Feasibility study of light sterile neutrino searches with a future NINJA-like detector

Atsumu Suzuki; Budimir Kli\v{c}ek; Doris Bar\v{c}ot; Leon Hali\'c; Mahesh Jakkapu; Masahiro Komatsu; Monojit Ghosh; Osamu Sato; Teppei Katori; Tomokazu Matsuo

arxiv: 2606.30135 · v1 · pith:6FAUWN4Anew · submitted 2026-06-29 · ✦ hep-ph · hep-ex

Feasibility study of light sterile neutrino searches with a future NINJA-like detector

Doris Bar\v{c}ot , Tsutomu Fukuda , Monojit Ghosh , Leon Hali\'c , Mahesh Jakkapu , Teppei Katori , Budimir Kli\v{c}ek , Masahiro Komatsu

show 3 more authors

Tomokazu Matsuo Osamu Sato Atsumu Suzuki

This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-30 05:35 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph hep-ex

keywords sterile neutrinosNINJA detectorneutrino oscillations3+1 modelJ-PARCappearance channeldisappearance channelsensitivity study

0 comments

The pith

A future NINJA-like detector at J-PARC can set competitive constraints on eV-scale sterile neutrinos.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines whether a NINJA-like detector at J-PARC can probe light sterile neutrinos in the 3+1 framework through appearance and disappearance channels. It models sensitivities for detector placements at different off-axis angles and exposure levels while including normalization systematics. A sympathetic reader would care because such searches address reported anomalies that suggest an additional neutrino species at the eV scale. The analysis applies a simplified detector response with fixed efficiencies for electron-like and muon-like events. Results indicate that optimized configurations, especially the SS floor, can reach or surpass current experimental limits on active-sterile mixing.

Core claim

In the 3+1 framework, a NINJA-like detector optimized for sufficient statistics and benchmark identification performance has the potential to provide competitive constraints on light sterile neutrino scenarios in its future runs, with the SS floor location delivering the strongest limits on active-sterile mixing parameters while B2 and GROUND floors yield bounds comparable to existing ones.

What carries the argument

3+1 sterile neutrino oscillation framework analyzed via combined nu_mu to nu_e appearance, nu_mu to nu_mu disappearance, and nu_e to nu_e disappearance channels at varying off-axis angles.

If this is right

The SS floor configuration provides the strongest constraints on active-sterile mixing parameters.
B2 and GROUND floors deliver constraints comparable to current bounds for the probed mass-squared differences.
Combining data from multiple detector locations improves the overall sensitivity.
Upper energy cuts and variations in assumed efficiencies affect the robustness of the projected limits.
Normalization uncertainties for signal and background rates are incorporated and reduce the sensitivity.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Real-world calibration of the detector response would be required before the projected constraints can be claimed.
The study could guide decisions on detector placement or run strategies at other short-baseline neutrino facilities.
If the modeled performance is achieved, the results would allow direct comparison with existing sterile neutrino anomaly claims.

Load-bearing premise

The analysis relies on constant benchmark selection efficiencies for classifying events as electron-like or muon-like, independent of energy or other variables.

What would settle it

Direct measurement of event selection efficiencies or energy resolution in a prototype NINJA-like detector that fall substantially below the benchmark values assumed in the study.

read the original abstract

In this paper, we investigate the sensitivity of future NINJA-like experiment at J-PARC to eV-scale sterile neutrinos within the 3+1 framework. We perform a phenomenological feasibility study using the $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e$ appearance, $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_\mu$ and $\nu_e \rightarrow \nu_e$ disappearance channels, focusing on possible future configurations of the detector located at different floors of the NM building (B2, SS, and GROUND), corresponding to different off-axis angles. Our analysis is based on a simplified and effective detector response, in which events are classified into electron-like and muon-like topologies and constant benchmark selection efficiencies are applied. We explore different exposure scenarios and assess the impact of analysis choices such as upper energy cuts. We include systematic uncertainties corresponding to normalization for signal and background rates and study the robustness of our results with respect to variations in the assumed energy resolution, and vary efficiencies for key backgrounds such as muon misidentification from charge current and neutral current interactions. Finally, we examine the effects of combining data from multiple detector locations. We find that the SS floor provides the strongest constraints on the active-sterile mixing parameters, while the B2 and GROUND configurations offer constraints comparable to the current bounds for probed mass-squared differences. Our results indicate that a NINJA-like detector, optimized for sufficient statistics and benchmark identification performance, has the potential to provide competitive constraints on light sterile neutrino scenarios in its future runs.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

Standard feasibility projections for a NINJA-like detector at J-PARC that rely on fixed efficiencies and give the usual sensitivity curves for 3+1 sterile neutrinos.

read the letter

The paper runs a straightforward sensitivity study for eV-scale sterile neutrinos using a future NINJA-like setup at different floors in the NM building. It looks at appearance and disappearance channels in the 3+1 framework, varies exposure, applies upper energy cuts, and checks a few systematics plus the effect of combining locations. The SS floor comes out strongest, with the others roughly matching existing limits. That part is clear and the multi-location comparison is the main concrete addition.

The modeling stays at the level of constant benchmark efficiencies for electron-like and muon-like events, with only limited checks on energy resolution and a couple of background efficiencies. No full detector simulation or energy-dependent efficiency curves are shown, so the quoted reach on sin²(2θ) and Δm² sits on those fixed numbers. If real efficiencies drop near the oscillation peak or if muon mis-ID and NC backgrounds are higher, the projections move. The paper flags the simplifications, which is honest, but the results are still conditional on them.

This is the kind of note that experimental groups write when they are thinking about running a detector in a new way. It is useful for people already working on sterile-neutrino proposals or on NINJA upgrades, but it does not change the broader picture. The math and phenomenology are standard; the citation list is appropriate for the topic.

I would bring it to a reading group if the group is focused on near-term neutrino experiments. I would not cite it myself. It deserves a serious referee because the detector configurations are specific and the robustness checks are at least attempted, even if the modeling is simplified.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper conducts a phenomenological feasibility study of eV-scale sterile neutrino searches in the 3+1 framework with a future NINJA-like detector at J-PARC. It examines νμ→νe appearance and νμ,νe disappearance channels across three detector locations (B2, SS, GROUND floors) with different off-axis angles, using a simplified detector response that classifies events into electron-like and muon-like topologies via constant benchmark selection efficiencies. The analysis varies exposures, upper energy cuts, normalization systematics, energy resolution, and selected background efficiencies, and considers combined data from multiple locations, concluding that the SS configuration yields the strongest constraints while others are comparable to existing bounds.

Significance. If the projected sensitivities hold under the stated simplifications, the work demonstrates that an optimized NINJA-like detector could deliver competitive limits on active-sterile mixing parameters, providing concrete guidance for experimental planning in sterile neutrino searches. Credit is due for the explicit exploration of multiple off-axis configurations, the combination of appearance and disappearance channels, and the inclusion of robustness checks on energy resolution and background efficiencies.

major comments (1)

[Abstract; detector modeling section] Abstract and detector-response description: the central projections rest on the assumption of constant benchmark selection efficiencies applied uniformly for electron-like and muon-like classification. While the text notes limited robustness checks on energy resolution and a few background efficiencies, no energy-dependent efficiency curves or full GEANT4-style validation are presented; if efficiencies vary near the oscillation maximum or above the upper energy cut, the signal-to-background ratios and resulting sin²(2θ) and Δm² limits would degrade, directly affecting the claim of competitive constraints.

minor comments (2)

[Methods] Clarify the precise numerical values and energy ranges of the constant benchmark efficiencies in a dedicated table or subsection for reproducibility.
[Analysis choices] The text should explicitly state whether the upper energy cuts are chosen a priori or optimized post-hoc, and report the impact on the final sensitivity contours.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment of the work and the recommendation for minor revision. We address the single major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract; detector modeling section] Abstract and detector-response description: the central projections rest on the assumption of constant benchmark selection efficiencies applied uniformly for electron-like and muon-like classification. While the text notes limited robustness checks on energy resolution and a few background efficiencies, no energy-dependent efficiency curves or full GEANT4-style validation are presented; if efficiencies vary near the oscillation maximum or above the upper energy cut, the signal-to-background ratios and resulting sin²(2θ) and Δm² limits would degrade, directly affecting the claim of competitive constraints.

Authors: We agree that the analysis employs a simplified detector response with constant benchmark selection efficiencies, as is standard for phenomenological feasibility studies of this type. The manuscript already notes limited robustness checks on energy resolution and background efficiencies, but we acknowledge that the absence of energy-dependent efficiency curves or full GEANT4 validation represents a genuine limitation; variations near the oscillation maximum could indeed affect signal-to-background ratios and the resulting limits. We will revise the detector modeling section and abstract to include an explicit discussion of this caveat, clarifying that the projections are indicative and that detailed simulations would be required for an actual experimental proposal. This does not change the comparative conclusions among the three locations but better scopes the claims. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: projections rest on external assumptions and benchmarks

full rationale

The paper performs a phenomenological feasibility study by assuming a simplified detector response with constant benchmark efficiencies and then computing projected sensitivities to sterile neutrino parameters. No equations reduce the final constraints to quantities defined by the input data or by self-citation chains; the analysis explicitly treats efficiencies, energy resolution, and backgrounds as external inputs whose variations are tested for robustness. The central claim is therefore a forward projection against independent current bounds rather than a self-referential derivation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

3 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The study depends on standard neutrino oscillation assumptions plus several modeling choices whose numerical values are not derived from first principles.

free parameters (3)

constant benchmark selection efficiencies
Fixed efficiencies applied to electron-like and muon-like event classification without derivation from detector simulation.
upper energy cuts
Analysis choice varied to assess impact but chosen rather than predicted.
normalization systematic uncertainties
Assumed values for signal and background rate uncertainties.

axioms (2)

domain assumption The 3+1 neutrino mixing framework accurately describes possible sterile neutrino effects
All sensitivity calculations are performed inside the 3+1 model.
domain assumption The simplified detector response model captures the dominant experimental effects
Events classified solely by topology with constant efficiencies.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5856 in / 1373 out tokens · 31288 ms · 2026-06-30T05:35:30.156093+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

20 extracted references · 20 canonical work pages · 9 internal anchors

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[1] [1]

M. A. Acero et al.,White paper on light sterile neutrino searches and related phenomenology, J. Phys. G51(2024), no. 12 120501, [arXiv:2203.07323]

work page arXiv 2024

[2] [2]

G. R. Dvali and Y. Nir,Naturally light sterile neutrinos in gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking,JHEP10(1998) 014, [hep-ph/9810257]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1998

[3] [3]

Bringmann, P

T. Bringmann, P. F. Depta, M. Hufnagel, J. Kersten, J. T. Ruderman, and K. Schmidt-Hoberg,Minimal sterile neutrino dark matter,Phys. Rev. D107(2023), no. 7 L071702, [arXiv:2206.10630]

work page arXiv 2023

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E. J. Chun, A. S. Joshipura, and A. Y. Smirnov,Models of light singlet fermion and neutrino phenomenology,Phys. Lett. B357(1995) 608–615, [hep-ph/9505275]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1995

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Light sterile neutrinos, dark matter, and new resonances in a $U(1)$ extension of the MSSM

A. Hebbar, G. Lazarides, and Q. Shafi,Light sterile neutrinos, dark matter, and new resonances in a U(1) extension of the MSSM,Phys. Rev. D96(2017), no. 5 055026, [arXiv:1706.09630]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

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Light Sterile Neutrinos: Models and Phenomenology

J. Barry, W. Rodejohann, and H. Zhang,Light Sterile Neutrinos: Models and Phenomenology,JHEP07(2011) 091, [arXiv:1105.3911]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2011

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Light Sterile Neutrino in the Minimal Extended Seesaw

H. Zhang,Light Sterile Neutrino in the Minimal Extended Seesaw,Phys. Lett. B714(2012) 262–266, [arXiv:1110.6838]. [10]MiniBooNECollaboration, A. A. Aguilar-Arevalo et al.,MiniBooNE and MicroBooNE Combined Fit to a 3+1 Sterile Neutrino Scenario,Phys. Rev. Lett.129(2022), no. 20 201801, [arXiv:2201.01724]. [11]MicroBooNECollaboration, P. Abratenko et al.,Se...

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2012

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Reanalysis of the GALLEX solar neutrino flux and source experiments

F. Kaether, W. Hampel, G. Heusser, J. Kiko, and T. Kirsten,Reanalysis of the GALLEX solar neutrino flux and source experiments,Phys. Lett. B685(2010) 47–54, [arXiv:1001.2731]. – 16 –

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

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V. V. Barinov et al.,Results from the Baksan Experiment on Sterile Transitions (BEST), Phys. Rev. Lett.128(2022), no. 23 232501, [arXiv:2109.11482]

work page arXiv 2022

[10] [10]

A. P. Serebrov et al.,Search for sterile neutrinos with the Neutrino-4 experiment and measurement results,Phys. Rev. D104(2021), no. 3 032003, [arXiv:2005.05301]. [15](IceCube Collaboration)∥, IceCubeCollaboration, R. Abbasi et al.,Search for an eV-Scale Sterile Neutrino Using Improved High-EnergyνµEvent Reconstruction in IceCube, Phys. Rev. Lett.133(2024...

work page arXiv 2021

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Abbasi et al.,Search for a light sterile neutrino with 7.5 years of IceCube DeepCore data, arXiv:2407.01314

R. Abbasi et al.,Search for a light sterile neutrino with 7.5 years of IceCube DeepCore data, arXiv:2407.01314. [22]JSNS2Collaboration, D. H. Lee et al.,First results from the search for an excess of¯νe events in JSNS2,arXiv:2602.06274

work page arXiv

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Ghosh, T

M. Ghosh, T. Ohlsson, and S. Rosauro-Alcaraz,Sensitivity to light sterile neutrinos at ESSnuSB,JHEP03(2020) 026, [arXiv:1912.10010]. [24]DUNECollaboration, B. Abi et al.,Prospects for beyond the Standard Model physics searches at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment,Eur. Phys. J. C81(2021), no. 4 322, [arXiv:2008.12769]

work page arXiv 2020

[13] [13]

Blanchet, C

A. Blanchet, C. Jesús-Valls, A. Chatterjee, S. Dolan, P. Granger, and L. Munteanu,A Novel Approach to Short Baseline Oscillation Searches Using Neutrino Tagging with nuSCOPE, arXiv:2606.14263

work page arXiv

[14] [14]

P. A. Machado, O. Palamara, and D. W. Schmitz,The Short-Baseline Neutrino Program at Fermilab,Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.69(2019) 363–387, [arXiv:1903.04608]. [27]NINJACollaboration, A. Hiramoto et al.,First measurement of νµ andν µ charged-current inclusive interactions on water using a nuclear emulsion detector,Phys. Rev. D102(2020), no. 7 072006, [arXiv...

work page arXiv 2019

[15] [15]

Electron/pion separation with an Emulsion Cloud Chamber by using a Neural Network

L. Arrabito et al.,Electron/pion separation with an emulsion cloud chamber by using a neural network,JINST2(2007) P02001, [physics/0701192]. – 17 –

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2007

[16] [16]

The European Spallation Source neutrino super-beam conceptual design report,

A. Alekou et al.,The European Spallation Source neutrino super-beam conceptual design report,Eur. Phys. J. ST231(2022), no. 21 3779–3955, [arXiv:2206.01208]. [Erratum: Eur.Phys.J.ST 232, 15–16 (2023)]. [31]NINJACollaboration, H. Oshima et al.,Measurements of protons and charged pions emitted fromνµcharged-current interactions on iron at a mean neutrino en...

work page arXiv 2022

[17] [17]

Odagawa, T

T. Odagawa, T. Fukuda, A. Hiramoto, H. Kawahara, T. Kikawa, A. Minamino, T. Nakaya, O. Sato, Y. Suzuki, and K. Yasutome,Design and performance of a scintillation tracker for track matching in nuclear-emulsion-based neutrino interaction measurement,Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A1034(2022) 166775, [arXiv:2201.06828]. [33]K2KCollaboration, S. Nakayama et al.,Measure...

work page arXiv 2022

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Simulation of long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments with GLoBES

P. Huber, M. Lindner, and W. Winter,Simulation of long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments with GLoBES (General Long Baseline Experiment Simulator),Comput. Phys. Commun.167(2005) 195, [hep-ph/0407333]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2005

[19] [19]

New features in the simulation of neutrino oscillation experiments with GLoBES 3.0

P. Huber, J. Kopp, M. Lindner, M. Rolinec, and W. Winter,New features in the simulation of neutrino oscillation experiments with GLoBES 3.0: General Long Baseline Experiment Simulator,Comput. Phys. Commun.177(2007) 432–438, [hep-ph/0701187]. [37]Hyper-KamiokandeCollaboration, K. Abe et al.,Physics potentials with the second Hyper-Kamiokande detector in Ko...

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2007

[20] [20]

P. B. Denton,Sterile Neutrino Search with MicroBooNE’s Electron Neutrino Disappearance Data,Phys. Rev. Lett.129(2022), no. 6 061801, [arXiv:2111.05793]. [40]MicroBooNECollaboration, P. Abratenko et al.,First Constraints on Light Sterile Neutrino Oscillations from Combined Appearance and Disappearance Searches with the MicroBooNE Detector,Phys. Rev. Lett.1...

work page arXiv 2022