Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation

As of 15 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 37 of 37 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2607.14479.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2607.14479 v1

Coverage vector

measured 37 of 37 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:48.747153Z

measured 37 of 37 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

37 of 37 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy0
unresolved34
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier2
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 73eac829-dda9-4439-9df3-126b36712211 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:43.657820Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 24f4eb63-b742-4035-8c7b-53b255dce046 · outbound

This paper cites Large language models for biological sequence analysis in infectious disease research.Biosafety and Health, 7(5):323–332, October 2025.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Large language models for biological sequence analysis in infectious disease research.Biosafety and Health, 7(5):323–332, October 2025

Reference 2

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-02T02:04:24.008752Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 4cca4906-f685-4101-9d56-9a00b522fd46 · outbound

This paper cites FalseReject: A Resource for Improving Contextual Safety and Mitigating Over-Refusals in LLMs via Structured Reasoning.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation FalseReject: A Resource for Improving Contextual Safety and Mitigating Over-Refusals in LLMs via Structured Reasoning

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:43.977112Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0563645b-47ff-484d-8501-2a3c15a323ca · outbound

This paper cites OR-Bench: An Over-Refusal Benchmark for Large Language Models.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation OR-Bench: An Over-Refusal Benchmark for Large Language Models

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:44.107363Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3531c555-b5b9-4f3e-8584-7cd40d3e1979 · outbound

This paper cites Health-ORSC-Bench: A Benchmark for Measuring Over-Refusal and Safety Completion in Health Context.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Health-ORSC-Bench: A Benchmark for Measuring Over-Refusal and Safety Completion in Health Context

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:44.273375Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 51da60a5-7f3b-4786-86fd-3b81076fd499 · outbound

This paper cites About PubMed.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation About PubMed

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:44.447266Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ad5a1957-d8bb-4f2d-b772-412f1790304f · outbound

This paper cites HarmBench: A Standardized Evaluation Framework for Automated Red Teaming and Robust Refusal.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation HarmBench: A Standardized Evaluation Framework for Automated Red Teaming and Robust Refusal

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:44.585261Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 166868af-f1aa-4a2d-bc06-e82283a56383 · outbound

This paper cites Do-Not-Answer: A Dataset for Evaluating Safeguards in LLMs.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Do-Not-Answer: A Dataset for Evaluating Safeguards in LLMs

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:44.726066Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2579c87e-8a8f-4c25-bc4e-2702148f01ed · outbound

This paper cites SORRY-Bench: Systematically Evaluating Large Language Model Safety Refusal.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation SORRY-Bench: Systematically Evaluating Large Language Model Safety Refusal

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:44.842416Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e0ce05ce-1037-44fe-a5aa-659878d7d754 · outbound

This paper cites HELM Safety: Towards Standardized Safety Evaluations of Language Models.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation HELM Safety: Towards Standardized Safety Evaluations of Language Models

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:44.953535Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 59f2273b-503a-48cd-b08d-92e58d5732df · outbound

This paper cites TrustLLM: Trustworthiness in Large Language Models.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation TrustLLM: Trustworthiness in Large Language Models

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:45.063405Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8effe60a-8cad-45db-ae4a-3f0ba0c9730a · outbound

This paper cites AEGIS2.0: A Diverse AI Safety Dataset and Risks Taxonomy for Alignment of LLM Guardrails.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation AEGIS2.0: A Diverse AI Safety Dataset and Risks Taxonomy for Alignment of LLM Guardrails

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:45.155819Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7db1332b-ad30-4ca7-8362-4252cd4b186f · outbound

This paper cites Understanding and Mitigating Overrefusal in LLMs from an Unveiling Perspective of Safety Decision Boundary.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Understanding and Mitigating Overrefusal in LLMs from an Unveiling Perspective of Safety Decision Boundary

Reference 13

Resolution: malformed identifier; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:45.225248Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7683b5cc-d8ad-4b94-94b0-2576b0b052a0 · outbound

This paper cites FORTRESS: Frontier Risk Evaluation for National Security and Public Safety.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation FORTRESS: Frontier Risk Evaluation for National Security and Public Safety

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:45.283794Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 66ebb2be-03c8-4d25-8517-0ddfee8f9bb4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:45.359122Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2f15a70e-447a-4ba3-8cd0-3003ddc50e6b · outbound

This paper cites Agentic BAIM-LLM Evaluation (ABLE): Benchmarking LLM Use of Protein Design Tools.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Agentic BAIM-LLM Evaluation (ABLE): Benchmarking LLM Use of Protein Design Tools

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:45.370959Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 37f89c95-f088-4601-b78b-84d252820fea · outbound

This paper cites The WMDP Benchmark: Measuring and Reducing Malicious Use With Unlearning.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation The WMDP Benchmark: Measuring and Reducing Malicious Use With Unlearning

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:45.512407Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ce0fe7fa-bd04-4745-a4bb-f5092a767e99 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:45.620240Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0fa91a97-e964-4331-800a-7540192c18b7 · outbound

This paper cites A benchmark of expert-level academic questions to assess AI capabilities.Nature, 649(8099):1139–1146, January 2026.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation A benchmark of expert-level academic questions to assess AI capabilities.Nature, 649(8099):1139–1146, January 2026

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:45.716299Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a51eb179-8ad2-4ba9-b162-f633aff125e5 · outbound

This paper cites LAB-Bench: Measuring Capabilities of Language Models for Biology Research.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation LAB-Bench: Measuring Capabilities of Language Models for Biology Research

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:45.876273Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e3d869d8-b93e-43e3-9034-3894b27ec6bf · outbound

This paper cites Virology Capabilities Test (VCT): A Multimodal Virology Q&A Benchmark.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Virology Capabilities Test (VCT): A Multimodal Virology Q&A Benchmark

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:45.988192Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1a24ad4b-16cf-42a7-8d6e-66d2ce41e4e9 · outbound

This paper cites ABC-Bench: An Agentic Bio-Capabilities Benchmark for Biosecurity.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation ABC-Bench: An Agentic Bio-Capabilities Benchmark for Biosecurity

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:46.138604Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 61cadd07-2158-4827-9e20-a046b634833a · outbound

This paper cites BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation BioSecBench-Refusal: A paired metric for performance and alignment in agentic biosecurity risk assessment

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:46.265255Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e991b64a-1d86-40d9-9d7b-ea88444657b6 · outbound

This paper cites Measuring Mid-2025 LLM-Assistance on Novice Performance in Biology, February.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Measuring Mid-2025 LLM-Assistance on Novice Performance in Biology, February

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:46.360762Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 231aa48a-1f24-498f-9d14-02555c2e5aa1 · outbound

This paper cites Williams, Barbara Del Castello, Jeffrey Lee, Derek Roberts, John P.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Williams, Barbara Del Castello, Jeffrey Lee, Derek Roberts, John P

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:46.693932Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fc5a2730-90c9-4753-9f80-08db0ddb98d9 · outbound

This paper cites Global Risk Index for AI-enabled Biological Tools: Summary Assessment & Methods Report.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Global Risk Index for AI-enabled Biological Tools: Summary Assessment & Methods Report

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:46.819033Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 01e62d97-dbfa-4ac2-b735-6753d70e9660 · outbound

This paper cites Benchmark Early and Red Team Often: A Framework for Assessing and Managing Dual-Use Hazards of AI Foundation Models.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Benchmark Early and Red Team Often: A Framework for Assessing and Managing Dual-Use Hazards of AI Foundation Models

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:46.941578Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 495e13ff-a66b-438f-9500-0843afac3f84 · outbound

This paper cites Claude Opus 4.8 System Card.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Claude Opus 4.8 System Card

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:47.152003Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d6e4920a-cd4d-4247-bc4d-0aae343817f2 · outbound

This paper cites Claude Opus 4.7 System Card.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Claude Opus 4.7 System Card

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:47.320038Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 07dec23c-3655-4279-99e8-388642bb5a45 · outbound

This paper cites Claude Opus 4.6 System Card.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Claude Opus 4.6 System Card

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:47.547364Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a9570444-51a9-484d-8566-f4cfb755d684 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-5.5 System Card.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation GPT-5.5 System Card

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:47.734958Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ed4406ea-9e96-4bdc-9555-a4e08c8ee83f · outbound

This paper cites Gemini 3 Pro Frontier Safety Framework Report.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Gemini 3 Pro Frontier Safety Framework Report

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:47.969062Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9613a10e-c037-4c94-a113-f69919c88495 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini 3.1 Pro Model Card.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Gemini 3.1 Pro Model Card

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:48.079447Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4e8010a6-c665-4881-a1c0-10343af38a38 · outbound

This paper cites Activating AI Safety Level 3 Protections.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Activating AI Safety Level 3 Protections

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:48.314320Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 21fb8ecc-ce6e-42ca-b9c1-fde0550873c5 · outbound

This paper cites Open models lag state-of-the-art closed models by 4 months.

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation Open models lag state-of-the-art closed models by 4 months

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:48.570888Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d29aeaa9-6f20-4b4d-903c-b01635cf78f1 · outbound

This paper cites (July run).

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation (July run)

Reference 36

Resolution: malformed identifier; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:48.747153Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ac88f718-33de-42f8-b835-30e77dad0a24 · outbound

This paper cites arXiv:2602.16703 [cs].

BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation arXiv:2602.16703 [cs]

Reference 2026

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T02:00:46.527897Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.