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DUNE can probe quasi-Dirac neutrino splitting 2× deeper than current experiments

2026-07-10 00:00 UTC pith:PGUYRWKT

load-bearing objection Solid quasi-Dirac sensitivity forecast for DUNE, but the flavor-universal mixing assumption is load-bearing and insufficiently stress-tested the 3 major comments →

arxiv 2607.06862 v1 pith:PGUYRWKT submitted 2026-07-07 hep-ph

Probing Quasi-Dirac Neutrino Oscillations at Long Baseline Experiments

Noor-Ines Boudjema , Frank F. Deppisch , Suka Sriyansu Pattanaik This is my paper
classification hep-ph
keywords massmixinganglesdegeneratedeltadiracformmajorana
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Neutrinos might be neither purely Dirac nor purely Majorana but quasi-Dirac: nearly degenerate mass pairs split by a tiny amount set by lepton-number violation. This paper shows that long-baseline oscillation experiments can detect this splitting through interference effects that have no analogue in standard three-neutrino oscillations. The authors derive analytic oscillation probabilities in a five-neutrino framework where two sterile states form a quasi-Dirac pair, simulate NOvA, T2K, and DUNE using GLoBES with full systematic uncertainties, and map the two-parameter sensitivity space (sterile mixing angle θ_sa versus intra-pair splitting Δm²_54). Current NOvA+T2K data constrains θ_sa down to about 0.08; DUNE alone reaches θ_sa ≈ 0.05 across the entire splitting range. A key structural result is that the sterile mixing universally suppresses the CP-violating amplitude by a factor c_sa < 1, so quasi-Dirac sensitivity and CP-phase measurements are intrinsically coupled: DUNE's sterile search and its CP-violation program will constrain each other.

Core claim

The paper's central result is that quasi-Dirac neutrino oscillations produce a characteristic interference signature — a slowly varying phase Δm²_54·L/4E modulating the envelope of averaged oscillations — that is qualitatively distinct from both standard three-neutrino oscillations and non-degenerate sterile scenarios. This signature is detectable at long-baseline experiments, with DUNE achieving uniform sensitivity down to θ_sa ≈ 0.05 without the degeneracy valleys and resonance artifacts that limit NOvA and T2K. The coupling between sterile mixing and CP violation means that the 5ν appearance probability is universally suppressed relative to the 3ν case by the factor c_sa, making the sign,

What carries the argument

The five-neutrino mixing matrix U = W45 R35 R34 W25 W24 R23 W15 W14 W13 R12 · DM, with all six active-sterile angles set to a single flavor-universal value θ_sa. The averaged appearance probability P(νμ→νe) = P3ν + 4|Uμ4|²|Ue4|²(1 + cos(x54)cos(x54 − φ45)), where x54 = Δm²_54 L/4E is the quasi-Dirac interference phase. The CP-suppression factor c_sa multiplying the δCP-dependent amplitude. GLoBES simulation of NOvA (810 km), T2K (295 km), and DUNE (1300 km) with Gaussian-filtered oscillation probabilities and marginalized systematic uncertainties.

Load-bearing premise

All six active-sterile mixing angles are set to a single flavor-universal value θ_sa. This collapses a fifteen-parameter sterile mixing space into one angle, and the sensitivity contours, degeneracy structures, and CP-suppression analysis all depend on this simplification. If individual angles differ substantially across flavors, the appearance and disappearance channels would be affected differently, potentially opening or closing degeneracy valleys not captured here.

What would settle it

If DUNE data shows no deviation from 3ν predictions down to θ_sa ≈ 0.05 for any Δm²_54 in the range 10⁻⁵–10⁻¹ eV², the quasi-Dirac scenario with flavor-universal mixing at that scale is excluded. Conversely, if a deviation is found, it must be distinguishable from a non-degenerate 3+1 sterile scenario — the quasi-Dirac interference signature requires the specific cos(x54) modulation, not just a constant flux suppression.

Watch this falsifier — get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

If this is right

  • DUNE's quasi-Dirac search and its CP-violation measurement are not independent programs — a joint analysis is required because sterile mixing suppresses CP-sensitive amplitudes by c_sa, biasing δCP extraction if the 5ν sector is ignored.
  • The atmospheric resonance near Δm²_54 ≈ Δm²_31 creates parameter degeneracies at NOvA and T2K that DUNE's longer baseline naturally washes out, making DUNE the unambiguous near-term probe.
  • The degeneracy valley near θ_sa ≈ θ23 ≈ 0.4, where the 5ν model can mimic 3ν spectra, represents a blind spot for current experiments that DUNE's broad-band averaging avoids.
  • Neutrinoless double beta decay experiments (nEXO, LEGEND) provide complementary constraints because quasi-Dirac pairs produce near-complete cancellations in the effective Majorana mass, with residuals potentially accessible at next-generation sensitivity.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 6 minor

Summary. This paper studies quasi-Dirac neutrino oscillations within a 3+2 framework motivated by the inverse seesaw mechanism. Two nearly degenerate sterile neutrinos form a quasi-Dirac pair with splitting controlled by a small lepton-number-violating Majorana mass. The authors derive averaged oscillation probabilities for the appearance and disappearance channels, identifying a sterile-sector interference phase that has no analogue in non-degenerate 3+1 or 3+2 scenarios. Using GLoBES simulations of NOvA, T2K, and DUNE with realistic systematic uncertainties, they map sensitivity contours in the (theta_sa, Delta m^2_54) plane and analyse how the five-neutrino framework modifies CP-violating observables relative to the standard three-neutrino case. They find that current NOvA+T2K data constrains theta_sa >~ 0.08, while DUNE can reach theta_sa ~ 0.05 with uniform sensitivity across the full Delta m^2_54 range.

Significance. The paper provides a clean analytic treatment of quasi-Dirac oscillation probabilities (Eqs. 38-41) and a thorough simulation study with experimentally realistic systematics. The identification of the c_sa suppression factor governing the CP-dependent amplitude (Eq. 43) and the threshold delta_CP^thresh (Eq. 45) is a useful analytic insight. The DUNE sensitivity forecast, showing uniform coverage free of the resonance and degeneracy structures that affect NOvA and T2K, is a concrete and falsifiable prediction. The coupling of quasi-Dirac sensitivity to delta_CP measurements is an interesting and timely observation given DUNE's dual science goals. The work is well-motivated and the simulation methodology is sound.

major comments (3)
  1. Section II.B, Eq. (43): The claim that the CP-dependent amplitude is 'universally suppressed' by the factor c_sa < 1 is load-bearing for the paper's central analytic result, but it depends critically on the assumption that all six active-sterile mixing angles are equal (theta_14 = theta_15 = theta_24 = theta_25 = theta_34 = theta_35 = theta_sa). With independent angles, the clean factorization into a single cosine rescaling of the active 3x3 submatrix breaks down, as different rows of the PMNS matrix would be rescaled by different cosines. The authors acknowledge this in the Conclusion as a future direction, but all quantitative results — sensitivity contours, degeneracy structures, and the CP-suppression claim — rest on this simplification. The paper should either (a) explicitly state in Section II.C that Eq. (43) and the 'universal suppression' claim are derived under the flavor-univer
  2. Section III.B, Eq. (53): The chi-s2 analysis fixes the standard oscillation parameters to their NuFit best-fit values rather than marginalizing over them. Given that theta_23 has approximately 5% uncertainty and the degeneracy valley identified in Section IV sits near theta_sa ~ theta_23 ~ 0.4, allowing theta_23 to float would likely deepen this valley for NOvA and T2K, potentially weakening the claimed theta_sa >~ 0.08 bound. The authors should clarify whether this effect was checked and, if not, discuss how marginalization over theta_23 (and delta_CP) would affect the quoted sensitivity limits. The DUNE result (theta_sa ~ 0.05) is less affected since its contours lack the degeneracy valley, but this should be stated explicitly.
  3. Section II.B: The sterile CP phases eta_13, eta_14, and eta_24 are set to zero throughout the analysis. The phase phi_45 = (eta_14 - eta_15) - (eta_24 - eta_25) defined in Eq. (37) enters the appearance probability in Eq. (38) and could shift the sensitivity contours, particularly in the appearance channel where the sterile contribution is most pronounced. The paper should briefly discuss the expected impact of non-zero sterile CP phases on the sensitivity results, even if a full scan is deferred to future work.
minor comments (6)
  1. Table I: The range for theta_sa is listed as 0.1-1, but the sensitivity contours in Figs. 7-10 extend down to theta_sa = 0.05. Clarify whether the table range refers to the scan range or the physically motivated range.
  2. Figure 2: The caption states delta_CP = 0.82 and 3.66, but the text in Section II.C discusses these values without explaining why 0.82 is chosen (it is not a standard benchmark). A brief justification would help the reader.
  3. Section II.E, Eqs. (49)-(52): The decay width expressions use theta_sa as the mixing angle, but the sterile neutrino mass m_N is not explicitly defined in terms of the mass eigenvalues m_4, m_5. Clarify which mass is used (presumably the average).
  4. Figure 3: The Earth-Sun and SN1987A labels appear in the legend but are not discussed in the text. Either add a brief discussion or remove them from the figure.
  5. Section IV: The text states that the degeneracy valley near theta_sa ~ 0.4 arises because 'the sterile contribution to the oscillation amplitude becomes comparable to the active-active contribution.' This is a qualitative statement; a more quantitative explanation of the cancellation condition would strengthen the analysis.
  6. Reference [19] (Abada et al., arXiv:2506.16390) appears to be a very recent preprint. If the present work overlaps significantly with it, the relationship should be clarified.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; derivation is self-contained with only minor non-load-bearing self-citations

full rationale

The paper's derivation chain is self-contained and does not reduce to its own inputs by construction. The theoretical framework (Section II) derives the 5×5 mixing matrix U from the inverse seesaw Lagrangian (Eq. 8) via the Schur complement (Eqs. 24-27), yielding the quasi-Dirac splitting Δm²₅₄ = μ as a first-principles result from the mass matrix structure — not a fitted input renamed as a prediction. The oscillation probabilities (Eqs. 38-41) follow from standard vacuum oscillation formalism applied to the derived mixing matrix, with the averaging over rapid Δm²₄₁ phases performed analytically (Eq. 36). The CP-suppression factor c_sa in Eq. 43 arises from the parametrization choice (uniform θ_sa) and the algebraic structure of the PMNS matrix, not from fitting to data. The χ² sensitivity analysis (Eq. 53) uses externally determined NuFit 6.0 best-fit values as inputs and compares 3ν vs 5ν predictions — the 'predictions' are GLoBES simulation outputs, not fitted quantities repackaged as results. Self-citations exist (Deppisch appears on refs [3,11,13,14,15,33]) but these provide theoretical motivation and methodological context; none are invoked as load-bearing mathematical facts that would make the central claim circular. The sensitivity contours are computed from simulated event rates with systematic uncertainties marginalized over, not constrained to reproduce prior results. The flavor-universal θ_sa assumption is a simplification that limits generality (a correctness concern, not circularity), but it does not make any prediction equivalent to its input by definition.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

5 free parameters · 5 axioms · 1 invented entities

The paper introduces no truly novel entities — the sterile neutrino pair is standard in inverse seesaw literature. The quasi-Dirac structure is a known limit.

free parameters (5)
  • θ_sa = scanned over [0.1, 1.0]
    The single active-sterile mixing angle replacing six independent angles θ₁₄, θ₂₄, θ₃₄, θ₁₅, θ₂₅, θ₃₅. Scanned, not fitted to data.
  • Δm²_54 = scanned over [10⁻⁵, 10⁻¹] eV²
    Mass splitting within the sterile pair. Scanned over five orders of magnitude.
  • Δm²_41 = 10 eV²
    Fixed by hand; large splitting whose oscillations average out. Chosen to be in KATRIN sensitivity range.
  • δ_CP = 0.82 and 3.66 (NuFit best-fit), varied over [0, 2π]
    Standard CP phase, taken from NuFit 6.0 and varied for bi-event analysis.
  • σ_e = not specified numerically
    Width of Gaussian low-pass filter in GLoBES probability calculation (Eq. 54). Value not stated.
axioms (5)
  • domain assumption Inverse seesaw mechanism with μ_L = 0
    §II.A: Setting μ_L = 0 ensures both δm² and θ are controlled by single parameter μ_R. This is a modeling choice that simplifies the parameter space but is not forced by theory.
  • ad hoc to paper All six active-sterile mixing angles are equal (θ_sa)
    §II.B: 'We work in the regime where these new mixing angles all take the same value θ_sa.' This collapses 6 parameters to 1 and all sensitivity results depend on it.
  • domain assumption Constant matter density approximation
    §II.D: Uses constant average densities (ρ_T2K ≈ 2.6, ρ_NOvA ≈ 2.8, ρ_DUNE ≈ 2.8 g/cm³) rather than PREM profile. Stated to capture leading-order corrections.
  • ad hoc to paper Sterile CP phases η₁₃, η₁₄, η₂₄ set to zero
    §II.B and throughout: The three physical Dirac phases of the sterile sector are set to zero, leaving only ϕ₄₅ = (η₁₄−η₁₅)−(η₂₄−η₂₅) which also vanishes. Acknowledged as a limitation in the Conclusion.
  • domain assumption Sterile neutrinos are stable over experimental baselines
    §II.E: Decay lengths computed to exceed terrestrial baselines for the parameter range considered. Verified analytically.
invented entities (1)
  • ν₄, ν₅ quasi-Dirac sterile neutrino pair independent evidence
    purpose: Provide a quasi-Dirac structure where small LNV mass μ splits a Dirac pair
    The pair arises from the inverse seesaw extension (Eq. 8). Falsifiable through oscillation interference at Δm²_54 scale and through suppressed 0νββ. The paper provides concrete predicted event rate distortions testable at DUNE.

pith-pipeline@v1.1.0-glm · 25653 in / 4378 out tokens · 179505 ms · 2026-07-10T00:00:06.197468+00:00 · methodology

0 comments
read the original abstract

The Dirac or Majorana nature of neutrinos remains one of the most fundamental open problems in particle physics. A natural intermediate scenario arises when small lepton-number-violating Majorana mass terms break the exact Dirac symmetry. These cause mass eigenstates to form nearly degenerate pairs, each separated by a small mass splitting. We study this quasi-Dirac scenario within a five-neutrino framework, extending the Standard Model by two right-handed neutrinos, which form a nearly degenerate sterile pair alongside the three active states. This extended mixing structure introduces additional phenomenological parameters, including new mixing angles, mass splittings, and CP phases. We use appearance and disappearance data from NO$\nu$A and T2K to constrain the active-sterile mixing angles $\theta_{sa}$ and the mass splitting within the sterile pair $\Delta m_{54}^2$ and forecast the sensitivity achievable at DUNE. We analyse how these parameters modify CP-violating observables relative to the standard three-neutrino case, comparing predicted event rates across both mass orderings and as a function of $\delta_{CP}$.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.06862 by Frank F. Deppisch, Noor-Ines Boudjema, Suka Sriyansu Pattanaik.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Ordering of the active neutrino masses [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Oscillation probabilities [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Lab-frame decay length [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Expected number of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. As Fig. 4 but at the T2K experiment. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. As Fig. 4 but at the projected DUNE experiment. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11. Comparison of the predicted bi-event rates for the 3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_11.png] view at source ↗

discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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