WST, the wide-field spectroscopic telescope: progress on the design of the instruments

Aaron Omadutt; Alessandro Meoli; Alexandre Jeanneau; Andrea Bianco; Andreas Kelz; Andrea Tozzi; Anmol Goyal; Anna Brucalassi; Christophe Magneville; Christophe Yeche

arxiv: 2607.01150 · v1 · pith:OP27XWB2new · submitted 2026-07-01 · 🌌 astro-ph.IM

WST, the wide-field spectroscopic telescope: progress on the design of the instruments

David Lee , Joel Vernet , Elizabeth George , Omar Sqalli , Olaf Iwert , Alessandro Meoli , Vincenzo Mainieri , Philippe Dierickx

show 40 more authors

Alexandre Jeanneau Corentin Cudennec Paolo Franzetti Olga Bellido Roelof de Jong Andreas Kelz Aaron Omadutt Steve Watson Younes Chahid Chris Waring Laura Gibbs Anmol Goyal Dave Melotte Lawrence Bissell Jay Stephan Oscar Gonzalaez Sebastien Pernecker Maxime Rombach Jonathan Wei Jean-Paul Kneib Joseph Barrow Jon Lawrence Will Saunders Dimitri Buffat Kjetil Dohlen Andrea Tozzi Anna Brucalassi Simone DAuria Sofia Randich Matteo Munari Andrea Bianco Christophe Yeche Christophe Magneville Etienne Burtin Thomas Augusteijn Jan Kragt Ramon Navarro Julia Bryant Laurane Freour Roland Bacon

This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-07-02 05:09 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.IM

keywords wide-field spectroscopic telescopeinstrument designmultiple-object spectroscopyintegral field spectroscopyfibre positionerspectrographscalibration systemdetector technology

0 comments

The pith

Designs for the WST fibre positioner, spectrographs and calibration systems are advancing toward simultaneous multi-object and integral field spectroscopy on a 12 m telescope.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper reports the current status of the instrument designs for the proposed Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope facility. It details the fibre positioner module, low and high-resolution multiple object spectrographs, integral field spectrograph, disperser technology, detector and cryostat systems, and calibration approach, together with their layout inside the facility. A sympathetic reader would care because these components are meant to enable a large increase in spectroscopic survey speed by running both multiple-object and integral field modes at the same time. The descriptions show how each subsystem contributes to the overall capability of the 12 m telescope.

Core claim

The paper states that the WST is a proposed 12 metre class telescope equipped with instrumentation to provide simultaneous observations in both multiple-object spectroscopy and integral field spectroscopy modes, and it describes the status of the fibre positioner module, the low and high-resolution multiple object spectrographs, the integral field spectrograph, disperser technology, sustainable detector and cryostat technology, and the calibration system, along with an overview of the overall layout of the instruments within the WST facility.

What carries the argument

The fibre positioner module together with the low and high-resolution multiple object spectrographs and the integral field spectrograph, supported by dispersers, detectors, cryostats and calibration systems, that together enable simultaneous multi-object and integral field spectroscopy.

If this is right

The WST will provide simultaneous observations in both multiple-object spectroscopy and integral field spectroscopy modes.
The designs incorporate sustainable detector and cryostat technology to support long-term operations.
The calibration system will maintain performance across the low-resolution, high-resolution and integral field instruments.
An integrated layout places all subsystems within the 12 m facility to enable the combined survey modes.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the designs are built as described, the resulting facility could support very large spectroscopic surveys that combine point-source and extended-object science in single exposures.
The reported progress on dispersers and detectors could be applied to other wide-field facilities facing similar throughput or sustainability constraints.
A natural next engineering step would be to test the mechanical interface between the fibre positioner and the spectrograph inputs under realistic thermal and vibration conditions.

Load-bearing premise

The proposed instrument designs for the fibre positioner, spectrographs, detectors and calibration systems can be successfully realized, integrated and operated to achieve the claimed simultaneous multi-object and integral field survey capabilities.

What would settle it

A full-scale prototype test of the fibre positioner feeding both a low-resolution and an integral field spectrograph that demonstrates simultaneous operation at the required field size, spectral resolution and throughput would support the designs; inability to meet the positioning accuracy or calibration stability targets in such a test would falsify feasibility.

read the original abstract

WST, the Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope is a proposed new facility that will provide a transformational gain in spectroscopic survey capability over existing facilities. The WST is a 12 metre class telescope equipped with instrumentation to provide simultaneous observations in both multiple-object spectroscopy and integral field spectroscopy modes. This paper will describe the status of the instruments being designed for the WST, the fibre positioner module, the low and high-resolution multiple object spectrographs, the integral field spectrograph, disperser technology, sustainable detector and cryostat technology, and the calibration system. An overview of the overall layout of the instruments within the WST facility will be provided.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This is a straightforward status report on WST instrument concepts that describes layouts but supplies no numbers to support the transformational-gain claim.

read the letter

The paper is mainly an engineering progress note on the proposed WST. It walks through the fibre positioner, the low- and high-resolution MOS spectrographs, the integral-field unit, disperser options, detector and cryostat choices, and the calibration hardware, plus a sketch of how they sit inside the 12 m facility. That overview is the useful part: it gives a single place to see how the dual MOS-plus-IFS modes are meant to share the focal plane and what technology paths are under study.

What is missing is any quantitative check on the headline claim. There are no etendue figures, no multiplex counts with realistic fibre losses, no exposure-time estimates, and no side-by-side comparison against DESI, 4MOST or PFS. Without those the assertion that the design delivers a large leap rests on the aperture size and the dual-mode idea rather than demonstrated scaling. The stress-test note is right on this point.

The work is competent descriptive engineering and the authors are clear that this is a status snapshot, not a finished performance model. That honesty keeps it from being misleading. Still, the central selling point of the project is the survey capability, so the absence of even order-of-magnitude calculations is a real gap for anyone who needs to judge whether the concept is worth further investment.

This is the sort of paper that belongs in an instrumentation conference proceedings. A serious editor could send it to referees who know the existing survey facilities; the referees would almost certainly ask for the missing metrics, but the paper is coherent enough on its own terms to deserve that step rather than an immediate desk reject.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper describes the current design status of the instruments for the proposed Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST), a 12 m class facility intended to enable simultaneous multiple-object spectroscopy (MOS) and integral field spectroscopy (IFS) observations. It covers the fibre positioner module, low- and high-resolution MOS spectrographs, the integral field spectrograph, disperser technology, detector and cryostat technology, the calibration system, and the overall instrument layout within the facility.

Significance. If the instrument designs prove feasible, the WST would deliver a substantial increase in wide-field spectroscopic survey power via its large aperture and dual-mode operation, with potential to advance cosmology, galaxy evolution, and stellar astrophysics through higher multiplex and simultaneous IFS/MOS capabilities. The engineering status updates provide a useful reference for the community developing next-generation facilities.

major comments (1)

[Abstract] Abstract: the assertion of a 'transformational gain in spectroscopic survey capability over existing facilities' is not supported by any etendue calculations, multiplex figures of merit, exposure-time estimates, or side-by-side comparisons against DESI, 4MOST, or PFS. This quantitative justification is load-bearing for the paper's central motivation and must be added.

minor comments (1)

A summary table compiling key parameters (wavelength range, spectral resolution, multiplex, field of view) across all instrument modes would improve clarity and allow direct comparison of the design elements.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their review and for identifying the need for quantitative support behind the abstract's central claim. We address the comment below.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the assertion of a 'transformational gain in spectroscopic survey capability over existing facilities' is not supported by any etendue calculations, multiplex figures of merit, exposure-time estimates, or side-by-side comparisons against DESI, 4MOST, or PFS. This quantitative justification is load-bearing for the paper's central motivation and must be added.

Authors: We agree that the abstract's claim requires quantitative backing to be fully substantiated. This manuscript is an instrument design progress report rather than a dedicated science-case or performance-modeling paper; the etendue, multiplex, and survey-speed calculations reside in separate WST science documents. To address the concern we will (i) qualify the abstract wording and (ii) insert a concise new paragraph (or short table) in the introduction that derives key figures of merit directly from the instrument parameters given later in the text and places them alongside published values for DESI, 4MOST and PFS. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely descriptive instrument status report

full rationale

The paper is an engineering progress report describing proposed instrument layouts, fibre positioners, spectrograph designs, detectors, and calibration systems for the WST facility. It contains no equations, no fitted parameters presented as predictions, no derivation chains, and no load-bearing self-citations that reduce a central claim to its own inputs. The 'transformational gain' statement is a qualitative assertion about the 12 m aperture and dual MOS+IFS modes, not the output of any internal calculation or self-referential step. The manuscript is therefore self-contained as a descriptive document with no circularity of the enumerated kinds.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper is an engineering design overview with no free parameters, axioms, or invented entities in a scientific derivation sense.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5824 in / 1131 out tokens · 27491 ms · 2026-07-02T05:09:05.723471+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

33 extracted references · 9 canonical work pages

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WST multi -object spectrograph fiber positioners: development of a 32,000 -unit precision robotic system

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2026
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2026
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Exploration of small footprint stick-slip piezoelectric actuators for use in the FLEX fiber positioner system for the Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST)

J. Barrow et al., “Exploration of small footprint stick-slip piezoelectric actuators for use in the FLEX fiber positioner system for the Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST)”, Proc. SPIE 14154 (2026)

2026
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work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac9ab1 2023
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Shiang-Yu Wang et al., "Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS): the prime focus instrument," Proc. SPIE 11447, Ground - based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VIII, 114477V (13 December 2020); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2561194

work page doi:10.1117/12.2561194 2020
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Test results of a novel fiber positioning module for very high density systems

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2024
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Flexure based fiber positioners: design optimisation to follow arbitrary focal plane curvature

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work page doi:10.1117/12.3017991 2024
[16]

The fiber positioner for 4MOST: exploration of an alternative R -θ design

A. Saviauk; F Dionies; R. de Jong; R. Haynes and I. Parry, "The fiber positioner for 4MOST: exploration of an alternative R -θ design", Proc. SPIE 9151, Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation, 91514Y (July 28, 2014); https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2056289

work page doi:10.1117/12.2056289 2014
[17]

MegaMapper: concept and optical design for a 6.5m aperture massively multiplexed spectroscopic facility,

G. A. Blanc et al., “MegaMapper: concept and optical design for a 6.5m aperture massively multiplexed spectroscopic facility," Proc. SPIE 12182, Ground -based and Airborne Telescopes IX, 1218230 (29 August 2022); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2625992

work page doi:10.1117/12.2625992 2022
[18]

Investigations on assembly and coverage for modular focal planes of multiplexed telescopes

M. Rombach et al., "Investigations on assembly and coverage for modular focal planes of multiplexed telescopes ", Proc SPIE 13096 (2024)

2024
[19]

WST, the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: design trade -offs for the low -resolution multi - object spectrograph instrument

D. Buffat et al., “ WST, the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: design trade -offs for the low -resolution multi - object spectrograph instrument”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026
[20]

The Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: optical designs for the low -resolution multi -object spectrographs

W. Saunders et al., “ The Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: optical designs for the low -resolution multi -object spectrographs”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026
[21]

WST, the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: the MOS -HR spectrograph module

A. Tozzi et al., “WST, the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: the MOS -HR spectrograph module ”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026
[22]

WST, the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: the preliminary optical design for the MOS -HR spectrograph

M. Munari et al., “ WST, the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: the preliminary optical design for the MOS -HR spectrograph”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026
[23]

WST, the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: mechanical design and FE analysis for the high - resolution spectrograph

S. D’Auria et al., “ WST, the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: mechanical design and FE analysis for the high - resolution spectrograph”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026
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The MUSE second -generation VLT instrument,

R. Bacon et al., "The MUSE second -generation VLT instrument," Proc. SPIE 7735, Ground -based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy III, 773508 (14 July 2010); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.856027

work page doi:10.1117/12.856027 2010
[25]

Guiding design choices for wide -field IFS: trade -off between replication and complexity for WST

C. Cudennec et al., “ Guiding design choices for wide -field IFS: trade -off between replication and complexity for WST”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026
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IFS spectrograph designs for the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: architecture and performance gains from curved sensors

C. Cudennec et al., “ IFS spectrograph designs for the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: architecture and performance gains from curved sensors”, Proc. SPIE 14106 (2026)

2026
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work page doi:10.1117/12.2629630 2026
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Widefield Spectroscopic Telescope (WST): coating strategy to achieve high optical throughput

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2026
[30]

Conceptual architecture of the detector infrastructure for WST

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2026
[31]

VPHG@INAF: toward large size and diffraction efficiency

A. Bianco et al., "VPHG@INAF: toward large size and diffraction efficiency", Proc. SPIE 13100 (2024)

2024
[32]

WST, the Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope: dispersing elements

A. Bianco et al., “WST, the Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope: dispersing elements”, Proc. SPIE 14154 (2026)

2026
[33]

Sustainability as a design parameter in the early development of the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope

L. Fréour et al., “ Sustainability as a design parameter in the early development of the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope”, Proc. SPIE 14147 (2026)

2026

[1] [1]

WST: the next leap in wide-field spectroscopy

R. Bacon et al., “WST: the next leap in wide-field spectroscopy”, Proc. SPIE 14147 (2026)

2026

[2] [2]

WST – Widefield Spectroscopic Telescope: motivation, science drivers and top level requirements for a new dedicated facility

R. M. Bacon, V. Maineiri et al., “ WST – Widefield Spectroscopic Telescope: motivation, science drivers and top level requirements for a new dedicated facility”, Proc SPIE 13094 (2024)

2024

[3] [3]

A concept for a new spectroscopic facility,

L. Pasquini, B. Delabre, R. S. Ellis, J. -A. Marrero, L. Cavaller Marques, T. de Zeeuw, "A concept for a new spectroscopic facility," Proc. SPIE 10700, Ground -based and Airborne Telescopes VII, 107004E (6 July 2018); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313076

work page doi:10.1117/12.2313076 2018

[4] [4]

WST - Widefield Spectroscopic Telescope: design of a new 12m class telescope dedicated to widefield Multi-object and Integral Field Spectroscopy

P. Dierickx, T. Travouillon, G. Gausachs, et al., "WST - Widefield Spectroscopic Telescope: design of a new 12m class telescope dedicated to widefield Multi-object and Integral Field Spectroscopy", Proc SPIE 13094 (2024)

2024

[5] [5]

Progress of the design of the 12 -m optical, Wide -Field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST)

P. Dierickx et al., “ Progress of the design of the 12 -m optical, Wide -Field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST) ”, Proc. SPIE 14147 (2026)

2026

[6] [6]

The Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST): telescope structure and enclosure design challenges

G. Gausachs et al., “The Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST): telescope structure and enclosure design challenges”, Proc. SPIE 14147 (2026)

2026

[7] [7]

WST instrument exposure time calculator: full simulation of multi -mode spectrograph performance from source to detector

M. Genoni et al., “ WST instrument exposure time calculator: full simulation of multi -mode spectrograph performance from source to detector”, Proc. SPIE 14152 (2026)

2026

[8] [8]

WST multi -object spectrograph fiber positioners: development of a 32,000 -unit precision robotic system

S. Pernecker et al., “ WST multi -object spectrograph fiber positioners: development of a 32,000 -unit precision robotic system”, Proc. SPIE 14154 (2026)

2026

[9] [9]

A new grid -based fiber positioner concept with large patrol area, small pitch, and very good clustering capabilities

Roelof S. de Jong and Thomas Liebner, “A new grid -based fiber positioner concept with large patrol area, small pitch, and very good clustering capabilities”, Proc. SPIE 13100 (2024)

2024

[10] [10]

High multiplex and precision: the design and development of FLEX, a grid -based fiber positioner with large patrol radius and minimized telecentric error

A. Omadutt et al., “ High multiplex and precision: the design and development of FLEX, a grid -based fiber positioner with large patrol radius and minimized telecentric error ”, Proc. SPIE 14154 (2026)

2026

[11] [11]

Exploration of small footprint stick-slip piezoelectric actuators for use in the FLEX fiber positioner system for the Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST)

J. Barrow et al., “Exploration of small footprint stick-slip piezoelectric actuators for use in the FLEX fiber positioner system for the Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST)”, Proc. SPIE 14154 (2026)

2026

[12] [12]

The Robotic Multiobject Focal Plane System of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI)

J. H. Silber et al., "The Robotic Multiobject Focal Plane System of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) ", The Astronomical Journal, Volume 165, 9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac9ab1

work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac9ab1 2023

[13] [13]

Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS): the prime focus instrument,

Shiang-Yu Wang et al., "Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS): the prime focus instrument," Proc. SPIE 11447, Ground - based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VIII, 114477V (13 December 2020); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2561194

work page doi:10.1117/12.2561194 2020

[14] [14]

Test results of a novel fiber positioning module for very high density systems

R. Araujo et al., "Test results of a novel fiber positioning module for very high density systems", Proc. SPIE 13096 (2024)

2024

[15] [15]

Flexure based fiber positioners: design optimisation to follow arbitrary focal plane curvature

Tom Louth, Stephen Watson, and David M. Montgomery, “Flexure based fiber positioners: design optimisation to follow arbitrary focal plane curvature”, Proc SPIE 13100 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3017991

work page doi:10.1117/12.3017991 2024

[16] [16]

The fiber positioner for 4MOST: exploration of an alternative R -θ design

A. Saviauk; F Dionies; R. de Jong; R. Haynes and I. Parry, "The fiber positioner for 4MOST: exploration of an alternative R -θ design", Proc. SPIE 9151, Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation, 91514Y (July 28, 2014); https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2056289

work page doi:10.1117/12.2056289 2014

[17] [17]

MegaMapper: concept and optical design for a 6.5m aperture massively multiplexed spectroscopic facility,

G. A. Blanc et al., “MegaMapper: concept and optical design for a 6.5m aperture massively multiplexed spectroscopic facility," Proc. SPIE 12182, Ground -based and Airborne Telescopes IX, 1218230 (29 August 2022); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2625992

work page doi:10.1117/12.2625992 2022

[18] [18]

Investigations on assembly and coverage for modular focal planes of multiplexed telescopes

M. Rombach et al., "Investigations on assembly and coverage for modular focal planes of multiplexed telescopes ", Proc SPIE 13096 (2024)

2024

[19] [19]

WST, the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: design trade -offs for the low -resolution multi - object spectrograph instrument

D. Buffat et al., “ WST, the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: design trade -offs for the low -resolution multi - object spectrograph instrument”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026

[20] [20]

The Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: optical designs for the low -resolution multi -object spectrographs

W. Saunders et al., “ The Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: optical designs for the low -resolution multi -object spectrographs”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026

[21] [21]

WST, the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: the MOS -HR spectrograph module

A. Tozzi et al., “WST, the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: the MOS -HR spectrograph module ”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026

[22] [22]

WST, the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: the preliminary optical design for the MOS -HR spectrograph

M. Munari et al., “ WST, the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope: the preliminary optical design for the MOS -HR spectrograph”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026

[23] [23]

WST, the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: mechanical design and FE analysis for the high - resolution spectrograph

S. D’Auria et al., “ WST, the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: mechanical design and FE analysis for the high - resolution spectrograph”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026

[24] [24]

The MUSE second -generation VLT instrument,

R. Bacon et al., "The MUSE second -generation VLT instrument," Proc. SPIE 7735, Ground -based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy III, 773508 (14 July 2010); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.856027

work page doi:10.1117/12.856027 2010

[25] [25]

Guiding design choices for wide -field IFS: trade -off between replication and complexity for WST

C. Cudennec et al., “ Guiding design choices for wide -field IFS: trade -off between replication and complexity for WST”, Proc. SPIE 14149 (2026)

2026

[26] [26]

IFS spectrograph designs for the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: architecture and performance gains from curved sensors

C. Cudennec et al., “ IFS spectrograph designs for the wide -field spectroscopic telescope: architecture and performance gains from curved sensors”, Proc. SPIE 14106 (2026)

2026

[27] [27]

4MOST calibration system: design, assembly, and testing

I. Politopoulos et al., “ 4MOST calibration system: design, assembly, and testing ”, Proc. SPIE 12184 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2629542

work page doi:10.1117/12.2629542 2022

[28] [28]

The BlueMUSE calibration unit: phase -A studies

M. Roth et al., “ The BlueMUSE calibration unit: phase -A studies ”, Proc. SPIE 12184 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2629630

work page doi:10.1117/12.2629630 2026

[29] [29]

Widefield Spectroscopic Telescope (WST): coating strategy to achieve high optical throughput

B. Sassolas et al., “Widefield Spectroscopic Telescope (WST): coating strategy to achieve high optical throughput ”, Proc. SPIE 14147 (2026)

2026

[30] [30]

Conceptual architecture of the detector infrastructure for WST

O. Iwert et al., “Conceptual architecture of the detector infrastructure for WST”, Proc. SPIE 1419 (2026)

2026

[31] [31]

VPHG@INAF: toward large size and diffraction efficiency

A. Bianco et al., "VPHG@INAF: toward large size and diffraction efficiency", Proc. SPIE 13100 (2024)

2024

[32] [32]

WST, the Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope: dispersing elements

A. Bianco et al., “WST, the Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope: dispersing elements”, Proc. SPIE 14154 (2026)

2026

[33] [33]

Sustainability as a design parameter in the early development of the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope

L. Fréour et al., “ Sustainability as a design parameter in the early development of the Wide -field Spectroscopic Telescope”, Proc. SPIE 14147 (2026)

2026