Leggett-Garg Inequality Violation in Muon $g-2$ Experiments

Brian Batell; Kun Cheng; Morgan Cassidy

arxiv: 2606.20788 · v1 · pith:PXSGLV6Onew · submitted 2026-06-18 · ✦ hep-ph

Leggett-Garg Inequality Violation in Muon g-2 Experiments

Brian Batell , Morgan Cassidy , Kun Cheng This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 16:34 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph

keywords Leggett-Garg inequalitymuon g-2temporal correlatorsmuon spin precessionquantum correlationspolarizationdecay spectra

0 comments

The pith

Fermilab muon g-2 data shows Leggett-Garg inequality violation at 5.5 sigma using reconstructed polarization correlators.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper develops a method to extract time-dependent correlation functions of muon polarization directly from observed decay spectra in the g-2 experiment. It then checks whether these functions obey the Leggett-Garg inequality, a bound that must hold if a system evolves according to macroscopic realism rather than quantum mechanics. Applying the procedure to public data from roughly ten billion muon decays and a simplified detector model yields a clear violation. A sympathetic reader cares because the result would demonstrate that quantum temporal correlations can be observed and quantified in a high-precision particle-physics apparatus.

Core claim

The authors reconstruct the two-time correlators of the longitudinal muon polarization from the measured time-dependent decay spectra. With a simplified model of detector acceptance and efficiency, these correlators violate the Leggett-Garg inequality at 5.5 sigma in individual time bins; combining neighboring bins increases the significance. The analysis is presented as the first application of the inequality to polarized muon spin precession.

What carries the argument

The reconstruction procedure that converts measured time-dependent muon decay spectra into temporal correlators of longitudinal polarization, which are then inserted into the Leggett-Garg inequality.

If this is right

Dedicated experimental analyses could push the uncertainty on the correlators down to the statistical floor of order 10 to the minus 3.
Muon g-2 runs could then furnish one of the most precise existing measurements of temporal quantum correlations.
The same reconstruction technique could be applied to future higher-statistics muon data sets without changing the underlying experimental apparatus.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the violation survives improved detector modeling, it would supply an independent test of quantum mechanics in a regime where the muon spin behaves as a macroscopic two-state system.
The approach could be extended to other spin-precession experiments that record time-tagged decay products, offering a new class of temporal Bell tests.
Systematic control of acceptance and efficiency at the per-mille level would be required to claim a definitive observation rather than an indication.

Load-bearing premise

The simplified model of detector acceptance and efficiency reproduces the true experimental response closely enough that the reconstructed correlators are not artificially shifted into the violation region.

What would settle it

A more complete detector simulation or dedicated calibration run that, when used to correct the same raw decay spectra, yields correlators satisfying the Leggett-Garg inequality within statistical errors.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.20788 by Brian Batell, Kun Cheng, Morgan Cassidy.

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: of Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_5.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

We present the first study of Leggett-Garg inequality violation in polarized muon spin precession. We formulate a procedure to reconstruct temporal correlators of the longitudinal muon polarization from measured time-dependent muon decay spectra and apply it to publicly available Fermilab Muon $g-2$ data corresponding to approximately $10$ billion muon decays. Using a simplified model of the detector acceptance and efficiency, the Leggett-Garg inequality is found to be violated with a single-bin significance of $5.5\sigma$, while combining neighboring bins further increases the significance. While our analysis is limited by systematic uncertainties associated with the detector modeling, a dedicated experimental analysis could reduce these uncertainties toward the statistical level, $\mathcal{O}(10^{-3})$, potentially enabling one of the most precise measurements of temporal quantum correlations.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The paper extracts a 5.5σ LGI violation from public g-2 decay spectra but the number rests on an unvalidated simplified acceptance model whose bias is not quantified.

read the letter

The main takeaway is that this is the first attempt to test Leggett-Garg inequalities with real polarized muon precession data from Fermilab. The authors lay out a reconstruction of the two-time polarization correlators directly from the observed decay time spectra and apply it to roughly ten billion events. That step is new and uses existing public data, which is a reasonable starting point.

The work is honest about its main limitation: everything after the raw spectra depends on a simplified model of detector acceptance and efficiency. The abstract states this is the dominant uncertainty and that no full simulation or quantitative propagation is provided. Without that check, a systematic shift correlated with the precession phase could move the extracted C(t_i, t_j) values enough to produce an apparent violation even if the underlying evolution stays within the bound. The 5.5σ single-bin figure and the higher combined-bin significance therefore cannot be treated as robust yet.

The reconstruction procedure itself looks straightforward and the high statistics are real, but the result is only as good as the acceptance correction. A dedicated experimental group with access to the full detector response would be needed to turn the idea into a controlled measurement at the 10^{-3} level the authors mention.

This paper is for people working on quantum foundations who want to see temporal correlators extracted from particle data, or for muon g-2 analysts curious about new observables. It is worth sending to peer review so the modeling assumptions can be examined in detail, but the current numerical claim needs that scrutiny before it can be taken as evidence of violation.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript formulates a reconstruction procedure for two-time longitudinal muon polarization correlators from time-dependent decay spectra and applies it to public Fermilab Muon g-2 data (~10^10 decays). Using a simplified model of detector acceptance and efficiency, the authors report a Leggett-Garg inequality violation at 5.5σ in a single bin, with increased significance upon bin combination; they note that systematic uncertainties from detector modeling currently dominate and that a dedicated analysis could reach O(10^{-3}) precision.

Significance. If the reported violation survives a more rigorous treatment of detector response, the result would provide the first evidence of Leggett-Garg inequality violation in muon spin precession and demonstrate macroscopic temporal quantum correlations in a high-statistics particle-physics setting. The reuse of existing public data is a methodological strength that lowers the barrier to such tests.

major comments (1)

[Abstract] Abstract (and implied methods): the 5.5σ single-bin violation is obtained only after applying an unvalidated simplified acceptance/efficiency model to the observed spectra; no quantitative propagation of model variations, comparison to full GEANT4-style simulation, or data-driven cross-check is provided, rendering the central numerical claim sensitive to an assumption whose accuracy is explicitly flagged as the dominant limitation.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful review and constructive feedback. The single major comment identifies a genuine limitation in the current analysis, which we address below. We will revise the manuscript accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract] Abstract (and implied methods): the 5.5σ single-bin violation is obtained only after applying an unvalidated simplified acceptance/efficiency model to the observed spectra; no quantitative propagation of model variations, comparison to full GEANT4-style simulation, or data-driven cross-check is provided, rendering the central numerical claim sensitive to an assumption whose accuracy is explicitly flagged as the dominant limitation.

Authors: We agree that the reported 5.5σ significance is obtained under the simplified acceptance/efficiency model described in the manuscript, and that the current text does not include quantitative propagation of model variations, comparisons to full GEANT4 simulations, or data-driven cross-checks. The manuscript already states that detector-modeling systematics dominate and that a dedicated analysis would be required to reach statistical precision. In the revised version we will expand the methods section with an explicit parametrization of the acceptance model, report the results of sensitivity studies under controlled variations of the model parameters, and add a dedicated paragraph discussing the path toward data-driven validation. These additions will make the conditional nature of the numerical claim more transparent without altering the scope of the present proof-of-principle study. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in derivation chain

full rationale

The paper formulates a reconstruction procedure for temporal correlators C(t_i, t_j) from measured time-dependent muon decay spectra, applies it to public Fermilab Muon g-2 data (~10^10 decays), and computes the Leggett-Garg inequality violation using a simplified detector acceptance/efficiency model. The reported 5.5σ single-bin violation follows directly from these reconstructed values. No equations reduce the violation to a quantity defined by a fitted parameter, no self-citations are load-bearing for the central claim, and no ansatz or uniqueness result is smuggled in. The analysis is self-contained against external public data, with the model limitation explicitly noted as a systematic uncertainty rather than a definitional reduction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The analysis assumes standard muon decay kinematics and polarization transfer under the V-A weak interaction; the detector response is modeled by a simplified acceptance function whose parameters are not enumerated. No new particles or forces are introduced.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Muon decay spectra directly encode the longitudinal polarization via standard V-A weak interaction kinematics
This underpins the reconstruction of temporal correlators from time-dependent decay distributions.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5660 in / 1459 out tokens · 29684 ms · 2026-06-26T16:34:08.331179+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

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