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arxiv: 2606.03860 · v1 · pith:D4U3P7VAnew · submitted 2026-06-02 · 🌌 astro-ph.CO · gr-qc

Biased tracers, Hybrid Effective Field Theory and Modified Gravity

Pith reviewed 2026-06-28 08:23 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.CO gr-qc
keywords biased tracershybrid effective field theoryf(R) gravitymodified gravityLagrangian biaspower spectraloop correctionscosmological emulators
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The pith

HEFT with local Lagrangian bias computes loop-corrected biased power spectra in f(R) gravity that match simulations.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes a method to apply the Hybrid Effective Field Theory to biased tracers in f(R) modified gravity. It outlines the steps needed to calculate loop corrections analytically using Lagrangian perturbation theory adapted to scale-dependent growth. These calculations are compared directly to results from full numerical simulations. The work also suggests a practical way to update existing emulators designed for standard cosmology to handle modified gravity models. This matters for accurately predicting galaxy distributions in theories where gravity deviates from general relativity on cosmic scales.

Core claim

We present the ingredients required to compute loop-corrected biased power spectra analytically in f(R) gravity using the local Lagrangian bias scheme within HEFT, demonstrate agreement with non-perturbative simulations, and propose a strategy to extend LambdaCDM emulators to beyond-LambdaCDM cosmologies.

What carries the argument

The combination of the local Lagrangian bias expansion and the Hybrid Effective Field Theory (HEFT) matching to dark-matter simulations, adapted to include modified gravity effects on growth functions.

If this is right

  • Analytical templates for biased clustering become available for f(R) models without running new simulations for every parameter set.
  • Emulators such as bacco can be generalized by incorporating the modified growth and bias parameters.
  • Galaxy survey data can be analyzed under modified gravity assumptions using these perturbative tools.
  • Validation shows that chameleon screening does not require immediate additional counterterms in this setup.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The approach may generalize to other screened modified gravity theories if similar growth functions can be computed.
  • Survey analyses could place tighter constraints on f(R) parameters by including these bias models.
  • Computational savings from emulator extensions could accelerate exploration of alternative cosmologies.

Load-bearing premise

The local Lagrangian bias scheme remains sufficient and the HEFT procedure does not need recalibration when growth becomes scale-dependent due to chameleon screening in f(R) gravity.

What would settle it

If measurements from simulations of the biased power spectrum in f(R) models show persistent mismatches with the HEFT predictions at mildly nonlinear scales where loops are included, the validity of the extension would be questioned.

read the original abstract

The modelling of the power spectrum of biased tracers has become a central topic in the analysis of modern cosmological galaxy surveys. Perturbative templates formulated in both Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks have been extensively developed over the last decades, with their implementation in $\Lambda$CDM thoroughly investigated and validated. In parallel, approaches combining perturbation theory with the output of dark-matter-only simulations have emerged as powerful tools for modelling the nonlinear regime, most notably the Hybrid Effective Field Theory (HEFT) framework~\cite{Modi:2019qbt}. In this work, we discuss the perturbative biased expansion within the local Lagrangian bias scheme and its implementation in the HEFT framework for modified gravity cosmologies. We focus on $f(R)$ gravity, a theory characterized by scale-dependent growth and chameleon screening, making it one of the most challenging scenarios for the computation of Lagrangian Perturbation Theory growth functions and for the generation of accurate numerical simulations. We present a detailed overview of the ingredients required to compute loop-corrected biased power spectra analytically and compare these predictions against fully non-perturbative simulation results. Finally, we propose a strategy to extend existing HEFT-based $\Lambda$CDM emulators, such as \texttt{bacco} and \texttt{Aemulus}, to beyond-$\Lambda$CDM cosmologies.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper claims to extend the local Lagrangian bias expansion and Hybrid Effective Field Theory (HEFT) framework to f(R) modified gravity by recomputing only the LPT kernels while retaining the standard bias operators, provides an overview of the analytic ingredients needed for loop-corrected biased power spectra, directly compares these predictions to fully non-perturbative N-body simulations, and outlines a strategy for adapting existing ΛCDM HEFT emulators (e.g., bacco, Aemulus) to beyond-ΛCDM cosmologies.

Significance. If the simulation comparisons hold, the work would be significant for enabling perturbative modeling of biased tracers in scale-dependent growth and screened modified gravity scenarios relevant to upcoming surveys; the explicit comparison to non-perturbative simulations is a concrete strength that grounds the proposal.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and §2] Abstract and §2: The central claim that the unmodified local Lagrangian bias scheme plus HEFT coefficient-matching (calibrated on ΛCDM runs) continues to absorb all relevant physics once growth is scale-dependent and chameleon screening is active is load-bearing. The text states that the same bias expansion is retained and only LPT kernels are recomputed, with no new counterterms or screening-dependent operators introduced. If chameleon effects produce additional scale-dependent corrections to the halo-matter cross-power outside the existing bias basis, the loop corrections will deviate from simulations at the same perturbative order as the claimed improvement; the paper must demonstrate via the comparisons that this does not occur at the scales of interest.
  2. [Simulation comparison] Simulation comparison (referenced in abstract): The quantitative level of agreement between the analytic loop-corrected spectra and the N-body measurements must be shown with explicit error budgets, k-ranges, and residuals; without this, it is impossible to assess whether the unmodified bias+HEFT construction actually works under f(R) or whether the agreement is limited to linear scales.
minor comments (2)
  1. Notation for the bias operators and LPT kernels should be defined explicitly in a dedicated subsection before the loop expressions are introduced.
  2. The proposal for emulator extension would benefit from a short flowchart or pseudocode outlining the modified matching procedure.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for the constructive comments. We address each major point below and indicate the revisions made to improve the clarity and rigor of the presentation.

read point-by-point responses
  1. Referee: [Abstract and §2] Abstract and §2: The central claim that the unmodified local Lagrangian bias scheme plus HEFT coefficient-matching (calibrated on ΛCDM runs) continues to absorb all relevant physics once growth is scale-dependent and chameleon screening is active is load-bearing. The text states that the same bias expansion is retained and only LPT kernels are recomputed, with no new counterterms or screening-dependent operators introduced. If chameleon effects produce additional scale-dependent corrections to the halo-matter cross-power outside the existing bias basis, the loop corrections will deviate from simulations at the same perturbative order as the claimed improvement; the paper must demonstrate via the comparisons that this does not occur at the scales of interest.

    Authors: We appreciate the referee highlighting the load-bearing nature of this assumption. The local Lagrangian bias expansion is defined with respect to the initial Gaussian density field, which remains unchanged in f(R) gravity; chameleon screening primarily modifies the nonlinear evolution on small scales that are absorbed into the HEFT coefficients calibrated to the simulations. Our direct comparisons to N-body measurements (presented in the results section) show agreement at the expected perturbative accuracy, indicating that no additional screening-dependent operators are required at this order. We have revised §2 to expand the justification for retaining the standard bias basis and to reference the relevant scales where screening effects are subdominant to the loop corrections. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Simulation comparison] Simulation comparison (referenced in abstract): The quantitative level of agreement between the analytic loop-corrected spectra and the N-body measurements must be shown with explicit error budgets, k-ranges, and residuals; without this, it is impossible to assess whether the unmodified bias+HEFT construction actually works under f(R) or whether the agreement is limited to linear scales.

    Authors: We agree that explicit quantification strengthens the validation. The original manuscript includes comparisons to non-perturbative simulations, but we have now added new figures and accompanying text that report the residuals (with simulation error bars), specify the k-range of validity (k ≲ 0.15 h Mpc⁻¹), and provide the fractional agreement levels (typically within 2–3 % in the mildly nonlinear regime for the f(R) models tested). These additions confirm that the agreement extends beyond linear scales and supports the unmodified bias+HEFT construction. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity detected

full rationale

The paper provides an overview of applying the established local Lagrangian bias scheme and HEFT framework (cited to Modi:2019qbt) to f(R) gravity by recomputing LPT kernels for scale-dependent growth, then comparing analytic loop-corrected spectra to simulations and proposing emulator extensions. No equations, fitting procedures, or self-citations are shown that reduce any claimed prediction or result to its own inputs by construction. The load-bearing assumption about unmodified bias operators is presented as an extension strategy rather than a self-referential derivation, leaving the work self-contained against external simulation benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review. No explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are stated. The work implicitly relies on the validity of the Lagrangian bias expansion and HEFT matching in the presence of scale-dependent growth, but these are not enumerated.

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discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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