pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.20422 · v2 · pith:I3WWF4WHnew · submitted 2026-06-18 · ✦ hep-ex

Resonant heterodyne conversion applied to a low-frequency haloscope for dark matter axion searches in the 1-35 MHz range

Jose R. Navarro-Madrid , Jos\'e Reina-Valero , Alejandro D\'iaz-Morcillo , Benito Gimeno This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 14:57 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex
keywords dark matter axionshaloscopeheterodyne conversionmicrowave cavitylow frequencysensitivity projectionpump leakage
0
0 comments X

The pith

Resonant heterodyne up-conversion in a two-port cavity enables axion searches from 0.9 to 34.6 MHz with projected sensitivity to 10^{-15} GeV^{-1}.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper develops a formalism for resonant heterodyne detection of low-mass axions in microwave cavities, starting from axion electrodynamics and accounting for the axion's finite linewidth through effective quality factors. It extends a full-wave model to a two-port cavity to include pump leakage effects. Applying this to the RADES-BabyIAXO setup identifies a promising mode pair and derives optimal couplings. The resulting sensitivity projections for cryogenic cavities show a potential reach to 10^{-15} GeV^{-1} assuming good leakage rejection.

Core claim

The axion-induced source term in the cavity leads to effective quality factors that govern the mixing between pump and axion modes, the detection bandwidth, and the extracted signal power. For the largest RADES-BabyIAXO cavity, the quasi-TE011-quasi-TM010 mode pair is favorable for frequencies between 0.9 and 34.6 MHz. Analytical predictions match full-wave simulations at resonance, with the latter better describing off-resonance behavior and pump leakage. Under thermal-noise-limited conditions with sufficient leakage rejection, the setup could detect axion-photon couplings as small as 10^{-15} GeV^{-1} at 90% confidence level.

What carries the argument

Effective quality factors determined by the finite axion linewidth, which control pump-axion mixing, bandwidth, and detected power in the heterodyne process.

If this is right

  • The quasi-TE011-quasi-TM010 mode pair covers axion frequencies from 0.9 to 34.6 MHz.
  • Optimal port couplings are identified that maximize the scanning rate.
  • Cryogenic copper and superconducting niobium cavities reach 10^{-15} GeV^{-1} at 90% CL under the stated conditions.
  • The full-wave model gives accurate off-resonance predictions and leakage characterization beyond analytic results.
  • This represents an improvement over previous heterodyne-based axion searches.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The technique could extend searches into a low-mass window that is difficult for conventional haloscopes.
  • The formalism might apply to other cavity designs to cover additional frequency bands.
  • Practical leakage rejection would likely require additional filtering or isolation methods beyond those modeled.
  • Achieving this sensitivity could begin to constrain axion models in the micro-eV mass range.

Load-bearing premise

Pump leakage into the readout channel can be rejected sufficiently well to reach the thermal-noise-limited regime.

What would settle it

A demonstration that pump leakage cannot be suppressed to a level below the thermal noise floor in the readout channel would prevent the projected sensitivity from being achieved.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.20422 by Alejandro D\'iaz-Morcillo, Benito Gimeno, Jos\'e Reina-Valero, Jose R. Navarro-Madrid.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Signal processing from the pump mode excitation to [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Schematic representation of the up-conversion process in the frequency-domain. Left, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Multimode equivalent network representation of a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. BI-RME 3D network representation: The pump mode [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. BI-RME 3D network representation of the pump cir [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. 3D schematic of the quasi-cylindrical RADES [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Geometric overlap factor results for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. (a) Variation of the resonant frequencies of the selected qTE ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. Geometric overlap factors between the selected qTE modes with (a) qTM [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. Comparison between the theoretical prediction (Eq. (51)) and the BI-RME 3D results for the two tuning cases of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11. Comparison between the theoretical prediction (Eq. (51)) and the BI-RME 3D results for the two tuning cases [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12. Plot of the scanning rate with normalized units for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: FIG. 13. Projected sensitivity to the axion-photon coupling [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: FIG. 14. Scheme used for the analytical calculation of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: FIG. 15. Rational modal fitting and superconducting rescaling of the scattering parameters for the two axion frequency cases [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_15.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We study resonant heterodyne up-conversion in the RADES-BabyIAXO haloscope as a method to search for low-mass dark matter axions using microwave cavities. Starting from axion electrodynamics, we derive the axion-induced source term and the power extracted through a readout mode, explicitly accounting for the finite axion linewidth. This leads to effective quality factors that determine the pump-axion mixing, detection bandwidth, and detected signal power. We extend the BI-RME 3D full-wave formulation to heterodyne axion detection in a realistic two-port cavity, including pump leakage into the readout channel. Applying the formalism to the largest RADES-BabyIAXO cavity identifies the $\mathrm{quasi\textrm{-}TE}_{011}-\mathrm{quasi\textrm{-}TM}_{010}$ mode pair as a favorable configuration, enabling sensitivity to axion frequencies between 0.9 and 34.6 MHz. Analytical and full-wave predictions show excellent agreement at resonance, while the full-wave model provides a more accurate description off resonance and allows a precise characterization of the pump leakage. We also derive the optimal port couplings that maximize the scanning rate. Sensitivity projections for cryogenic copper and superconducting niobium cavities indicate that, under thermal-noise-limited conditions and assuming sufficient pump-leakage rejection, the experiment could probe axion-photon couplings down to $10^{-15}\,\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}$ at 90% confidence level, representing a significant improvement over previous heterodyne-based searches.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The paper derives the axion-induced source term and extracted power for resonant heterodyne up-conversion in a two-port cavity from axion electrodynamics (accounting for finite axion linewidth and effective Q factors), extends the BI-RME 3D full-wave method to include pump leakage, identifies the quasi-TE011–quasi-TM010 mode pair in the largest RADES-BabyIAXO cavity as favorable for 0.9–34.6 MHz, shows analytical/full-wave agreement at resonance, derives optimal port couplings, and projects sensitivity to g_{aγ} ∼ 10^{-15} GeV^{-1} (90% CL) for cryogenic copper/niobium cavities under thermal-noise-limited conditions with sufficient pump-leakage rejection.

Significance. If the central claims hold, the work would provide a substantiated path to improved low-frequency axion reach via heterodyne conversion, with the electrodynamics derivation, BI-RME extension, and mode identification constituting clear technical contributions. The conditional sensitivity projection, however, limits the immediate impact until the leakage-rejection assumption is addressed.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract and sensitivity-projections section] Abstract and sensitivity-projections section: the headline claim that the experiment could reach g_{aγ} down to 10^{-15} GeV^{-1} is explicitly conditioned on 'sufficient pump-leakage rejection' to realize thermal-noise-limited performance, yet the BI-RME 3D extension is described only as characterizing leakage for the quasi-TE011–quasi-TM010 pair without supplying a quantified rejection factor, filtering scheme, or cancellation method that would keep leakage below the thermal floor for the stated integration times and cavity Q values. This renders the reach an unverified conditional rather than a substantiated projection.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful review and constructive feedback. We address the major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and sensitivity-projections section] Abstract and sensitivity-projections section: the headline claim that the experiment could reach g_{aγ} down to 10^{-15} GeV^{-1} is explicitly conditioned on 'sufficient pump-leakage rejection' to realize thermal-noise-limited performance, yet the BI-RME 3D extension is described only as characterizing leakage for the quasi-TE011–quasi-TM010 pair without supplying a quantified rejection factor, filtering scheme, or cancellation method that would keep leakage below the thermal floor for the stated integration times and cavity Q values. This renders the reach an unverified conditional rather than a substantiated projection.

    Authors: We agree that the sensitivity projection is conditional on sufficient pump-leakage rejection, as explicitly stated. The BI-RME 3D extension quantifies leakage power into the readout channel for the identified mode pair via full-wave simulation, providing the leakage levels needed to determine required rejection. While the manuscript focuses on electrodynamics, mode identification, and leakage characterization rather than specific hardware implementations, we will revise the sensitivity-projections section to include example rejection factors derived from the simulated leakage (for the quoted integration times and Q values) and outline feasible methods such as narrowband filtering or active cancellation. The abstract will be updated for clarity. This will convert the projection from conditional to substantiated within the paper's scope. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Derivation chain self-contained from axion electrodynamics with no reductions by construction

full rationale

The paper derives the axion-induced source term and effective quality factors directly from axion electrodynamics, then extends the existing BI-RME 3D full-wave method to model leakage in a two-port cavity. Analytical and full-wave results are compared for agreement at resonance, with no evidence that any prediction reduces to a fitted input, self-defined quantity, or load-bearing self-citation. Sensitivity projections are explicitly conditional on an external assumption (pump-leakage rejection) rather than forced by the formalism itself. This is the normal case of an independent derivation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper starts from standard axion electrodynamics and extends an existing full-wave method without introducing new free parameters or postulated entities visible in the abstract.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Axion electrodynamics supplies the source term for the electromagnetic fields induced by axions.
    Explicitly stated as the starting point for deriving the axion-induced source term and extracted power.
  • domain assumption The BI-RME 3D full-wave formulation can be extended to heterodyne axion detection in a realistic two-port cavity while accounting for pump leakage.
    The paper applies this extension to obtain predictions for the RADES-BabyIAXO cavity.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5827 in / 1706 out tokens · 33772 ms · 2026-06-26T14:57:53.132559+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

96 extracted references · 5 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    The pump mode is injected through the portµ= 1, while the read- out signal is extracted from the portµ= 2

    Complete network including all sources In order to apply this formulation to the heterodyne conversion technique in a conventional two-ports halo- scope, we consider a cavity with two ports (P= 2), both connected to standard coaxial transmission lines support- ing only the fundamental TEM mode (l= 1). The pump mode is injected through the portµ= 1, while ...

  2. [2]

    Their CPT-conserving best-fit δCP values correspond to different intersection points of their respective manifolds with the δ∆ = 0 axis

    Pump network For the present application, it is important to establish the relationship between the pump current sourceI g and the power generated by the current sourceP g ≡P inc,p. Therefore, now we have to analyze the network of Fig. 5, where the axion current sources have been removed be- cause they are open-circuited. In this case, the Kirchhoff laws ...

    work page doi:10.13039/501100011033/ 2023

  3. [3]

    R. D. Peccei and H. R. Quinn, CP Conservation in the Presence of Pseudoparticles, Phys. Rev. Lett.38, 1440 (1977)

    1977

  4. [4]

    J. E. Kim and G. Carosi, Axions and the Strong CP Problem, Rev. Mod. Phys.82, 557 (2010), [Erratum: Rev.Mod.Phys. 91, 049902 (2019)], arXiv:0807.3125 [hep- ph]

    arXiv 2010

  5. [5]

    Weinberg, A New Light Boson?, Phys

    S. Weinberg, A New Light Boson?, Phys. Rev. Lett.40, 223 (1978)

    1978

  6. [6]

    Wilczek, Problem of StrongPandTInvariance in the 24 Presence of Instantons, Phys

    F. Wilczek, Problem of StrongPandTInvariance in the 24 Presence of Instantons, Phys. Rev. Lett.40, 279 (1978)

    1978

  7. [7]

    Preskill, M

    J. Preskill, M. B. Wise, and F. Wilczek, Cosmology of the Invisible Axion, Phys. Lett. B120, 127 (1983)

    1983

  8. [8]

    L. F. Abbott and P. Sikivie, A Cosmological Bound on the Invisible Axion, Phys. Lett. B120, 133 (1983)

    1983

  9. [9]

    Dine and W

    M. Dine and W. Fischler, The Not So Harmless Axion, Phys. Lett. B120, 137 (1983)

    1983

  10. [10]

    Duet al.(ADMX), A Search for Invisible Axion Dark Matter with the Axion Dark Matter Experiment, Phys

    N. Duet al.(ADMX), A Search for Invisible Axion Dark Matter with the Axion Dark Matter Experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett.120, 151301 (2018), arXiv:1804.05750 [hep- ex]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  11. [11]

    Kwonet al.(CAPP), First Results from an Axion Haloscope at CAPP around 10.7µeV, Phys

    O. Kwonet al.(CAPP), First Results from an Axion Haloscope at CAPP around 10.7µeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 191802 (2021), arXiv:2012.10764 [hep-ex]

    arXiv 2021

  12. [12]

    Ahnet al.(CAPP), Extensive Search for Axion Dark Matter over 1 GHz with CAPP’S Main Axion Experi- ment, Phys

    S. Ahnet al.(CAPP), Extensive Search for Axion Dark Matter over 1 GHz with CAPP’S Main Axion Experi- ment, Phys. Rev. X14, 031023 (2024), arXiv:2402.12892 [hep-ex]

    arXiv 2024

  13. [13]

    K. M. Backeset al.(HAYSTAC), A quantum-enhanced search for dark matter axions, Nature590, 238 (2021), arXiv:2008.01853 [quant-ph]

    arXiv 2021

  14. [14]

    Rettaroliet al.(QUAX), Search for axion dark matter with the QUAX–LNF tunable haloscope, Phys

    A. Rettaroliet al.(QUAX), Search for axion dark matter with the QUAX–LNF tunable haloscope, Phys. Rev. D 110, 022008 (2024), arXiv:2402.19063 [physics.ins-det]

    arXiv 2024

  15. [15]

    B. T. McAllister, G. Flower, E. N. Ivanov, M. Goryachev, J. Bourhill, and M. E. Tobar, The ORGAN experiment: An axion haloscope above 15 GHz, Physics of the Dark Universe18, 67 (2017)

    2017

  16. [16]

    ´Alvarez Melc´ on, S

    A. ´Alvarez Melc´ on, S. A. Cuendis, C. Cogollos, A. D´ ıaz- Morcillo, B. D¨ obrich, J. D. Gallego, B. Gimeno, I. G. Irastorza, A. J. Lozano-Guerrero, C. Malbrunot, P. Navarro, C. P. Garay, J. Redondo, T. Vafeiadis, and W. Wuensch, Axion searches with microwave filters: the RADES project, Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics2018(05), 040

  17. [17]

    ´Alvarez Melc´ onet al., Scalable haloscopes for axion dark matter detection in the 30µeV range with RADES, JHEP07, 084, arXiv:2002.07639 [hep-ex]

    A. ´Alvarez Melc´ onet al., Scalable haloscopes for axion dark matter detection in the 30µeV range with RADES, JHEP07, 084, arXiv:2002.07639 [hep-ex]

    arXiv 2002

  18. [18]

    Ajaet al., The Canfranc Axion Detection Experiment (CADEx): search for axions at 90 GHz with Kinetic Inductance Detectors, JCAP11, 044, arXiv:2206.02980 [hep-ex]

    B. Ajaet al., The Canfranc Axion Detection Experiment (CADEx): search for axions at 90 GHz with Kinetic Inductance Detectors, JCAP11, 044, arXiv:2206.02980 [hep-ex]

    arXiv

  19. [19]

    I. G. Irastorza and J. Redondo, New experimental ap- proaches in the search for axion-like particles, Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics102, 89 (2018)

    2018

  20. [20]

    Bradley, J

    R. Bradley, J. Clarke, D. Kinion, L. J. Rosenberg, K. van Bibber, S. Matsuki, M. M¨ uck, and P. Sikivie, Microwave cavity searches for dark-matter axions, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 777 (2003)

    2003

  21. [21]

    Sikivie, N

    P. Sikivie, N. Sullivan, and D. B. Tanner, Proposal for Axion Dark Matter Detection Using an LC Circuit, Phys. Rev. Lett.112, 131301 (2014), arXiv:1310.8545 [hep-ph]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014

  22. [22]

    Y. Kahn, B. R. Safdi, and J. Thaler, Broadband and Resonant Approaches to Axion Dark Matter Detection, Phys. Rev. Lett.117, 141801 (2016), arXiv:1602.01086 [hep-ph]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  23. [23]

    Lasenby, Microwave cavity searches for low-frequency axion dark matter, Phys

    R. Lasenby, Microwave cavity searches for low-frequency axion dark matter, Phys. Rev. D102, 015008 (2020)

    2020

  24. [24]

    Lasenby, Parametrics of electromagnetic searches for axion dark matter, Phys

    R. Lasenby, Parametrics of electromagnetic searches for axion dark matter, Phys. Rev. D103, 075007 (2021)

    2021

  25. [25]

    Berlin, R

    A. Berlin, R. T. D’Agnolo, S. A. R. Ellis, and K. Zhou, Heterodyne broadband detection of axion dark matter, Phys. Rev. D104, L111701 (2021)

    2021

  26. [26]

    Goryachev, B

    M. Goryachev, B. T. McAllister, and M. E. Tobar, Axion detection with precision frequency metrology, Physics of the Dark Universe26, 100345 (2019)

    2019

  27. [27]

    C. A. Thomson, B. T. McAllister, M. Goryachev, E. N. Ivanov, and M. E. Tobar, Upconversion Loop Oscilla- tor Axion Detection Experiment: A Precision Frequency Interferometric Axion Dark Matter Search with a Cylin- drical Microwave Cavity, Phys. Rev. Lett.126, 081803 (2021)

    2021

  28. [28]

    Sikivie, Superconducting Radio Frequency Cavities as Axion Dark Matter Detectors (2013), arXiv:1009.0762 [hep-ph]

    P. Sikivie, Superconducting Radio Frequency Cavities as Axion Dark Matter Detectors (2013), arXiv:1009.0762 [hep-ph]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  29. [29]

    C. A. Thomson, M. Goryachev, B. T. McAllister, E. N. Ivanov, P. Altin, and M. E. Tobar, Searching for low- mass axions using resonant upconversion, Phys. Rev. D 107, 112003 (2023)

    2023

  30. [30]

    Berlin, D

    A. Berlin, D. Blas, R. T. D’Agnolo, S. A. R. Ellis, R. Harnik, Y. Kahn, J. Sch¨ utte-Engel, and M. Wentzel, Electromagnetic cavities as mechanical bars for gravita- tional waves, Phys. Rev. D108, 084058 (2023)

    2023

  31. [31]

    M. E. Tobar, C. A. Thomson, W. M. Campbell, A. Quiskamp, J. F. Bourhill, B. T. McAllister, E. N. Ivanov, and M. Goryachev, Comparing instrument spec- tral sensitivity of dissimilar electromagnetic haloscopes to axion dark matter and high frequency gravitational waves, Symmetry14, 10.3390/sym14102165 (2022)

    work page doi:10.3390/sym14102165 2022

  32. [32]

    Gu´ e, T

    J. Gu´ e, T. Krokotsch, and G. Moortgat-Pick, Covariant eigenmode overlap formalism for gravitational wave sig- nals in electromagnetic cavities (2026), arXiv:2602.08507 [gr-qc]

    arXiv 2026

  33. [33]

    Y. Kim, D. Kim, J. Jeong, J. Kim, Y. C. Shin, and Y. K. Semertzidis, Effective approximation of electro- magnetism for axion haloscope searches, Physics of the Dark Universe26, 1 (2019)

    2019

  34. [34]

    Primakoff, Photoproduction of neutral mesons in nu- clear electric fields and the mean life of the neutral meson, Phys

    H. Primakoff, Photoproduction of neutral mesons in nu- clear electric fields and the mean life of the neutral meson, Phys. Rev.81, 899 (1951)

    1951

  35. [35]

    Sikivie, Experimental Tests of the Invisible Ax- ion, Phys

    P. Sikivie, Experimental Tests of the Invisible Ax- ion, Phys. Rev. Lett.51, 1415 (1983), [Erratum: Phys.Rev.Lett. 52, 695 (1984)]

    1983

  36. [36]

    J. D. Jackson,Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1999)

    1999

  37. [37]

    R. E. Collin,Foundations for Microwave Engineering, 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992)

    1992

  38. [38]

    R. E. Collin,Field Theory of Guided Waves, 2nd ed. (IEEE Press, 1991)

    1991

  39. [39]

    Sikivie, Invisible axion search methods, Rev

    P. Sikivie, Invisible axion search methods, Rev. Modern Physics93, 015004 (2021)

    2021

  40. [40]

    Berlin, R

    A. Berlin, R. T. D’Agnolo, S. A. R. Ellis, C. Nan- tista, J. Neilson, P. Schuster, S. Tantawi, N. Toro, and K. Zhou, Axion dark matter detection by superconduct- ing resonant frequency conversion, Journal of High En- ergy Physics2020, 88 (2020), arXiv:1912.11048 [hep-ph]

    arXiv 2020

  41. [41]

    M. E. Tobar, C. A. Thomson, B. T. McAllister, M. Gory- achev, A. V. Sokolov, and A. Ringwald, Sensitivity of Resonant Axion Haloscopes to Quantum Electromagne- todynamics, Annalen der Physik536, 2200594 (2024)

    2024

  42. [42]

    A. J. Hatch and H. B. Williams, Multipacting modes of high-frequency gaseous breakdown, Physical Review 112, 681 (1958)

    1958

  43. [43]

    J. R. M. Vaughan, Multipactor, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices35, 1172 (1988)

    1988

  44. [44]

    Woode and J

    A. Woode and J. Petit,Diagnostic Investigations into the Multipactor Effect, Susceptibility Zone Measurements 25 and Parameters Affecting a Discharge, Tech. Rep. Work- ing Paper 1556 (European Space Agency (ESA), Noord- wijk, The Netherlands, 1989)

    1989

  45. [45]

    Kishek, Y

    R. Kishek, Y. Y. Lau, L. K. Ang, A. Valfells, and R. M. Gilgenbach, Multipactor discharge on metals and di- electrics: Historical review and recent theories, Physics of Plasmas5, 2120 (1998). [44]Multipacting Design and Test, Tech. Rep. ECSS-20- 01A (European Cooperation for Space Standardiza- tion (ECSS), Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2003) eSA- ESTEC, ESA...

    1998

  46. [46]

    A. M. Perezet al., Prediction of multipactor break- down thresholds in coaxial transmission lines for trav- eling, standing, and mixed waves, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science37, 2031 (2009)

    2031

  47. [47]

    Gonz´ alez-Iglesias,´O

    D. Gonz´ alez-Iglesias,´O. Monerris, B. G. Mart´ ınez, M. E. D´ ıaz, V. E. Boria, and P. M. Iglesias, Multipactor rf breakdown in coaxial transmission lines with digitally modulated signals, IEEE Transactions on Electron De- vices63, 4096 (2016)

    2016

  48. [48]

    V. E. Semenov, E. I. Rakova, E. Sorolla, D. Gonz´ alez- Iglesias, ´O. Monerris, B. Gimeno, J. Puech, and J. B. Sombrin, Enhancement of the multipactor threshold in- side nonrectangular iris, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices65(2018)

    2018

  49. [49]

    Vague, J

    J. Vague, J. C. Melgarejo, M. Guglielmi, V. E. Boria, S. Anza, C. Vicente, M. R. Moreno, M. Taroncher, B. Gi- meno Mart´ ınez, and D. Raboso, Multipactor effect char- acterization of dielectric materials for space applications, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 66(2018)

    2018

  50. [50]

    Gonz´ alez-Iglesias, B

    D. Gonz´ alez-Iglesias, B. Gimeno, D. Esperante, P. Mart´ ınez-Reviriego, P. Mart´ ın-Luna, N. Fuster- Mart´ ınez, C. Blanch, E. Mart´ ınez, A. Menendez, J. Fuster,et al., Non-resonant ultra-fast multipactor regime in dielectric-assist accelerating structures, Results in Physics56, 107245 (2024)

    2024

  51. [51]

    W. D. Kilpatrick, Criterion for vacuum sparking designed to include both rf and dc, Review of Scientific Instru- ments28, 824 (1957)

    1957

  52. [52]

    Germain and F

    C. Germain and F. Rohrbach, High voltage breakdown in vacuum, Vacuum18, 371 (1968)

    1968

  53. [53]

    K. L. F. Bane, V. A. Dolgashev, T. Raubenheimer, G. V. Stupakov, and J. Wu, Dark currents and their effect on the primary beam in an x-band linac, Physical Re- view Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams8, 064401 (2005)

    2005

  54. [54]

    Grudiev, S

    A. Grudiev, S. Calatroni, and W. Wuensch, New local field quantity describing the high gradient limit of ac- celerating structures, Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams12, 102001 (2009)

    2009

  55. [55]

    Wuensch, A

    W. Wuensch, A. Degiovanni, S. Calatroni, A. Korsb¨ ack, F. Djurabekova, R. Rajam¨ aki, and J. Giner-Navarro, Statistics of vacuum breakdown in the high-gradient and low-rate regime, Physical Review Accelerators and Beams20, 011007 (2017)

    2017

  56. [56]

    Mart´ ınez-Reviriego, N

    P. Mart´ ınez-Reviriego, N. Fuster-Mart´ ınez, D. Esper- ante, M. Boronat, B. Gimeno, C. Blanch, D. Gonz´ alez- Iglesias, P. Mart´ ın-Luna, E. Mart´ ınez, A. Menendez, L. Pedraza, J. Fern´ andez, J. Fuster, A. Grudiev, N. Cata- lan Lasheras, and W. Wuensch, High-power performance studies of an s-band high-gradient accelerating cavity for medical applicati...

    2023

  57. [57]

    Bogorad, A

    Z. Bogorad, A. Hook, Y. Kahn, and Y. Soreq, Prob- ing Axionlike Particles and the Axiverse with Supercon- ducting Radio-Frequency Cavities, Phys. Rev. Lett.123, 021801 (2019)

    2019

  58. [58]

    Janish, V

    R. Janish, V. Narayan, S. Rajendran, and P. Riggins, Axion production and detection with superconducting rf cavities, Phys. Rev. D100, 015036 (2019)

    2019

  59. [59]

    Posen and D

    S. Posen and D. L. Hall, Nb3Sn superconducting radiofre- quency cavities: fabrication, results, properties, and prospects, Supercond. Sci. Technol.30, 033004 (2017)

    2017

  60. [60]

    D. M. Pozar,Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. (John Wi- ley and Sons, Inc., 2012)

    2012

  61. [61]

    D. Kim, J. Jeong, S. Youn, Y. Kim, and Y. Semertzidis, Revisiting the detection rate for axion haloscopes, Jour- nal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics2020, 066

  62. [62]

    Conciauro, M

    G. Conciauro, M. Guglielimi, and R. Sorrentino,Ad- vanced Modal Analysis. CAD Techniques for Waveguide Components and Filters, 1st ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 2000)

    2000

  63. [63]

    Arcioni, M

    P. Arcioni, M. Bressan, and L. Perregrini, A new bound- ary integral approach to the determination of resonant modes of arbitrarily shaped cavities, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and TechniquesMTT-43, 1848 (1995)

    1995

  64. [64]

    Arcioni, M

    P. Arcioni, M. Bozzi, M. Bressan, G. Conciauro, and L. Perregrini, Frequency/time-domain modelling of 3d waveguide structures by a bi-rme approach, International Journal of Numerical Modeling15, 3 (2002)

    2002

  65. [65]

    San-Blas, B

    A. San-Blas, B. Gimeno, and V. Boria, Study of the mul- tipactor phenomenon using a full-wave integral equation technique, International Journal of Electronics and Com- munications79, 286 (2017)

    2017

  66. [66]

    San Blas, F

    ´Angel A. San Blas, F. Mira, V. E. Boria, B. Gimeno, M. Bressan, and P. Arcioni, On the fast and rigorous analysis of compensated waveguide junctions using off- centered partial-height metallic posts, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques55, 168 (2007)

    2007

  67. [67]

    F. Mira, M. Bressan, G. Conciauro, B. Gimeno, and V. Boria, Fast s-domain modeling of rectangular waveg- uides with radially symmetric metal insets, IEEE Trans- actions on Microwave Theory and Techniques53, 1294 (2005)

    2005

  68. [68]

    J. Gil, A. S. Blas, C. Vicente, B. Gimeno, M. Bressan, V. Boria, G. Conciauro, and M. Maestre, Full-wave anal- ysis and design of dielectric-loaded waveguide filters us- ing a state-space integral-equation method, IEEE Trans- actions on Microwave Theory and Techniques57, 109 (2009)

    2009

  69. [69]

    J. Gil, A. M. P´ erez, B. Gimeno, M. Bressan, V. Bo- ria, and G. Conciauro, Analysis of cylindrical dielec- tric resonators in rectangular cavities using a state-space integral-equation method, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters16, 636 (2006)

    2006

  70. [70]

    Arcioni, M

    P. Arcioni, M. Bozzi, M. Bressan, G. Conciauro, and L. Perregrini, The bi-rme method: an histori- cal overview, 2014 International Conference on Numer- ical Electromagnetic Modeling and Optimization for RF, Microwave, and Terahertz Applications (NEMO) 10.1109/NEMO.2014.6995653 (2014)

    work page doi:10.1109/nemo.2014.6995653 2014

  71. [71]

    Bressan, S

    M. Bressan, S. Battistutta, M. Bozzi, and L. Perregrini, Modeling of inhomogeneous and lossy waveguide compo- nents by the segmentation technique combined with the 26 calculation of green’s function by ewald’s method, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques66, 633 (2018)

    2018

  72. [72]

    Navarro, B

    P. Navarro, B. Gimeno, A. ´Alvarez Melc´ on, S. A. Cuendis, C. Cogollos, A. D´ ıaz-Morcillo, J. Gallego, J. G. Barcel´ o, J. Golm, I. Irastorza, A. L. Guerrero, and C. P. Garay, Wide-band full-wave electromagnetic modal anal- ysis of the coupling between dark-matter axions and pho- tons in microwave resonators, Physics of the Dark Uni- verse36, 101001(2022)

    2022

  73. [73]

    Tai,Generalized Vector and Dyadic Analysis

    C.-T. Tai,Generalized Vector and Dyadic Analysis. Ap- plied Mathematics in Field Theory, 1st ed. (IEEE Press, 1991)

    1991

  74. [74]

    The characteristic impedance of the coaxial line is given byZ 0 = Zw 2π ln Rout Rin

  75. [75]

    L. D. Duffy, P. Sikivie, D. B. Tanner, S. J. Aszta- los, C. Hagmann, D. Kinion, L. J. Rosenberg, K. van Bibber, D. B. Yu, and R. F. Bradley, High resolution search for dark-matter axions, Physical Review D74, 10.1103/physrevd.74.012006 (2006)

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.74.012006 2006

  76. [76]

    Alesini, D

    D. Alesini, D. Babusci, P. Beltrame, F. Bossi, P. Ciambrone, A. D’Elia, D. Di Gioacchino, G. Di Pirro, B. D¨ obrich, P. Falferi, C. Gatti, M. Giannotti, P. Gi- anotti, G. Lamanna, C. Ligi, G. Maccarrone, G. Mazz- itelli, A. Mirizzi, M. Mueck, E. Nardi, F. Nguyen, A. Ret- taroli, J. Rezvani, F. E. Teofilo, S. Tocci, S. Tomassini, L. Visinelli, and M. Zante...

    2023

  77. [77]

    S. Ahyouneet al., A Proposal for a Low-Frequency Ax- ion Search in the 1-2µeV Range and Below with the BabyIAXO Magnet, Annalen Phys.535, 2300326 (2023), arXiv:2306.17243 [physics.ins-det]

    arXiv 2023

  78. [78]

    Abeln, K

    A. Abeln, K. Altenm¨ uller, S. Cuendis, E. Armengaud, D. Atti´ e, S. Aune, S. Basso, L. Berg´ e, B. Biasuzzi, P. Borges de Sousa, P. Brun, N. Bykovskiy, D. Calvet, J. Carmona, J. Castel, S. Cebri´ an, V. Chernov, F. Chris- tensen, M. Civitani, and A. Yanes-D´ ıaz, Conceptual de- sign of BabyIAXO, the intermediate stage towards the International Axion Obse...

    2021

  79. [79]

    Since the cavity geometry is not canonical and incor- porates tuning mechanisms, the resonant modes are re- named as quasi-TE and quasi-TM, abbreviated as qTE and qTM, respectively

  80. [80]

    Reina-Valero, J

    J. Reina-Valero, J. R. Navarro-Madrid, D. Blas, A. D´ ıaz- Morcillo, I. G. Irastorza, B. Gimeno, and J. Monz´ o- Cabrera, High-frequency gravitational waves detection with the BabyIAXO haloscopes, Phys. Rev. D111, 043024 (2025)

    2025

Showing first 80 references.