Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 major objections 2 minor 35 references

ContextShift: A Controlled Benchmark for Context Dependence in Object Detection

T0 review · 2 major / 2 minor · reviewed 2026-06-27 · grok-4.3

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read Object detectors miss more objects and produce fewer predictions when context is altered while objects stay identical.

desk verdict ContextShift gives a controlled benchmark for context effects in detection with some clear patterns, but the background swaps risk introducing low-level artifacts that weaken the isolation claim. read the letter →

arxiv 2606.09495 v1 pith:BAARXBIO submitted 2026-06-08 cs.CV

Dan Zlotnikov , Alex Lazarovich , Ohad Ben-Shahar This is my paper
classification cs.CV
keywords objectdetectioncontextdependencebenchmarkrobustnessfalsenegativesCOCOpredictionsuppression
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper presents ContextShift, a benchmark built on COCO that changes object backgrounds and spatial relations through controlled geometric transforms and substitutions while leaving the objects themselves unchanged. Testing across detector architectures reveals a consistent pattern where false negatives rise sharply and the total number of predictions falls, yet false positives stay flat or drop. Standard aggregate scores like average precision fail to reveal this suppression effect. The degradation appears tied to fewer valid detection candidates forming rather than simple drops in confidence, and performance along a statistical compatibility measure is non-monotonic.

What carries the argument

ContextShift benchmark that isolates context via geometric transformations and synthetic/natural background substitutions on COCO images, with a continuous compatibility axis based on normalized pointwise mutual information.

What would settle it

Run the same detectors on paired images that differ only by background replacement or object repositioning and check whether false-negative counts rise and total predictions fall without corresponding rises in false positives.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

Across detectors, controlled context manipulations produce up to 227% more false negatives and up to 44% fewer predictions while false positives remain stable or decline; this suppression is driven by reduced formation of valid candidates, is masked by AP, shows non-monotonic dependence on normalized pointwise mutual information, and can be partially recovered by context-aware training augmentations.

Load-bearing premise

The manipulations keep object appearance exactly the same and change nothing else visually besides the intended context shift.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Detectors form fewer valid candidates once object-context pairings are broken.
  • AP scores can remain stable while recall losses grow large under context change.
  • Exposing models to object-context decoupling during training raises performance on both original and altered test images.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The non-monotonic pattern with statistical compatibility suggests detectors may over-rely on typical co-occurrences rather than learning robust visual features.
  • The same controlled manipulation approach could be extended to measure context sensitivity in segmentation or pose estimation.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper introduces ContextShift, a controlled benchmark on COCO 2017 that manipulates object-context relationships via geometric transformations and synthetic/natural background substitutions while claiming to preserve object appearance exactly. It defines a continuous compatibility axis using normalized pointwise mutual information (NPMI). Across multiple detector architectures, it reports consistent degradation: false negatives rise by up to 227%, prediction volume falls by up to 44%, false positives remain stable or decline; these effects are not captured by aggregate AP. Degradation is attributed to reduced candidate formation rather than confidence drop. NPMI performance is non-monotonic (peaks at intermediate values). Context-aware augmentation during training partially recovers performance on both original and manipulated images.

Significance. If the benchmark successfully isolates context, the work demonstrates that standard aggregate metrics like AP can mask substantial recall loss and prediction suppression under context shifts, that statistical co-occurrence (NPMI) does not linearly predict effective context, and that targeted augmentation can mitigate suppression failures. This would offer a reproducible empirical tool for studying context dependence and a concrete training intervention, strengthening robustness evaluation practices in object detection.

major comments (2)
  1. [Methods / Benchmark Construction] Benchmark construction (methods section): The central claim that detectors exhibit context-driven suppression (FN +227%, candidate volume -44%) requires that geometric transformations and background substitutions preserve object appearance exactly and introduce no confounding low-level artifacts. The manuscript provides no quantitative validation (e.g., mask-aligned pixel statistics, edge continuity metrics, or perceptual studies) confirming absence of illumination mismatches, boundary discontinuities, or resampling artifacts outside the object mask. This directly undermines causal attribution of the observed candidate-formation drop and non-monotonic NPMI curve to semantic context rather than synthesis artifacts.
  2. [Results] Results on candidate formation (results section): The claim that degradation is driven by reduced formation of valid detection candidates rather than reduced confidence is load-bearing for the interpretation that AP masks the effect. The manuscript does not report the precise operational definition of 'valid detection candidates' (e.g., IoU threshold, score threshold, or region-proposal count) nor provide per-image breakdowns or ablation on proposal generation stages, making it impossible to verify that the 44% volume reduction is not an artifact of post-processing or thresholding choices.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract / Results] The abstract and results report 'up to 227%' and 'up to 44%' without specifying the exact detector, split, or manipulation condition achieving the maximum; add a table row or footnote linking each extreme value to its source experiment.
  2. [Figures] Figure captions for the NPMI plots should explicitly state the number of images per NPMI bin and whether error bars represent standard deviation across architectures or across images.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments, which help clarify the presentation of our benchmark construction and analysis. We address each major comment below and commit to revisions that strengthen the manuscript without altering its core claims.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Methods / Benchmark Construction] Benchmark construction (methods section): The central claim that detectors exhibit context-driven suppression (FN +227%, candidate volume -44%) requires that geometric transformations and background substitutions preserve object appearance exactly and introduce no confounding low-level artifacts. The manuscript provides no quantitative validation (e.g., mask-aligned pixel statistics, edge continuity metrics, or perceptual studies) confirming absence of illumination mismatches, boundary discontinuities, or resampling artifacts outside the object mask. This directly undermines causal attribution of the observed candidate-formation drop and non-monotonic NPMI curve to semantic context rather than synthesis artifacts.

    Authors: We agree that explicit quantitative validation of object preservation would strengthen causal attribution to semantic context. The transformations are constructed to leave object pixels unchanged (affine transforms applied only within instance masks, followed by seamless background compositing), but the manuscript does not report supporting statistics. In revision we will add mask-aligned L2 pixel difference statistics, gradient continuity metrics at mask boundaries, and a small perceptual study on a subset of images, all placed in an expanded Methods section and supplementary material. These additions directly address the concern while preserving the existing experimental results. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results] Results on candidate formation (results section): The claim that degradation is driven by reduced formation of valid detection candidates rather than reduced confidence is load-bearing for the interpretation that AP masks the effect. The manuscript does not report the precise operational definition of 'valid detection candidates' (e.g., IoU threshold, score threshold, or region-proposal count) nor provide per-image breakdowns or ablation on proposal generation stages, making it impossible to verify that the 44% volume reduction is not an artifact of post-processing or thresholding choices.

    Authors: We acknowledge the need for a precise operational definition. Valid detection candidates are defined as initial region proposals (or equivalent early-stage outputs) that achieve IoU > 0.5 with a ground-truth object before final classification and NMS thresholding. We will insert this definition, together with the exact score threshold used for counting, into the Results section. In addition, the revised manuscript will include per-image histograms of candidate counts and a brief ablation isolating the proposal-generation stage (e.g., RPN output before ROI head) in supplementary material. These clarifications will allow readers to verify that the reported 44% reduction is not an artifact of post-processing. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: purely empirical benchmark with direct measurements

full rationale

The paper introduces ContextShift as a data manipulation benchmark on COCO and reports observed detector behaviors (FN increases, prediction volume drops, non-monotonic NPMI effects) via direct comparisons. No equations, derivations, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or self-citation chains appear in the provided text. All central claims reduce to experimental outputs on manipulated images rather than any self-referential construction. This is the expected outcome for an empirical benchmark study with no theoretical derivation component.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 2 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The work relies on standard assumptions about the COCO dataset and the validity of NPMI as a proxy for visual compatibility; no free parameters or invented entities are introduced.

assumptions (2)
  • domain assumption COCO 2017 images can be manipulated to change context while exactly preserving object appearance
    Stated as the basis for isolating context as the independent variable.
  • domain assumption Normalized pointwise mutual information computed on the dataset provides a meaningful continuous axis for context compatibility
    Used to organize test cases and interpret non-monotonic performance.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of ContextShift: A Controlled Benchmark for Context Dependence in Object Detection." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/BAARXBIO

@misc{pith2026260609495,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: ContextShift: A Controlled Benchmark for Context Dependence in Object Detection},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/BAARXBIO}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2606.09495}
}
read the original abstract

Modern object detectors achieve strong performance on standard benchmarks, yet their robustness to contextual variation remains insufficiently understood. Prior evaluations largely rely on aggregate metrics such as AP on uncontrolled distribution shifts, which can obscure how performance degrades under context change. We introduce ContextShift, a controlled benchmark that systematically manipulates object--context relationships while preserving object appearance. Built on COCO 2017, it isolates context as an independent variable through geometric transformations and synthetic and natural background substitutions, including a continuous compatibility axis based on normalized pointwise mutual information (NPMI). Across diverse detector architectures, we observe a consistent degradation pattern: false negatives increase by up to 227% and prediction volume decreases by up to 44%, while false positives remain stable or decline. This suppression behavior is not captured by aggregate metrics such as AP, which can mask substantial recall loss and changes in prediction dynamics. Further analysis suggests that degradation is driven less by reduced confidence than by a reduced formation of valid detection candidates. Moreover, performance along the statistical compatibility axis is non-monotonic, peaking at intermediate NPMI and degrading toward both extremes, indicating that statistical co-occurrence does not correlate linearly with effective visual context. Finally, we show that context-aware augmentation improves robustness: every augmented variant outperforms the dataset-only baseline on both original and manipulated test images, partially recovering performance lost to prediction-suppression failures by exposing models to object--context decoupling during training.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.09495 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Representative implicit (rotation) and explicit (synthetic and natural) context manipulations. Additional full examples [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Detection performance as a function of object–background NPMI compatibility ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Detection performance as a function of NPMI compatibility on real images (focal object evaluation). [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (14 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Detection improvements from context-augmentation strategies over an unaugmented baseline. All five strategies [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Relationship between COCO-O degradation and context-dependent missed detections. Each point corresponds [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Full manipulation examples with all variants for representative images. Top: implicit rotation variants. Middle: [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Performance curves under focal-object geometric manipulations. Metrics are computed only on the manipulated [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Performance curves under geometric manipulations computed over the full image. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Performance curves under synthetic background replacement. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Detection performance as a function of object–background compatibility (NPMI) in the multi-object setting. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_10.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Prediction candidate existence rate across representative manipulations. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_11.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Conditional score distributions given prediction candidate existence. Distributions remain largely stable across [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_12.png]
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Distribution of maximum prediction score per ground-truth object. A score of 0 indicates no prediction sufficiently [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_13.png]
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Recoverable recall as a function of confidence threshold. Shaded regions indicate the recall gap recoverable by [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_14.png]
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Performance as a function of image-frequency compatibility. Curves exhibit a saturation shape: structured [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_15.png]
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Performance as a function of character n-gram surface compatibility. Curves are flat and unordered across all metrics, confirming that string-level similarity carries no visual compatibility signal. Discussion. Two conclusions follow from these experiments. First, pre…
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Performance curves under compatibility-driven natural background replacement across five composition settings, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_17.png]

Discussion (0). Sign in to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

35 extracted references · 6 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Detecting out-of-context objects using graph contextual reasoning network

    Manoj Acharya, Anirban Roy, Kaushik Koneripalli, Susmit Jha, Christopher Kanan, and Ajay Divakaran. Detecting out-of-context objects using graph contextual reasoning network. In International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2022

    2022

  2. [2]

    Impact of data duplication on deep neural network-based image classifiers: Robust vs

    Alireza Aghabagherloo, Aydin Abadi, Sumanta Sarkar, Vishnu Asutosh Dasu, and Bart Preneel. Impact of data duplication on deep neural network-based image classifiers: Robust vs. standard models, 2025

    2025

  3. [3]

    End to End Learning for Self-Driving Cars

    Mariusz Bojarski, Davide Del Testa, Daniel Dworakowski, Bernhard Firner, Beat Flepp, Prasoon Goyal, Lawrence D Jackel, Mathew Monfort, Urs Muller, Jiawei Zhang, et al. End to end learning for self-driving cars.arXiv preprint arXiv:1604.07316, 2016

    work page Pith review arXiv 2016

  4. [4]

    Normalized (pointwise) mutual information in collocation extraction

    Gerlof Bouma. Normalized (pointwise) mutual information in collocation extraction. In Proceedings of the Biennial GSCL Conference, pages 31–40, Tübingen, Germany, 2009

    2009

  5. [5]

    Yolo- world: Real-time open-vocabulary object detection

    Tianheng Cheng, Lin Song, Yixiao Ge, Wenyu Liu, Xinggang Wang, and Ying Shan. Yolo- world: Real-time open-vocabulary object detection. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pages 16901–16911, 2024

    2024

  6. [6]

    Modeling visual context is key to augmenting object detection datasets

    Nikita Dvornik, Julien Mairal, and Cordelia Schmid. Modeling visual context is key to augmenting object detection datasets. InProceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), pages 375–391, 2018

    2018

  7. [7]

    A survey on bias in visual datasets.Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 223:103552, 2022

    Simone Fabbrizzi, Symeon Papadopoulos, Eirini Ntoutsi, and Ioannis Kompatsiaris. A survey on bias in visual datasets.Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 223:103552, 2022

    2022

  8. [8]

    Cubuk, Quoc V

    Golnaz Ghiasi, Yin Cui, Aravind Srinivas, Rui Qian, Tsung-Yi Lin, Ekin D. Cubuk, Quoc V . Le, and Barret Zoph. Simple copy-paste is a strong data augmentation method for instance segmentation. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pages 2664–2674, 2021

    2021

Show all 35 references
  1. [9]

    Deep residual learning for im- age recognition

    Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, and Jian Sun. Deep residual learning for im- age recognition. InProceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pages 770–778, 2016

    2016

  2. [10]

    Ultralytics yolo

    Glenn Jocher, Ayush Chaurasia, Jing Qiu, et al. Ultralytics yolo. https://github.com/ ultralytics/ultralytics, 2023. Accessed: 2026-04-15

    2023

  3. [11]

    WILDS: A benchmark of in-the-wild distribution shifts

    Pang Wei Koh, Shiori Sagawa, Henrik Marklund, Sang Michael Xie, Marvin Zhang, Akshay Balsubramani, Weihua Hu, Michihiro Yasunaga, Richard Lanas Phillips, Irena Gao, Tony Lee, Etienne David, Ian Stavness, Wei Guo, Berton Earnshaw, Imran Haque, Sara Beery, Jure Leskovec, Anshul ...

    2021

  4. [12]

    Microsoft coco: Common objects in context

    Tsung-Yi Lin, Michael Maire, Serge Belongie, James Hays, Pietro Perona, Deva Ramanan, Piotr Dollár, and C Lawrence Zitnick. Microsoft coco: Common objects in context. InEuropean conference on computer vision, pages 740–755. Springer, 2014

    2014

  5. [13]

    Spawrious: A benchmark for fine control of spurious correlation biases.arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.05470, 2023

    Aengus Lynch, Gbètondji J-S Dovonon, Jean Kaddour, and Ricardo Silva. Spawrious: A benchmark for fine control of spurious correlation biases.arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.05470, 2023

    2023

  6. [14]

    Coco- o: A benchmark for object detectors under natural distribution shifts

    Xiaofeng Mao, Yuefeng Chen, Yao Zhu, Da Chen, Hang Su, Rong Zhang, and Hui Xue. Coco- o: A benchmark for object detectors under natural distribution shifts. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, pages 6339–6350, 2023

    2023

  7. [15]

    Ecker, Matthias Bethge, and Wieland Brendel

    Claudio Michaelis, Benjamin Mitzkus, Robert Geirhos, Evgenia Rusak, Oliver Bringmann, Alexander S. Ecker, Matthias Bethge, and Wieland Brendel. Benchmarking robustness in object detection: Autonomous driving when winter is coming. InNeurIPS Workshop on Machine Learning for Aut...

    2019

  8. [16]

    The role of context for object detection and semantic segmentation in the wild

    Roozbeh Mottaghi, Xianjie Chen, Xiaobai Liu, Nam-Gyu Cho, Seong-Whan Lee, Sanja Fidler, Raquel Urtasun, and Alan Yuille. The role of context for object detection and semantic segmentation in the wild. InProceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognit...

    2014

  9. [17]

    Decompose-and-compose: A compositional approach to mitigating spurious correlation

    Fahimeh Hosseini Noohdani, Parsa Hosseini, Aryan Yazdan Parast, Hamidreza Yaghoubi Araghi, and Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah. Decompose-and-compose: A compositional approach to mitigating spurious correlation. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Patter...

    2024

  10. [18]

    D-fine: Redefine regression task in detrs as fine-grained distribution refinement.arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.13842, 2024

    Yansong Peng, Hebei Li, Peixi Wu, Yueyi Zhang, Xiaoyan Sun, and Feng Wu. D-fine: Redefine regression task in detrs as fine-grained distribution refinement.arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.13842, 2024

    2024

  11. [19]

    Black-box explanation of object detectors via saliency maps

    Vitali Petsiuk, Rajiv Jain, Bhavan Bhotika, and Kate Saenko. Black-box explanation of object detectors via saliency maps. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pages 11443–11452, 2021

    2021

  12. [20]

    You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection

    Joseph Redmon et al. You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection. InCVPR, 2016

    2016

  13. [21]

    Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks

    Shaoqing Ren, Kaiming He, Ross Girshick, and Jian Sun. Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. InAdvances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 2015

    2015

  14. [22]

    Rf-detr: Real-time detection transformer

    Roboflow. Rf-detr: Real-time detection transformer. https://github.com/roboflow/ rf-detr, 2023. Accessed: 2026-04-15

    2023

  15. [23]

    Role of spatial context in adversarial robustness for object detection

    Aniruddha Saha, Akshayvarun Subramanya, Koninika Patil, and Hamed Pirsiavash. Role of spatial context in adversarial robustness for object detection. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), pages 784–785, 2020

    2020

  16. [24]

    Don’t judge an object by its context: Learning to overcome contextual bias

    Krishna Kumar Singh, Dhruv Mahajan, Kristen Grauman, Yong Jae Lee, Matt Feiszli, and Deepti Ghadiyaram. Don’t judge an object by its context: Learning to overcome contextual bias. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 11070–...

    2020

  17. [25]

    Benchmarking object detectors with COCO: A new path forward, 2024

    Shweta Singh, Aayan Yadav, Jitesh Jain, Humphrey Shi, Justin Johnson, and Karan Desai. Benchmarking object detectors with COCO: A new path forward, 2024

    2024

  18. [26]

    Quantifying context bias in domain adaptation for object detection.arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.14679, 2024

    Hojun Son, Asma Almutairi, and Arpan Kusari. Quantifying context bias in domain adaptation for object detection.arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.14679, 2024

    2024

  19. [27]

    Real-world anomaly detection in surveillance videos

    Waqas Sultani, Chen Chen, and Mubarak Shah. Real-world anomaly detection in surveillance videos. InProceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 6479–6488, 2018

    2018

  20. [28]

    Resolution-robust large mask inpainting with fourier convolutions

    Roman Suvorov, Elizaveta Logacheva, Anton Mashikhin, Anastasia Remizova, Arsenii Ashukha, Aleksei Silvestrov, Naejin Kong, Harshith Goka, Kiwoong Park, and Victor Lempitsky. Resolution-robust large mask inpainting with fourier convolutions. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF Winter...

    2022

  21. [29]

    Robust real-time face detection.International Journal of Computer Vision, 57(2):137–154, 2004

    Paul Viola and Michael J Jones. Robust real-time face detection.International Journal of Computer Vision, 57(2):137–154, 2004

    2004

  22. [30]

    Clad: A contrastive learning based approach for background debiasing.arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.02748, 2022

    Ke Wang, Harshitha Machiraju, Oh-Hyeon Choung, Michael Herzog, and Pascal Frossard. Clad: A contrastive learning based approach for background debiasing.arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.02748, 2022

    2022

  23. [31]

    Noise or signal: The role of image backgrounds in object recognition

    Kai Xiao, Logan Engstrom, Andrew Ilyas, and Aleksander Madry. Noise or signal: The role of image backgrounds in object recognition. InInternational Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2021. 11

    2021

  24. [32]

    Wild-time: A benchmark of in-the-wild distribution shift over time

    Huaxiu Yao, Caroline Choi, Bochuan Cao, Yoonho Lee, Pang Wei Koh, and Chelsea Finn. Wild-time: A benchmark of in-the-wild distribution shift over time. InAdvances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) Datasets and Benchmarks Track, volume 35, pages 10309–10324, 2022

    2022

  25. [33]

    Places: A 10 million image database for scene recognition

    Bolei Zhou, Agata Lapedriza, Aditya Khosla, Aude Oliva, and Antonio Torralba. Places: A 10 million image database for scene recognition. InIEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI), 2017

    2017

  26. [34]

    a photo of aoin ac ′

    Xizhou Zhu, Weijie Su, Lewei Lu, Bin Li, Xiaogang Wang, and Jifeng Dai. Deformable detr: Deformable transformers for end-to-end object detection. InInternational Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2021. 12 A Manipulation Framework A.1 Object-Background Compatibilit...

    2021

  27. [35]

    All data used consists of existing publicly available datasets; no new data collection involving human participants took place

    Institutional review board (IRB) approvals or equivalent for research with human subjects Question: Does the paper describe potential risks incurred by study participants, whether such risks were disclosed to the subjects, and whether Institutional Review Board (IRB) approvals...

Pith tools

Reviewed June 27, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.