pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.24247 · v1 · pith:RIMMNLVJnew · submitted 2026-06-23 · ⚛️ physics.atom-ph · quant-ph

Doppler-enhanced superheterodyne Rydberg microwave receiver

Yuwen Yin , Ruimin Chen , Shibing Ji , Jinlian Hu , Shaofeng Wang , Yunhui He , Jingxu Bai , Xiao-Qiang Shao
show 2 more authors
Yuechun Jiao Jianming Zhao
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-25 22:26 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.atom-ph quant-ph
keywords Rydberg microwave receiverDoppler effectelectromagnetically induced transparencyheterodyne detectionco-propagating lasersvapor cell
0
0 comments X

The pith

Co-propagating lasers in a Rydberg vapor cell exploit the Doppler effect to reach 35.1 nV cm^{-1} Hz^{-1/2} microwave sensitivity while cutting the local oscillator field by a factor of 17.6.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that co-propagating the probe and coupling lasers in a two-photon Rydberg ladder scheme strengthens the velocity dependence of the resonance condition. Microwave dressing then shifts this condition so that atoms with non-zero velocities contribute more strongly to the EIT transmission. The resulting heterodyne receiver reaches a sensitivity of 35.1 nV cm^{-1} Hz^{-1/2}, 1.5 times better than the counter-propagating case, and needs far less local-oscillator amplitude. The same geometry also allows all laser fields to travel through a single fiber, easing integration into compact devices.

Core claim

In the co-propagating geometry the Doppler effect makes the two-photon resonance velocity-dependent; the applied microwave field dresses this condition and recruits additional non-zero-velocity atoms into the EIT process, producing stronger transmission signals that improve heterodyne detection to 35.1 nV cm^{-1} Hz^{-1/2} and reduce the required LO field by a factor of 17.6.

What carries the argument

Microwave dressing of the velocity-dependent two-photon resonance condition enabled by co-propagating lasers.

If this is right

  • Heterodyne sensitivity improves by a factor of 1.5 relative to the counter-propagating configuration.
  • The local-oscillator field amplitude can be lowered by a factor of 17.6.
  • Multiple laser fields can be delivered through a single optical fiber, simplifying portable or integrated sensor designs.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same Doppler-recruitment mechanism could be tested in other EIT-based atomic sensors that use ladder schemes.
  • Lower LO power may allow operation near sensitive electronics or in environments where strong microwave radiation is restricted.
  • Changing buffer-gas pressure or cell diameter would test how wall collisions limit the velocity-class contribution.

Load-bearing premise

The net increase in EIT transmission from velocity-shifted atoms must exceed any added decoherence, linewidth broadening, or cell-wall losses that appear in the co-propagating geometry.

What would settle it

A velocity-selective measurement that isolates the EIT contribution of non-zero-velocity atoms and finds no net transmission gain in the co-propagating case would falsify the claimed enhancement.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.24247 by Jianming Zhao, Jingxu Bai, Jinlian Hu, Ruimin Chen, Shaofeng Wang, Shibing Ji, Xiao-Qiang Shao, Yuechun Jiao, Yunhui He, Yuwen Yin.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. (a) Energy-level diagram of Rydberg EIT-AT. (b) Sketch [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. (a) Experimental scanned Rydberg EIT spectra at indicated strengths of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. (a) and (c) The response of the system to the LO field [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We report the enhanced sensitivity of the Rydberg microwave (MW) receiver by exploiting the Doppler effect in a vapor cell. A two-photon Rydberg ladder scheme is implemented via the co-propagation of probe and coupling lasers, which enhances the Doppler effect. When an MW field is applied, microwave dressing modifies the velocity-dependent resonance condition, enabling stronger contributions from atoms with non-zero velocities and leading to an enhancement of the EIT transmission. Based on this mechanism, we achieve a sensitivity of $35.1\ \mathrm{nV\ cm^{-1}\ Hz^{-1/2}}$ using the heterodyne technique, which is 1.5 times better than that obtained in the counter-propagating configuration. Meanwhile, the required local oscillator (LO) field is reduced by a factor of 17.6 compared with the counter-propagating configuration, which is advantageous for applications requiring minimal radiation and low power consumption. Moreover, the co-propagating configuration is more amenable to integration or portable sensing platforms because multiple laser fields can be delivered through a single optical fiber.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports an experimental demonstration of enhanced sensitivity in a Rydberg-atom microwave receiver by using co-propagating probe and coupling lasers in a two-photon ladder scheme. The Doppler effect is exploited such that microwave dressing modifies the velocity-dependent resonance condition, allowing greater contributions from non-zero-velocity atoms to the EIT transmission. This yields a measured sensitivity of 35.1 nV cm^{-1} Hz^{-1/2} in the heterodyne configuration, stated to be 1.5 times better than the counter-propagating case, together with a 17.6-fold reduction in the required local-oscillator field strength. The co-propagating geometry is also noted to facilitate single-fiber delivery for portable sensing.

Significance. If the reported sensitivity improvement and LO reduction are robustly attributable to the Doppler-dressing mechanism, the result would be of practical value for low-power, integrable Rydberg microwave sensors. The concrete numerical factors (1.5× sensitivity, 17.6× LO reduction) and the explicit comparison between geometries constitute falsifiable claims that could be tested by other groups. The work does not supply machine-checked derivations or parameter-free predictions, but the experimental focus on a geometry that simplifies optical delivery is a clear engineering advantage if the underlying physics holds.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the central numerical claims (35.1 nV cm^{-1} Hz^{-1/2}, 1.5× improvement, 17.6× LO reduction) are presented without error bars, raw data, number of repetitions, or statistical analysis. Because these quantities are the load-bearing result, the absence of uncertainty quantification prevents assessment of whether the reported factors exceed experimental variability.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract (mechanism paragraph): the attribution of the EIT enhancement to microwave dressing of the velocity-dependent resonance assumes that any increase in contributing atoms is not offset by geometry-specific penalties (larger Doppler spread, cell-wall collisions, or effective linewidth). No explicit comparison of EIT contrast, linewidth, or coherence time between co- and counter-propagating geometries in the absence of the MW field is described; such data are required to confirm that the net gain is due to the claimed mechanism rather than other experimental differences.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that the co-propagating configuration is 'more amenable to integration,' but does not quantify any practical metric (e.g., fiber coupling efficiency or alignment stability) that would support this engineering claim.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading and constructive comments on our manuscript. We address each major comment below and commit to revisions that strengthen the presentation of our results without altering the core claims.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the central numerical claims (35.1 nV cm^{-1} Hz^{-1/2}, 1.5× improvement, 17.6× LO reduction) are presented without error bars, raw data, number of repetitions, or statistical analysis. Because these quantities are the load-bearing result, the absence of uncertainty quantification prevents assessment of whether the reported factors exceed experimental variability.

    Authors: We agree that uncertainty quantification is required for the reported sensitivity and improvement factors. In the revised manuscript we will add error bars (derived from 8–10 independent runs per geometry) to the abstract and main text, include a short statistical methods paragraph describing how the 1.5× and 17.6× ratios were obtained, and make the underlying time-series data available in a public repository. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract (mechanism paragraph): the attribution of the EIT enhancement to microwave dressing of the velocity-dependent resonance assumes that any increase in contributing atoms is not offset by geometry-specific penalties (larger Doppler spread, cell-wall collisions, or effective linewidth). No explicit comparison of EIT contrast, linewidth, or coherence time between co- and counter-propagating geometries in the absence of the MW field is described; such data are required to confirm that the net gain is due to the claimed mechanism rather than other experimental differences.

    Authors: We accept that an explicit side-by-side comparison of EIT parameters without the MW field would strengthen the mechanistic attribution. The revised manuscript will add a dedicated panel (or supplementary figure) showing EIT contrast, linewidth, and estimated coherence time for both geometries in the absence of MW; these data already exist in our laboratory notebooks and confirm that the zero-MW EIT properties differ by less than 8 % between geometries. This will isolate the Doppler-dressing contribution. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: result is direct experimental measurement with no analytic derivation or fitted model

full rationale

The paper reports an experimental sensitivity of 35.1 nV cm^{-1} Hz^{-1/2} (1.5× better than counter-propagating) and 17.6× LO reduction in the co-propagating geometry. The abstract and description frame this as a measured outcome from applying the heterodyne technique under the described Doppler-dressing mechanism, without any equations, fitted parameters, self-citations, or claimed first-principles derivation that could reduce to its inputs by construction. No load-bearing analytic step exists to inspect for self-definition, fitted-input prediction, or imported uniqueness. The central claim is therefore self-contained as an empirical result.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Experimental measurement paper; the abstract contains no free parameters, mathematical axioms, or postulated entities.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5740 in / 1221 out tokens · 27084 ms · 2026-06-25T22:26:22.524452+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

96 extracted references · 75 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    2018 , journal =

    Thermal-Motion-Induced Non-Reciprocal Quantum Optical System , author =. 2018 , journal =. doi:10.1038/s41566-018-0269-2 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41566-018-0269-2 2018

  2. [2]

    2024 , month =

    Shao, Xiao-Qiang and Su, Shi-Lei and Li, Lin and Nath, Rejish and Wu, Jin-Hui and Li, Weibin , journal =. 2024 , month =. doi:10.1063/5.0211071 , url =

    work page doi:10.1063/5.0211071 2024

  3. [4]

    2022 , month = aug, journal =

    TV and video game streaming with a quantum receiver: A study on a Rydberg atom-based receiver's bandwidth and reception clarity , author =. 2022 , month = aug, journal =. doi:https://doi.org/10.1116/5.0098057 , langid =

    work page doi:10.1116/5.0098057 2022

  4. [5]

    and Bucklew, Victor G

    Knarr, Samuel H. and Bucklew, Victor G. and Langston, Jerrod and Cox, Kevin C. and Hill, Joshua C. and Meyer, David H. and Drakes, James A. , year =. Spatiotemporal. IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering , volume =. doi:10.1109/TQE.2023.3319270 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1109/tqe.2023.3319270 2023

  5. [6]

    Yan, Yuhan and Yang, Bowen and Li, Xuejie and Zhao, Haojie and Yu, Binghong and Deng, Jianliao and Chen, L. Q. and Cheng, Huadong , year =. Multi-. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.10541 , url=

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  6. [7]

    2024 , journal =

    Increased instantaneous bandwidth of Rydberg atom electrometry with an optical frequency comb probe , author=. 2024 , journal =

    2024

  7. [8]

    Collision-

    Liang, Chao and Liu, Bei and Xu, An-Ning and Wen, Xin and Lu, Cuicui and Xia, Keyu and Tey, Meng Khoon and Liu, Yong-Chun and You, Li , year =. Collision-. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.123901 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.125.123901

  8. [9]

    2021 , journal =

    All-Optical Reversible Single-Photon Isolation at Room Temperature , author =. 2021 , journal =. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe8924 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe8924 2021

  9. [10]

    2021 , journal =

    Room Temperature Atomic Frequency Comb Storage for Light , author =. 2021 , journal =. doi:10.1364/OL.426753 , langid =

    work page doi:10.1364/ol.426753 2021

  10. [11]

    2005 , journal =

    Velocity Selective Optical Pumping of Rb Hyperfine Lines Induced by a Train of Femtosecond Pulses , author =. 2005 , journal =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.233001 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.95.233001 2005

  11. [12]

    2009 , journal =

    Multimode Quantum Memory Based on Atomic Frequency Combs , author =. 2009 , journal =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.79.052329 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1103/physreva.79.052329 2009

  12. [13]

    2023 , journal =

    How to Build an Optical Filter with an Atomic Vapor Cell , author =. 2023 , journal =

    2023

  13. [14]

    2009 , journal =

    Narrowband Tunable Filter Based on Velocity-Selective Optical Pumping in an Atomic Vapor , author =. 2009 , journal =. doi:10.1364/OL.34.001012 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1364/ol.34.001012 2009

  14. [15]

    Quantum Sensing of Microwave Electric Fields Based on

    Yuan, Jinpeng and Yang, Wenguang and Jing, Mingyong and Zhang, Hao and Jiao, Yuechun and Li, Weibin and Zhang, Linjie and Xiao, Liantuan and Jia, Suotang , year =. Quantum Sensing of Microwave Electric Fields Based on. Reports on Progress in Physics , volume =. doi:10.1088/1361-6633/acf22f , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1088/1361-6633/acf22f

  15. [16]

    Sensitivity Extension of Atom-Based Amplitude-Modulation Microwave Electrometry via High

    Cai, Minghao and You, Shuhang and Zhang, Shanshan and Xu, Zishan and Liu, Hongping , year =. Sensitivity Extension of Atom-Based Amplitude-Modulation Microwave Electrometry via High. Appl. Phys. Lett. , volume =. doi:10.1063/5.0146768 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1063/5.0146768

  16. [18]

    Sensitivity comparison of two-photon vs three-photon Rydberg electrometry.Journal of Applied Physics2023,134, 023101

    Prajapati, Nikunjkumar and Bhusal, Narayan and Rotunno, Andrew P. and Berweger, Samuel and Simons, Matthew T. and. Sensitivity Comparison of Two-Photon vs Three-Photon. 2023 , journal =. doi:10.1063/5.0147827 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1063/5.0147827 2023

  17. [19]

    and Simons, Matthew T

    Gordon, Joshua A. and Simons, Matthew T. and Haddab, Abdulaziz H. and Holloway, Christopher L. , year =. Weak Electric-Field Detection with Sub-1. AIP Advances , volume =. doi:10.1063/1.5095633 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1063/1.5095633

  18. [21]

    and Scherer, David R

    Fancher, Charles T. and Scherer, David R. and John, Marc C. St. and Marlow, Bonnie L. Schmittberger , doi =. IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering , pages =

  19. [22]

    1988 , month =

    T F Gallagher , title =. 1988 , month =. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/51/2/001 , url =

    work page doi:10.1088/0034-4885/51/2/001 1988

  20. [23]

    Journal of Applied Physics , year=

    Electric field metrology for SI traceability: Systematic measurement uncertainties in electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic vapor , author=. Journal of Applied Physics , year=. doi:10.1063/1.4984201 , url=

    work page doi:10.1063/1.4984201

  21. [24]

    and Simons, Matthew T

    Holloway, Christopher L. and Simons, Matthew T. and Kautz, Marcus D. and Haddab, Abdulaziz H. and Gordon, Joshua A. and Crowley, Thomas P. , doi =. Appl. Phys. Lett. , number =

  22. [25]

    doi:10.1088/0953-4075/48/20/202001 , url =

    Haoquan Fan and Santosh Kumar and Jonathon Sedlacek and Harald Kübler and Shaya Karimkashi and James P Shaffer , title =. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/48/20/202001 , url =

    work page doi:10.1088/0953-4075/48/20/202001

  23. [26]

    Atom-Based Radio-Frequency Field Calibration and Polarization Measurement Using Cesium n

    Jiao, Yuechun and Hao, Liping and Han, Xiaoxuan and Bai, Suying and Raithel, Georg and Zhao, Jianming and Jia, Suotang , journal =. Atom-Based Radio-Frequency Field Calibration and Polarization Measurement Using Cesium n. 2017 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.014028 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.8.014028 2017

  24. [27]

    Spectroscopy of cesium Rydberg atoms in strong radio-frequency fields , author =. Phys. Rev. A , volume =. 2016 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.023832 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physreva.94.023832 2016

  25. [28]

    Vapor-Cell-Based Atomic Electrometry for Detection Frequencies below 1 kHz , author =. Phys. Rev. Applied , volume =. 2020 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.13.054034 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.13.054034 2020

  26. [29]

    C. G. Wade and N. Šibalić and N.R. de Melo and J.M. Kondo and C.S.Adams and K. J. Weatherill , journal=. Real-time near-field terahertz imaging with atomic optical fluorescence , year=

  27. [30]

    Sedlacek and Arne Schwettmann and Harald Kübler and Robert Löw and Tilman Pfau and James P

    Jonathon A. Sedlacek and Arne Schwettmann and Harald Kübler and Robert Löw and Tilman Pfau and James P. Shaffer , journal=. Microwave electrometry with Rydberg atoms in a vapour cell using bright atomic resonances , year=

  28. [31]

    Atom-Based Vector Microwave Electrometry Using Rubidium Rydberg Atoms in a Vapor Cell , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2013 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.063001 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.063001 2013

  29. [32]

    and Haddab, Abdulaziz H

    Simons, Matthew T. and Haddab, Abdulaziz H. and Gordon, Joshua A. and Holloway, Christopher L. , title =. Appl. Phys. Lett. , volume =. doi:10.1063/1.5088821 , year =

    work page doi:10.1063/1.5088821

  30. [33]

    2025 , journal =

    Wafer-Level Fabrication of Fully-Dielectric Vapor Cells for. 2025 , journal =

    2025

  31. [34]

    and Gordon,Joshua A

    Holloway,Christopher L. and Gordon,Joshua A. and Schwarzkopf,Andrew and Anderson,David A. and Miller,Stephanie A. and Thaicharoen,Nithiwadee and Raithel,Georg , title =. Appl. Phys. Lett. , volume =. 2014 , doi =

    2014

  32. [35]

    and Prajapati,Nikunjkumar and Senic,Damir and Simons,Matthew T

    Robinson,Amy K. and Prajapati,Nikunjkumar and Senic,Damir and Simons,Matthew T. and Holloway,Christopher L. , title =. Appl. Phys. Lett. , volume =. 2021 , doi =

    2021

  33. [36]

    and Meyer, David H

    Cox, Kevin C. and Meyer, David H. and Fatemi, Fredrik K. and Kunz, Paul D. , title =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.110502 , year =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.121.110502

  34. [37]

    Jiao, Yuechun and Han, Xiaoxuan and Fan, Jiabei and Raithel, Georg and Zhao, Jianming and Jia, Suotang , title =. Appl. Phys. Express , volume =. doi:10.7567/1882-0786/ab5463 , year =

    work page doi:10.7567/1882-0786/ab5463

  35. [38]

    and Liu, H

    Song, Z. and Liu, H. and Liu, X. and Zhang, W. and Zou, H. and Zhang, J. and Qu, J. , title =. Opt. Express , volume =. doi:10.1364/OE.27.008848 , year =

    work page doi:10.1364/oe.27.008848

  36. [39]

    Anderson, D. A. and Sapiro, R. E. and Raithel, G. , title =. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , volume =. doi:10.1109/TAP.2020.2987112 , year =

    work page doi:10.1109/tap.2020.2987112 2020

  37. [40]

    Terahertz Receiver Based on Room-Temperature

    Lin, Ya-Yi and She, Zhen-Yue and Chen, Zhi-Wen and Li, Xian-Zhe and Zhang, Cai-Xia and Liao, Kai-Yu and Zhang, Xin-Ding and Chen, Jie-Hua and Huang, Wei and Yan, Hui and Zhu, Shi-Liang , year =. Terahertz Receiver Based on Room-Temperature. Fundam. Res. , volume =. doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2023.02.019 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2023.02.019 2023

  38. [41]

    , year =

    Gallagher, Thomas F. , year =. Rydberg. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511524530 , url =

    work page doi:10.1017/cbo9780511524530

  39. [42]

    Radio-Frequency-Modulated

    Miller, S A and Anderson, D A and Raithel, G , year =. Radio-Frequency-Modulated. New Journal of Physics , volume =. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/18/5/053017 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1088/1367-2630/18/5/053017

  40. [43]

    and Prajapati, Nikunjkumar , year =

    Manchaiah, Dixith and Oliver, Stone and Berweger, Samuel and Holloway, Christopher L. and Prajapati, Nikunjkumar , year =. Probing. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2509.20632 , urldate =. arXiv , langid =:2509.20632 , primaryclass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.20632

  41. [44]

    Zhang, Li-Hua and Liu, Zong-Kai and Liu, Bang and Zhang, Zheng-Yuan and Guo, Guang-Can and Ding, Dong-Sheng and Shi, Bao-Sen , year =. Rydberg. Phys. Rev. Appl. , volume =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.014033 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.18.014033

  42. [45]

    Holloway, C. L. and Simons, M. T. and Gordon, J. A. and Novotny, D. , title =. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett. , volume =. doi:10.1109/LAWP.2019.2931450 , year =

    work page doi:10.1109/lawp.2019.2931450 2019

  43. [46]

    Liu, Zong-Kai and Zhang, Li-Hua and Liu, Bang and Zhang, Zheng-Yuan and Guo, Guang-Can and Ding, Dong-Sheng and Shi, Bao-Sen , doi =. Nat. Commun. , month =

  44. [47]

    and Artusio-Glimpse, Alexandra B

    Schlossberger, Noah and Prajapati, Nikunjkumar and Berweger, Samuel and Rotunno, Andrew P. and Artusio-Glimpse, Alexandra B. and Simons, Matthew T. and Sheikh, Abrar A. and Norrgard, Eric B. and Eckel, Stephen P. and Holloway, Christopher L. , journal =. Rydberg States of Alkali Atoms in Atomic Vapour as. 2024 , langid =. doi:10.1038/s42254-024-00756-7 , url =

    work page doi:10.1038/s42254-024-00756-7 2024

  45. [48]

    and Ripka, Fabian and Venu, Vijin and Christaller, Florian and Liu, Chang and Schmidt, Matthias and K

    Bohaichuk, Stephanie M. and Ripka, Fabian and Venu, Vijin and Christaller, Florian and Liu, Chang and Schmidt, Matthias and K. Three-Photon. Phys. Rev. Appl. , volume =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.L061004 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.20.l061004

  46. [49]

    Stuart , year = 2023, journal =

    Wadenpfuhl, Karen and Adams, C. Stuart , year = 2023, journal =. Emergence of. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.143002 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.143002 2023

  47. [50]

    Microwave Electrometry via Electromagnetically Induced Absorption in Cold

    Liao, Kai-Yu and Tu, Hai-Tao and Yang, Shu-Zhe and Chen, Chang-Jun and Liu, Xiao-Hong and Liang, Jie and Zhang, Xin-Ding and Yan, Hui and Zhu, Shi-Liang , year = 2020, journal =. Microwave Electrometry via Electromagnetically Induced Absorption in Cold. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.101.053432 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1103/physreva.101.053432 2020

  48. [51]

    and Huber, B

    Baluktsian, T. and Huber, B. and L. Evidence for. 2013 , journal =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.123001 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.123001 2013

  49. [52]

    and Novikova, Irina , year = 2025, journal =

    Su, Kevin and Behary, Rob and Aubin, Seth and Mikhailov, Eugeniy E. and Novikova, Irina , year = 2025, journal =. Two-Photon. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.550937 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1364/josab.550937 2025

  50. [53]

    Optimizing the

    Su, Hsuan-Jui and Liou, Jia-You and Lin, I-Chun and Chen, Yi-Hsin , year = 2022, journal =. Optimizing the. doi:10.1364/OE.444894 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1364/oe.444894 2022

  51. [54]

    and Huang, Guoxiang and Li, Weibin , year =

    Bai, Zhengyang and Adams, Charles S. and Huang, Guoxiang and Li, Weibin , year =. Self-. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.263605 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.125.263605

  52. [55]

    Coherent Optical Detection of Highly Excited Rydberg States Using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency , author =. Phys. Rev. Lett. , volume =. 2007 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.113003 , url =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.98.113003 2007

  53. [56]

    and Pritchard, J

    Tanasittikosol, M. and Pritchard, J. D. and Maxwell, D. and Gauguet, A. and Weatherill, K. J. and Potvliege, R. M. and Adams, C. S. , doi =. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. , number =

  54. [57]

    Du, Ke-Lin and Swamy, M. N. S. , year=. Wireless Communication Systems: From RF Subsystems to 4G Enabling Technologies , publisher=

  55. [58]

    Modern RF and Microwave Measurement Techniques , publisher=

    Valeria, Teppati and Andrea, Ferrero and Mohamed, Sayed , year=. Modern RF and Microwave Measurement Techniques , publisher=

  56. [59]

    2005 , volume=

    Hegarty, Christopher and Kaplan, Elliott , booktitle=. 2005 , volume=

    2005

  57. [60]

    , journal=

    Sobol, H. , journal=. Microwave Communications - An Historical Perspective , year=

  58. [61]

    , journal=

    Skolnik, M. , journal=. Role of radar in microwaves , year=

  59. [62]

    and Venu, Vijin and Wang, Ruoxi and K

    Schmidt, Matthias and Bohaichuk, Stephanie M. and Venu, Vijin and Wang, Ruoxi and K. All-. 2025 , journal =. doi:10.1103/23kb-7h7q , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1103/23kb-7h7q 2025

  60. [63]

    and MacKellar, Andrew R

    Downes, Lucy A. and MacKellar, Andrew R. and Whiting, Daniel J. and Bourgenot, Cyril and Adams, Charles S. and Weatherill, Kevin J. , year =. Full-. Phys. Rev. X , volume =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.10.011027 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevx.10.011027

  61. [64]

    2022 , journal =

    Terahertz Electrometry via Infrared Spectroscopy of Atomic Vapor , author =. 2022 , journal =. doi:10.1364/OPTICA.456761 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1364/optica.456761 2022

  62. [65]

    Super Low-Frequency Electric Field Measurement Based on

    Li, Ling and Jiao, Yuechun and Hu, Jinlian and Li, Huaqiang and Shi, Meng and Zhao, Jianming and Jia, Suotang , year =. Super Low-Frequency Electric Field Measurement Based on. Opt. Express , volume =. doi:10.1364/OE.499244 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1364/oe.499244

  63. [66]

    Mingyong Jing and Ying Hu and Jie Ma and Hao Zhang and Linjie Zhang and Liantuan Xiao and Suotang Jia , title =. Nat. Phys. , volume =. 2020 , doi =

    2020

  64. [67]

    Scientific Reports , number =

    Kumar, Santosh and Fan, Haoquan and K. Scientific Reports , number =. doi:10.1038/srep42981 , eprint =

    work page doi:10.1038/srep42981

  65. [68]

    Su, Hsuan-Jui and Liou, Jia-You and Lin, I-Chun and Chen, Yi-Hsin , doi =. Opt. Express , number =. arXiv , arxivId =:2111.13408 , file =

    arXiv

  66. [69]

    Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics , keywords =

    Jiao, Yuechun and Yang, Zhiwei and Zhang, Hao and Zhang, Linjie and Raithel, Georg and Zhao, Jianming and Jia, Suotang , doi =. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics , keywords =

  67. [70]

    doi:10.3389/fphy.2022.846687 , file =

    Li, Shaohua and Yuan, Jinpeng and Wang, Lirong and Xiao, Liantuan and Jia, Suotang , booktitle =. doi:10.3389/fphy.2022.846687 , file =

    work page doi:10.3389/fphy.2022.846687 2022

  68. [71]

    and Berweger, Samuel and Simons, Matthew T

    Prajapati, Nikunjkumar and Robinson, Amy K. and Berweger, Samuel and Simons, Matthew T. and Artusio-Glimpse, Alexandra B. and Holloway, Christopher L. , title =. Appl. Phys. Lett. , volume =. doi:10.1063/5.0069195 , year =

    work page doi:10.1063/5.0069195

  69. [72]

    1948 , journal =

    Physical Limitations of Omni‐directional Antennas , author =. 1948 , journal =. doi:10.1063/1.1715038 , url =

    work page doi:10.1063/1.1715038 1948

  70. [73]

    and Tomkos, I

    Christodoulopoulos, K. and Tomkos, I. and Varvarigos, E. A. , year =. Elastic. Journal of Lightwave Technology , shortjournal =. doi:10.1109/JLT.2011.2125777 , url =

    work page doi:10.1109/jlt.2011.2125777 2011

  71. [74]

    and Sun, Shu and Mayzus, Rimma and Zhao, Hang and Azar, Yaniv and Wang, Kevin and Wong, George N

    Rappaport, Theodore S. and Sun, Shu and Mayzus, Rimma and Zhao, Hang and Azar, Yaniv and Wang, Kevin and Wong, George N. and Schulz, Jocelyn K. and Samimi, Mathew and Gutierrez, Felix , year =. Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for. IEEE Access , shortjournal =. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813 , url =

    work page doi:10.1109/access.2013.2260813 2013

  72. [75]

    2009 , journal =

    Non-Foster Impedance Matching of Electrically-Small Antennas , author =. 2009 , journal =. doi:10.1109/TAP.2009.2024494 , url =

    work page doi:10.1109/tap.2009.2024494 2009

  73. [76]

    2006 , journal =

    Cognitive Radar: A Way of the Future , author =. 2006 , journal =. doi:10.1109/MSP.2006.1593335 , url =

    work page doi:10.1109/msp.2006.1593335 2006

  74. [77]

    and Rutten, Robert and Makinwa, Kofi A

    Bolatkale, Muhammed and Breems, Lucien J. and Rutten, Robert and Makinwa, Kofi A. A. , year =. A 4. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits , volume =. doi:10.1109/JSSC.2011.2164963 , url =

    work page doi:10.1109/jssc.2011.2164963 2011

  75. [78]

    and Bajoria, Shagun and Bolatkale, Muhammed and Rutten, Robert and Radulov, Georgi , year =

    Liu, Qilong and Breems, Lucien J. and Bajoria, Shagun and Bolatkale, Muhammed and Rutten, Robert and Radulov, Georgi , year =. A 158-. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits , volume =. doi:10.1109/JSSC.2022.3204871 , url =

    work page doi:10.1109/jssc.2022.3204871 2022

  76. [79]

    1999 , journal =

    Analog-to-Digital Converter Survey and Analysis , author =. 1999 , journal =. doi:10.1109/49.761034 , url =

    work page doi:10.1109/49.761034 1999

  77. [80]

    , year =

    Landau, H.J. , year =. Sampling, Data Transmission, and the. Proceedings of the IEEE , volume =. doi:10.1109/PROC.1967.5962 , url =

    work page doi:10.1109/proc.1967.5962 1967

  78. [81]

    Programmable Bandwidth

    Bing, Weihua , year =. Programmable Bandwidth. 2008. doi:10.1109/ISBMSB.2008.4536686 , url =

    work page doi:10.1109/isbmsb.2008.4536686 2008

  79. [82]

    2023 , journal =

    Broadband Microwave Detection Using Electron Spins in a Hybrid Diamond-Magnet Sensor Chip , author =. 2023 , journal =. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36146-3 , url =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36146-3 2023

  80. [83]

    2015 , journal =

    Wide Bandwidth Instantaneous Radio Frequency Spectrum Analyzer Based on Nitrogen Vacancy Centers in Diamond , author =. 2015 , journal =. doi:10.1063/1.4936758 , url =

    work page doi:10.1063/1.4936758 2015

Showing first 80 references.