limited number of suitable bound-bound electronic transitions that can match the nuclear excitation energy. For 229Th, NEET provides a possible pathway for … view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Schematic illustration of the experimental setup for the laser-induced nuclear [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p059_17.png] view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: Experimental setup designed for the resonant X-ray excitation of the nuclear [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p061_18.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

From the synthesis and evolution of the elements to the celestial nuclear processes of stellar explosions and neutron star mergers, nuclear physics is the foundation of our understanding of the universe. After more than a century of progress, the field of nuclear physics remains vibrant. The rapid advancement of laser technology has opened unprecedented avenues in nuclear physics, driven by the interdisciplinary convergence of laser physics, nuclear structure, plasma science, and quantum dynamics. This emerging field enables studies on laser-induced nuclear excitation, laser assisted nuclear decay, and precision manipulation of nuclear isomers for optical clocks. This review comprehensively examines the research achievements over the past decade regarding the influence of lasers on radioactive charged particle emissions and nuclear excitation. Regarding theoretical developments, the review details various methods used to evaluate the interactions between lasers and nuclei, including the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for $\alpha$ decay, proton radioactivity, and two-proton radioactivity and Fermi's golden rule for nuclear excitation as well as the application and advancement of various theoretical models and approximation methods. In experimental research, the review synthesizes significant breakthroughs in laser induced nuclear excitation experiments, particularly emphasizing the excitation of the $^{229}$Th, $^{83}$Kr, and $^{45}$Sc. These achievements provide essential groundwork for future breakthroughs in both fundamental nuclear science and its broader technological applications.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review paper that synthesizes research achievements over the past decade on the influence of lasers on radioactive charged particle emissions and nuclear excitation. It details theoretical methods including the time-dependent Schrödinger equation applied to α decay, proton radioactivity, and two-proton radioactivity, as well as Fermi's golden rule for nuclear excitation. Experimentally, it highlights breakthroughs in laser-induced nuclear excitation for 229Th, 83Kr, and 45Sc, framing these as groundwork for applications including precision manipulation of nuclear isomers for optical clocks.

Significance. If the cited literature is represented accurately and without major omissions, the review consolidates an emerging interdisciplinary area spanning laser physics, nuclear structure, and plasma science. This synthesis can usefully orient researchers toward open questions in laser-assisted nuclear processes and isomer-based metrology.

major comments (2)
  1. [Experimental research] Experimental breakthroughs section: the summary of 229Th excitation experiments does not explicitly address the range of laser intensities or pulse durations across the cited works, which is load-bearing for assessing whether the reported excitations are in the perturbative or non-perturbative regime.
  2. [Theoretical developments] Theoretical developments: the application of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation to two-proton radioactivity is described but lacks a statement on the treatment of the Coulomb barrier or continuum discretization, which directly affects the reliability of the decay-rate modifications claimed in the reviewed literature.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that the review covers 'the past decade' but does not specify the exact cutoff year; this should be clarified in the introduction for reproducibility.
  2. [Experimental research] Notation for nuclear isomers (e.g., 229Th) is used without an initial definition of the isomeric state energy or lifetime; add a brief table or footnote in the experimental section.
  3. Ensure that all cited references include DOIs or arXiv identifiers where available, and verify that post-2022 publications on 45Sc are included if they exist.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive overall assessment of our review and for the constructive major comments, which help clarify important technical details for readers. We address each point below and will incorporate revisions accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Experimental breakthroughs section: the summary of 229Th excitation experiments does not explicitly address the range of laser intensities or pulse durations across the cited works, which is load-bearing for assessing whether the reported excitations are in the perturbative or non-perturbative regime.

    Authors: We agree that specifying the laser intensities and pulse durations is important for placing the 229Th experiments in the appropriate regime. The manuscript currently summarizes the key experimental breakthroughs but does not compile these parameters explicitly. In the revised manuscript we will add a concise overview (including a short table or paragraph) in the Experimental breakthroughs section that reports the intensity and duration ranges drawn from the cited works on 229Th, thereby allowing readers to assess the perturbative versus non-perturbative character of the excitations. revision: yes

  2. Referee: Theoretical developments: the application of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation to two-proton radioactivity is described but lacks a statement on the treatment of the Coulomb barrier or continuum discretization, which directly affects the reliability of the decay-rate modifications claimed in the reviewed literature.

    Authors: We appreciate this observation. While the Theoretical developments section outlines the use of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for two-proton radioactivity, it does not discuss the numerical handling of the Coulomb barrier or continuum discretization employed in the underlying studies. We will expand the section with a brief statement summarizing the standard approaches to these aspects in the reviewed literature, thereby clarifying the basis for the reported decay-rate modifications. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity: review synthesizes external literature without internal self-referential reductions

full rationale

This is a review paper summarizing theoretical methods (TDSE, Fermi's golden rule) and experimental results from prior literature on laser-nuclear interactions, including citations to work on 229Th, 83Kr, and 45Sc. No load-bearing derivations, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or self-citation chains are present within the paper itself; the central claims rest on accurate representation of external sources rather than any equation or premise that reduces to inputs defined inside this manuscript. The abstract and described content show standard review structure with no self-definitional loops or ansatz smuggling.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

As a review paper, the work does not introduce new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; it summarizes established methods such as the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and Fermi's golden rule from prior literature.

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