On the Origin of the Ly$\alpha$ Damping Wing in Galaxies at $8\le z \le 10$: Explorations using the NINJA Simulations

Nishikanta Khandai; Raghunathan Srianand; Sukanya Mallik

REVIEW 2 major objections 5 minor 282 references

On the Origin of the Ly$\alpha$ Damping Wing in Galaxies at $8\le z \le 10$: Explorations using the NINJA Simulations

T0 review · 2 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-08 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read At $z\approx8$–$10$, the strongest Ly$\alpha$ damping wings trace neutral gas in and around galaxies, not the diffuse IGM.

desk verdict Solid forward-modeling study whose qualitative conclusion is right, but the 50 pkpc HII-region bound is softer than the abstract implies. read the letter →

arxiv 2608.05281 v1 pith:43DVVL6P submitted 2026-08-05 astro-ph.GA astro-ph.CO

Sukanya Mallik , Raghunathan Srianand , Nishikanta Khandai This is my paper · ORCID

classification astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO

keywords LyαdampingwingEpochofReionizationneutralhydrogencolumndensityJWST/NIRSpecPRISMcosmologicalhydrodynamicalsimulationscircumgalacticmediumionizedbubbleshigh-redshiftgalaxies

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper asks what produces the broad Ly$\alpha$ absorption seen redward of the Lyman-$\alpha$ line in JWST spectra of galaxies at $z\approx8$–$10$: neutral hydrogen spread through the intergalactic medium, or neutral gas belonging to the galaxies themselves. Using mock spectra from the NINJA cosmological hydrodynamical simulations plus an idealized model in which each galaxy sits inside an ionized bubble, the authors compare the predicted distribution of inferred H I column densities with observed absorber statistics. They find that moderate absorbers ($N_{\rm HI}>10^{21}\,{\rm cm^{-2}}$) can be reproduced by several combinations of intergalactic neutral fraction and bubble size, so those systems do not uniquely measure reionization. The strongest absorbers ($N_{\rm HI}>10^{22}\,{\rm cm^{-2}}$), however, require neutral gas within the virial radius of massive halos, and even then the predicted incidence falls short of the observed one, pointing to additional column density from unresolved stellar birth clouds. The conclusion determines how much of the damping wing can be read as a probe of reionization rather than of galaxy-scale gas.

What carries the argument

The carrier of the argument is an idealized post-processing model of reionization: every galaxy sits inside a fully ionized spherical bubble of radius $R_{\rm HII}$ embedded in an IGM with uniform neutral fraction $x_{\rm HI}$; in Case III the gas inside the virial radius keeps a separate neutral fraction $x_{\rm HI}^{V}$. Mock spectra are computed along halo-centered sightlines with SPH-smoothed density, temperature, and velocity fields, convolved to NIRSpec PRISM resolution ($R\approx100$) with SNR 30 noise. The absorption strength is compressed into a single number, $x_p$, the velocity offset from the galaxy at which normalized transmitted flux reaches 10%. A precomputed Voigt-profile grid maps $x_p$ to an equivalent H I column density $N_{\rm HI}$, and from that mapping the statistics $f_{21}$, $f_{22}$, and $f_{\rm DLA}$ are derived, allowing direct comparison with JWST survey measurements.

What would settle it

Measure stellar masses for the JWST galaxies that show $N_{\rm HI}>10^{22}\,{\rm cm^{-2}}$: if the strongest absorbers are not preferentially hosted by the most massive halos, the paper's mass-dependent origin of these damping wings is falsified.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On the paper's own terms, the central discovery is that the Ly$\alpha$ damping wing at $z\approx8$–$10$ is a composite signal whose strongest part is produced by galaxy-scale neutral gas rather than by the uniformly ionized IGM. By comparing mock spectra built with three idealized models (IGM only; IGM plus a fully ionized H II region; and the same configuration with residual neutral gas inside the virial radius), the paper shows that the observed incidence of moderate absorbers ($N_{\rm HI}>10^{21}\,{\rm cm^{-2}}$) can be reproduced by several combinations of IGM neutral fraction $x_{\rm HI}$ and bubble radius $R_{\rm HII}$, so those systems do not uniquely determine $x_{\rm HI}$. The strongest absorbers ($N_{\rm HI}>10^{22}\,{\rm cm^{-2}}$) essentially never appear in models with a uniformly ionized IGM or with $R_{\rm HII}\gtrsim50$ pkpc. They do appear once partially neutral gas within the virial radius is included, with the incidence increasing for more massive halos, yet the predicted $f_{22}$ still falls below the observed value, which the paper attributes to an additional unresolved neutral component associated with stellar birth clouds.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the galaxy's intrinsic spectrum is flat, with no Ly$\alpha$ emission or absorption line: because the 10%-transmission velocity used to infer column density is measured against that assumed continuum at $R\approx100$, a systematically different intrinsic Ly$\alpha$ profile would shift all the predicted $f_{21}$ and $f_{22}$ statistics.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Because many $(x_{\rm HI}, R_{\rm HII})$ combinations reproduce the observed $f_{21}$, the incidence of $N_{\rm HI}>10^{21}\,{\rm cm^{-2}}$ absorbers alone cannot be used to measure the IGM neutral fraction during the Epoch of Reionization.
A uniformly ionized IGM, or fully ionized bubbles larger than roughly 50 pkpc, cannot produce $N_{\rm HI}>10^{22}\,{\rm cm^{-2}}$, so the strongest observed damping wings are direct evidence for neutral gas in the ISM/CGM of the galaxies themselves.
Including residual neutral gas inside the virial radius raises $f_{22}$ from below 1% to 3% for the full sample, and to about 12% for halos in the mass range $10^{10.5}$–$10^{11.5}\,M_\odot$ at $R_{\rm HII}=50$ pkpc, still short of the observed ~18%.
The inferred $N_{\rm HI}$ increases with stellar and halo mass, so magnitude-limited JWST samples that preferentially select massive halos should show systematically stronger damping wings.
At $z\sim10$ the H II radius needed to match the observed $f_{21}$ is roughly twice as large as at $z\sim8$, consistent with a more neutral IGM at higher redshift.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the missing column density comes from unresolved stellar birth clouds, the damping wing becomes a partially star-formation diagnostic: inferred $N_{\rm HI}$ should correlate with recent-star-formation tracers such as H$\alpha$ or [O III] equivalent width, not only with stellar mass.
The authors leave implicit that the flat-continuum assumption attaches the $x_p$–$N_{\rm HI}$ calibration to one intrinsic Ly$\alpha$ profile; realistic asymmetric or redshifted emission would shift the inferred statistics at PRISM resolution, so the quoted $f_{21}/f_{22}$ numbers carry a systematic the paper does not propagate.
A testable selection effect follows: magnitude-limited JWST samples, which favor massive halos, should show higher $f_{22}$ than mass-matched volume-limited predictions, and this can be checked with existing stellar-mass measurements.

Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Informal read: the paper does something genuinely useful. It takes the NINJA simulations, generates mock Lyα damping-wing spectra at z=8 and 10 under a controlled grid of xHI and RHII, and produces f21/f22 and median NHI predictions that can be compared directly with JWST samples. The NHI–halo/stellar mass relation from the combined boxes is new as far as I know, and the convergence checks across L50N640, L50N1008, and L140N1008 are a real strength. The authors are also fair about their own limitations: they flag the flat continuum, the halo-center sightlines, the lack of birth clouds, and the idealized reionization treatment. That is honest work.

The central conclusion—a uniformly neutral IGM alone cannot make NHI>1e22, and galaxy-associated gas is required—survives contact with the paper. I agree with the reader's conditional verdict, but I want the soft spots named sharply.

First and most important: the "HII regions larger than ~50 pkpc fail" result is tied to the toy ionization geometry. Case II sets every gas element inside RHII to zero neutral fraction. Case III allows residual neutral gas only inside Rvir, leaving the region between Rvir and RHII forced ionized. The simulations themselves show overdense gas extending to 60–100 pkpc, well beyond Rvir. Allow a modest residual neutral fraction in that outer CGM and f22 will rise; the authors' own Case II with RHII=0 and xHI=0.1 gives f22=17%, nearly the Mason et al. value. So the birth-cloud requirement is partly an artifact of where xV_HI is allowed to live, not a robust inference. The stress-test note you passed along is directionally right.

Second: the flat intrinsic spectrum and halo-center sightlines are acknowledged but still load-bearing. At R=100 the damping wing is a few resolution elements; the xp–NHI mapping depends on the assumed continuum. That sets the scale of the quantitative comparison.

Third: the §5.2 rescaling factors are fit factors, and the reported f21/f22 have no error bars. The cross-box agreement is good, but I would not quote the fractions as precise.

Who is this for: people working on JWST damping-wing interpretations and reionization constraints. It deserves a serious referee. Send it to review, with a request that the authors test residual neutral gas in the CGM outside Rvir and provide public data or a clearer reproducibility path. The qualitative conclusion will likely stand; the 50 pkpc threshold should be presented as model-dependent.

Referee Report

2 major / 5 minor

Summary. This paper uses three NINJA cosmological hydrodynamical simulation boxes (L50N640, L50N1008, L140N1008) at z=8 and 10 to generate mock Ly-alpha absorption spectra toward simulated galaxies, with an idealized post-processing model in which each galaxy sits inside a spherical, fully ionized bubble of radius RHII (0-400 pkpc) embedded in a uniform IGM of neutral fraction xHI = 0.1, 0.8, or 1.0. Three scenarios are considered: IGM-only absorption (Case I), galaxy+IGM with fully ionized bubbles (Case II), and a variant in which gas within the virial radius retains a neutral fraction xV_HI while the region between Rvir and RHII stays fully ionized (Case III). Absorption strength is quantified by xp, the velocity offset at which the transmitted flux reaches 10%, and is mapped to an equivalent HI column density through a single-cloud calibration; the resulting statistics f21, f22, fDLA, and median NHI are compared with the JWST samples of Heintz et al. (2025), Mason et al. (2026), and Pollock et al. (2026). The central claims are that a uniformly ionized IGM or uniformly ionized HII regions larger than about 50 pkpc cannot reproduce the strongest absorbers (NHI > 10^22 cm^-2), that residual neutral gas within the virial radius is a necessary but insufficient ingredient at the resolved halo masses, implying an additional contribution from unresolved stellar birth clouds, and that the inferred NHI increases with stellar and halo mass.

Significance. If correct, the main conclusions are important: they imply that the strongest Ly-alpha damping wings at z=8-10 are dominated by neutral gas in the ISM/CGM of massive halos rather than by a uniformly neutral IGM, and they yield a falsifiable prediction (a positive correlation between inferred NHI and stellar/halo mass) that JWST stellar-mass measurements can test. The paper's strengths are its forward-modeling approach - the parameters xHI, RHII, and xV_HI are scanned rather than fitted to the target statistics, so the comparison with Heintz et al. (2025) and Mason et al. (2026) is not circular - and its careful cross-box convergence checks (Tables 1, 2, E.1, F.1), which show less than or about 1% agreement at z=10 and up to about 6% at z=8 between independent boxes in the overlapping halo-mass range. The direction of the mass-NHI correlation agrees with independent radiative-transfer zoom-in simulations.

major comments (2)

[Section 4.5, Fig. 2, Section 6 item 4] The placement of the residual neutral gas boundary is an ad hoc modeling choice that is load-bearing for two headline claims: that HII regions larger than about 50 pkpc fail to produce the strongest absorbers, and that unresolved stellar birth clouds are needed to reach the observed f22. In Case III, gas between Rvir and RHII is forced to be fully ionized by fiat, even though the authors' own radial profiles (Figs. 5 and D.1; Section 4.1) show overdense gas extending to Req of about 66-105 pkpc, well beyond the virial radius of the relevant halos. No physical justification is given for choosing Rvir rather than RHII or Req as the boundary of the residual neutral gas. Quantitatively, the paper's own numbers show the sensitivity: Section 4.4 and Table 2 give f22 = 17% for Case II with RHII = 0 pkpc and xHI = 0.1, essentially matching the about 18% reported by Mason et al. (2026). A residual neutral fraction of order 10% in the overdense CGM outside Rvir would therefore plausibly bring Case III into agreement with the observed f22 for RHII = 50-100 pkpc without any contribution from unresolved birth clouds, which would weaken both the about-50-pkpc constraint and the birth-cloud inference. I recommend that the authors rerun Case III with the partial neutral fraction applied out to max(Rvir, Req), or better with a density-dependent neutral fraction following the self-shielding prescription (Rahmati et al. 2013) already used in the simulations, and report how f21, f22, and the quoted constraints shift.
[Section 3.2, Figs. 3-4] The assumed flat intrinsic spectrum with no Ly-alpha emission line is a load-bearing idealization for the quantitative comparison. The statistic xp is defined by the velocity offset at which the normalized transmitted flux reaches 10%, and the equivalent column density is read off the single-cloud xp-NHI calibration in Fig. 4; as the authors note in the Introduction, at NIRSpec PRISM resolution (R about 100) the damping wing is sampled by only a few resolution elements, so the inferred NHI and the resulting f21/f22 values are sensitive to the assumed continuum and line profile. An intrinsic Ly-alpha emission line of typical high-redshift equivalent width, or a P Cygni-type profile, would raise the flux near the wing and shift the 10% crossing point, systematically changing the inferred NHI for a given absorber. Because the absolute values of f21 and f22 are compared with Heintz et al. (2025) and Mason et al. (2026), this assumption should be stress-tested: the authors should recompute the xp distributions and f21/f22 statistics for a small grid of intrinsic profiles (for example pure absorption, Gaussian emission with EW of 20-50 Angstrom, and a broad P Cygni wing) and show that the conclusions survive, or otherwise quantify the systematic shift in the xp-NHI mapping.

minor comments (5)

[Throughout] Please correct the typographical errors: 'Tabels' in Section 4.4, 'Summery' in Appendix E, 'and the the overall' in Section 3.3, the value '8.8' that should be '0.8' in the Fig. 2 caption and Section 3.2, and the garbled 'for ¸' in Section 4.4.
[Tables 2, E.1, F.1] The fractions f21, f22, and fDLA are quoted without confidence intervals; given the finite and partly correlated sightline samples (six axes per halo, and only 54-82 halos at z=10 per Table C.1), binomial uncertainties should be reported so that differences such as f22 = 3% versus 12% can be judged against the observed about 18%.
[Fig. 4, Section 3.3] For column densities below about 2.6 x 10^21 cm^-2 the calibrated xp values are negative; the paper should state explicitly how the interpolation handles these cases and whether the weak-absorber end of the NHI distributions is treated as upper limits.
[Appendix A] The estimate of about 400 pkpc for the ionized bubble assumes solar metallicity and unity escape fraction for a single halo; a brief discussion of how fesc and metallicity would reduce the maximum RHII would make the adopted 0-400 pkpc range more robust.
[Section 5.2] The column-density rescaling factors for L50N640 and L140N1008 (1.19 and 2.31) are calibrated to L50N1008, and the quoted slope uncertainties (for example B = 0.57 +/- 0.02) do not include the systematic uncertainty in this calibration; the mass-NHI slopes should be presented as indicative until the calibration is justified.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the analysis is a parameter scan with forward-modeled spectra compared against external observational benchmarks; self-citations are supporting, not load-bearing.

full rationale

I traced the derivation chain from mock spectra to xp to inferred NHI. The xp-to-NHI mapping is a single-cloud Voigt-profile calibration, not a fit to the target statistics. The parameters xHI, RHII, and xV_HI are scanned, not fitted to the observed f21/f22, so the claim that fully ionized bubbles larger than ~50 pkpc fail to reproduce NHI>10^22 cm^-2 is a forward-model result of the stated toy-model assumption (gas inside the bubble is completely ionized), not a tautology: the paper does not define success in terms of RHII and does not invert the data to set RHII. Case III is an explicit sensitivity test, and the birth-cloud explanation is presented as a suggestion; the supporting citation to Behera et al. (2026) is not the sole or load-bearing justification. The resolution rescaling factors in Sec. 5.2 are box-to-box corrections from overlapping halo masses, not fits to the observational statistics. Acknowledged limitations (flat intrinsic spectrum, no radiative transfer) affect accuracy but are not circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 5 free parameters · 7 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No new physical entities are introduced. The unresolved stellar birth clouds mentioned as a possible explanation for the f22 shortfall are a known astrophysical component, not modeled in this paper and without an independent falsifiable handle here.

free parameters (5)

xHI (IGM neutral fraction) = scanned over 0.1, 0.8, 1.0
Input of the idealized reionization model, varied by hand rather than fitted to observations.
RHII (ionized bubble radius) = 0 to 400 pkpc (scanned)
The central model parameter of Case II and Case III, motivated by Appendix A estimates but treated as free.
xV_HI (neutral fraction within virial radius) = 0.3 or 1.0
Case III parameter assigning residual neutral fraction inside Rvir, chosen by hand.
NHI rescaling factors for lower-resolution boxes = 1.19 (L50N640), 2.31 (L140N1008)
Ad hoc multiplicative corrections applied to match L50N1008 before deriving the NHI-mass relation in Section 5.2.
Doppler b parameter in NHI(xp) calibration = 100 km/s
Used for the single-cloud xp-to-NHI mapping; authors note b matters little for NHI above 1e21 cm^-2 but it does affect lower columns.

assumptions (7)

domain assumption Simulations use a uniform, time-varying UV background (Faucher-Giguère et al. 2009) instead of self-consistent radiative transfer.
Invoked in Section 2; this sets the ionization state of gas in the simulation before the toy-model reionization is applied.
ad hoc to paper Each halo is surrounded by a spherical, fully ionized bubble of radius RHII, and gas outside the bubble has a uniform neutral fraction xHI.
The central model of Case II, shown in Figure 2 and described in Section 3.2; not derived from the simulations.
ad hoc to paper In Case III, gas within Rvir has a uniform neutral fraction xV_HI and gas between Rvir and RHII is fully ionized.
Section 3.2 and Figure 2; a simplified description of residual CGM/ISM neutral gas.
ad hoc to paper The intrinsic galaxy spectrum is flat and contains no Lyα emission line.
Stated in Section 3.2; this shapes the xp definition at R=100 resolution and the resulting NHI statistics.
domain assumption Observed NHI values from Heintz et al. (2025), Mason et al. (2026), and Pollock et al. (2026) can be compared with total simulated line-of-sight column densities, with intrinsic values treated as lower limits.
Section 4; the observational inferences are model-dependent and may not measure exactly the same quantity as the simulations.
standard math Voigt profile line transfer with natural and thermal broadening, plus the xp-to-NHI interpolation table.
Sections 3.2 and 3.3; standard Lyα radiative transfer formalism.
domain assumption Halo identification via Rockstar-Galaxies with at least 30 dark matter and 10 star particles defines the galaxy population.
Section 3.1; the halo sample and its mass range depend on these selection criteria.

how reviews work

0 comments

Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of On the Origin of the Ly$\alpha$ Damping Wing in Galaxies at $8\le z \le 10$: Explorations using the NINJA Simulations." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/43DVVL6P

@misc{pith2026260805281,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: On the Origin of the Ly$\alpha$ Damping Wing in Galaxies at $8\le z \le 10$: Explorations using the NINJA Simulations},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/43DVVL6P}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2608.05281}
}

abstract

Ly$\alpha$ damping wing measurements of galaxies at $7\leq z\leq14$ with the JWST provide a powerful probe of the Epoch of Reionization. We combine the large-scale cosmological hydrodynamical NINJA simulations with an idealized ionized-bubble model at z=8 and 10 to quantify the contributions of the intergalactic medium (IGM), circumgalactic medium (CGM), and interstellar medium (ISM) to the observed Ly$\alpha$ damping wing. We generate mock Ly$\alpha$ absorption spectra, and consider three idealized scenarios: (i) galaxies embedded in a uniformly ionized IGM, (ii) galaxies surrounded by HII regions with radii of 0-400 pkpc, and (iii) the same models including Ly$\alpha$ absorption from partially ionized gas within the virial radius. We explore IGM neutral fractions ($x_{\rm HI}$) of 0.1, 0.8, and 1.0, and compare the distribution of inferred HI column densities (NHI) with observations to constrain the sizes of HII regions and $x_{\rm HI}$ of the IGM and gas in and around galaxies. Galaxies are surrounded by over-dense gas extending to $\sim$60-100 pkpc, with its extent increasing with halo mass and showing little evolution between z=8 and 10. The inferred NHI also increases with halo and stellar mass. While the observed incidence of damped Ly$\alpha$ absorption and the median NHI can be reproduced by different combinations of $x_{\rm HI}$ of the IGM and HII region size, models with a uniformly ionized IGM or HII regions larger than $\sim50$ pkpc fail to reproduce the strongest absorbers (NHI>$10^{22}cm^{-2}$). Including partially ionized gas within the virial radius substantially increases the incidence of these absorbers, although the predicted values remain below the observations, suggesting an additional contribution from unresolved gas in stellar birth clouds. The strongest damped Ly$\alpha$ absorbers therefore provide a unique probe of the ionization state of the ISM, CGM, and IGM.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2608.05281 by the authors.

**Figure 1.** The galaxy stellar mass function at z = 10, 8 are shown in the left and right panels for the three simulations used in our work, i.e., L50N640, L50N1008 and L140N1008. The stellar mass function of the halos in the simulation snapshot is obtained using the total stellar mass of each halo, identified using halo finding software Rockstar Galaxies. The combined galaxy stellar mass function obtained from the FOF selected… view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** The schematic diagram of the toy-models used in this work. The left panel shows the model for Case-II, where each halo is assumed to be surrounded by an ionized bubble of radius RHII, with no neutral gas inside this bubble. The medium outside this bubble has neutral fraction (xHI). We vary the values of RHII from 0-400 pkpc. The value of xHIis varied among 0.1, 8.8, and 1.0. In the right panel we show the model corr… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Example of a spectrum for case II: Panels (a), (b), and (c) show the hydrogen number density nH, temperature (T), peculiar velocity (v) along a sightline drawn from the center of mass of the stars of a halo, situated at the redshift indicated by the black dashed line in all the panels. An arrow in these panels shows the direction of the light along the sightline. The Lyα profiles, corresponding to the two different … view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (4 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: The mapping between xp and NHI for a single DLA. Results before and after including the effect of instrumental broadening are shown in blue and orange respectively. Evidently, the xp values are highly affected by the instrumental broadening and the effect of internal v…

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Comparison of radial over-density profile for halos within halo mass range 1010.5 − 1011.5M⊙ at z = 8. The orange, blue and red colored lines are for boxes L50N640, L50N1008 and L140N1008, respectively. The IGM over-density for boxes L50N640, L50N1008 and L140N1008 are…

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: The noise free Lyα absorption profiles (shown in gray for case II) towards the halo at z = 8s for varied RHII and xHIin L50N1008. The upper and lower panels show the results for the xHI = 0.1 and 1.0, respectively. The median absorption profiles for each panel are show…

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: The median H i column densities along the galaxy sightlines for RHII = 0 pkpc are plotted in logarithmic bins of 0.2 dex, with the stellar mass (in the first two panels on the left) and the halo mass (in two panels on the right) of the identified halos. The 1st and 3rd…

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

282 extracted references · 49 canonical work pages

[1]

Shakura, N. I. and Sunyaev, R. A. , title =. Astronomy and Astrophysics , volume =. 1973 , doi =

1973
[2]

and Di Matteo, T

Ni, Y. and Di Matteo, T. and Bird, S. and Croft, R. and Feng, Y. and Chen, N. and Tremmel, M. and others , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2022 , doi =

2022
[3]

, title =

Chandrasekhar, S. , title =. The Astrophysical Journal , volume =. 1943 , doi =

1943
[4]

and Ni, Y

Chen, N. and Ni, Y. and Tremmel, M. and Di Matteo, T. and Bird, S. and DeGraf, C. and Feng, Y. , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2022 , doi =

2022
[5]

and Lyttleton, R

Hoyle, F. and Lyttleton, R. A. , title =. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society , volume =. 1939 , doi =

1939
[6]

and Hoyle, F

Bondi, H. and Hoyle, F. , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 1944 , doi =

1944
[7]

and Efstathiou, G

Davis, M. and Efstathiou, G. and Frenk, C. S. and White, S. D. M. , title =. The Astrophysical Journal , volume =. 1985 , doi =

1985
[8]

and Colberg, J

Di Matteo, T. and Colberg, J. and Springel, V. and Hernquist, L. and Sijacki, D. , title =. The Astrophysical Journal , volume =. 2008 , doi =

2008

Show all 282 references

[9]

Krumholz, M. R. and Gnedin, N. Y. , title =. The Astrophysical Journal , volume =. 2011 , doi =

2011
[10]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Forecasting properties of detectable massive binary black hole mergers in the era of space based gravitational-wave detectors. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2511.14739 , archivePrefix =. 2511.14739 , primaryClass =

doi
[11]

, keywords =

Cold Flows and the First Quasars. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/745/2/L29 , archivePrefix =. 1107.1253 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[12]

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae073e , archiveprefix =

, keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae073e , archiveprefix =. 2503.24304 , primaryclass =
[13]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

NISER-IUCAA New Simulations of JWST GAlaxies and Quasars(NINJA): Properties of galaxies at 5 z 10. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2605.26211 , archivePrefix =. 2605.26211 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[14]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Large-scale bias and efficient generation of initial conditions for nonlocal primordial non-Gaussianity. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.85.083002 , adsurl =

doi
[15]

Handbook of Mathematical Functions, New York: Dover, 1972 , year = 1972, adsurl =

Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Handbook of Mathematical Functions, New York: Dover, 1972 , year = 1972, adsurl =

1972
[16]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

A New z = 0 Metagalactic Ultraviolet Background Limit. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/107 , adsurl =

doi
[18]

, eprint =

Metal Enrichment of the Intergalactic Medium in Cosmological Simulations. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/323370 , adsurl =

doi
[19]

IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control , keywords =

A New Look at the Statistical Model Identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control , keywords =
[20]

, keywords =

The Generation and Dissipation of Interstellar Turbulence: Results from Large-Scale High-Resolution Simulations. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/521222 , archivePrefix =. 0707.1740 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[21]

, keywords =

Electron Density Power Spectrum in the Local Interstellar Medium. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/175515 , adsurl =

doi
[22]

, keywords =

Magnetic fields in spiral galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s00159-015-0084-4 , archivePrefix =. 1509.04522 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[23]

, keywords =

Gas Accretion Can Drive Turbulence in Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acb53e , archivePrefix =. 2204.05344 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[24]

, keywords =

Universal gravity-driven isothermal turbulence cascade in disk galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245491 , archivePrefix =. 2301.13221 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[25]

, keywords =

The Effect of Supernovae on the Turbulence and Dispersal of Molecular Clouds. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abbd8f , archivePrefix =. 2007.09518 , primaryClass =

2007 arXiv
[26]

, keywords =

The reionizing bubble size distribution around galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae266 , archivePrefix =. 2304.11192 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[27]

Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences , keywords =

Cosmic ray propagation in turbulent magnetic fields. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences , keywords =. doi:10.3389/fspas.2023.1154760 , archivePrefix =. 2304.02684 , primaryClass =

2023
[28]

, keywords =

Extending the Big Power Law in the Sky with Turbulence Spectra from Wisconsin H Mapper Data. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/853 , archivePrefix =. 0905.4413 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[29]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

The Detailed Science Case for the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer: the Composition and Dynamics of the Faint Universe. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[30]

, keywords =

Model-independent evidence in favour of an end to reionization by z 6. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2449 , archivePrefix =. 1411.5375 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[31]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Nyx: A Massively Parallel AMR Code for Computational Cosmology. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/765/1/39 , adsurl =

doi
[32]

, keywords =

The large-scale distribution of ionized metals in IllustrisTNG. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3281 , archivePrefix =. 2102.01092 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[33]

, eprint =

HST STIS observations of four QSO pairs. , eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020733 , adsurl =

doi
[34]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The clustering of the SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey DR14 quasar sample: first measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations between redshift 0.8 and 2.2. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2630 , adsurl =

doi
[35]

, keywords =

Energy spectra of X-ray clusters of galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/154870 , adsurl =

doi
[36]

, year = 1969, month = apr, volume = 156, pages =

Statistical Tests for the Origin of Absorption Lines Observed in Quasi-Stellar Sources. , year = 1969, month = apr, volume = 156, pages =. doi:10.1086/180337 , adsurl =

1969 doi
[37]

, year = 1971, month = nov, volume = 170, pages =

On the Absorption-Line Spectrum of 4c 05.34. , year = 1971, month = nov, volume = 170, pages =. doi:10.1086/151185 , adsurl =

1971 doi
[38]

, keywords =

The Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum of 3C 273. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/186103 , adsurl =

doi
[39]

The Hubble Space Telescope Quasar Absorption Line Key Project. I. First Observational Results, Including Lyman-Alpha and Lyman-Limit Systems. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/191797 , adsurl =

doi
[40]

The Hubble Space Telescope Quasar Absorption Line Key Project. VII. Absorption Systems at Z abs <= 1.3. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/176709 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9506124 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[41]

, keywords =

Hydrogen reionization in the Illustris universe. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1893 , archivePrefix =. 1503.00734 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[42]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Warm Ionized Gas Revealed in the Magellanic Bridge Tidal Remnant: Constraining the Baryon Content and the Escaping Ionizing Photons around Dwarf Galaxies. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/771/2/132 , adsurl =

doi
[43]

, eprint =

In the beginning: the first sources of light and the reionization of the universe. , eprint =. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(01)00019-9 , adsurl =

doi
[44]

, keywords =

Spectroscopy of the Double Quasars Q1343+266A, B: A New Determination of the Size of Lyman-Alpha Forest Absorbers. , keywords =. 1994. doi:10.1086/187688 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9409007 , primaryClass =

1994 arXiv
[45]

, eprint =

Evidence for Reionization at z\ 6: Detection of a Gunn-Peterson Trough in a z=6.28 Quasar. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/324231 , adsurl =

doi
[47]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

New measurements of the ionizing ultraviolet background over 2 z 5 and implications for hydrogen reionization. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1610 , adsurl =

doi
[48]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

A refined measurement of the mean transmitted flux in the Ly forest over 2 z 5 using composite quasar spectra. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt031 , adsurl =

doi
[49]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Evidence of patchy hydrogen reionization from an extreme Ly trough below redshift six. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2646 , adsurl =

doi
[50]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Reionisation and High-Redshift Galaxies: The View from Quasar Absorption Lines. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1017/pasa.2015.45 , adsurl =

2015 doi
[51]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The Escape Fraction of Ionizing Radiation from Galaxies. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/770/1/76 , adsurl =

doi
[52]

Journal of Computational Physics , keywords =

Local adaptive mesh refinement for shock hydrodynamics. Journal of Computational Physics , keywords =. doi:10.1016/0021-9991(89)90035-1 , adsurl =

doi
[53]

First detection of Lyman continuum escape from a local starburst galaxy. I. Observations of the luminous blue compact galaxy Haro 11 with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). , year = 2006, month = mar, volume = 448, pages =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053788 , adsurl =

2006 doi
[54]

, keywords =

The ROCKSTAR Phase-space Temporal Halo Finder and the Velocity Offsets of Cluster Cores. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/109 , archivePrefix =. 1110.4372 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[55]

, eprint =

A Feature at z\ 3.2 in the Evolution of the Ly Forest Optical Depth. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/344945 , adsurl =

doi
[56]

, keywords =

An alternative model for the Ly-alpha absorption forest. , keywords =
[57]

, keywords =

Lyman-alpha absorption spectrum of the primordial intergalactic medium. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/172380 , adsurl =

doi
[58]

, eprint =

Evolution of Structure in the Intergalactic Medium and the Nature of the Ly Forest. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/303908 , adsurl =

doi
[59]

, keywords =

The physical state of primordial intergalactic clouds. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/197.3.553 , adsurl =

doi
[60]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The thermal history of the intergalactic medium down to redshift z = 1.5: a new curvature measurement. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu660 , adsurl =

doi
[61]

Star Formation Through Time , year = 2003, series =

Evidence of Early Star Formation from QSO Absorption Lines. Star Formation Through Time , year = 2003, series =

2003
[62]

, keywords =

Inferring the intergalactic medium neutral fraction at z 6-8 with low-luminosity Lyman break galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1963 , archivePrefix =. 2111.14912 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[67]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Resolving the high redshift Ly forest in smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2009.00700.x , adsurl =

2009
[68]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

How neutral is the intergalactic medium surrounding the redshift z = 7.085 quasar ULAS J1120+0641?. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01100.x , adsurl =

2011
[70]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

On the rapid demise of Ly emitters at redshift z 7 due to the increasing incidence of optically thick absorption systems. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts455 , adsurl =

doi
[71]

, keywords =

The Sherwood simulation suite: overview and data comparisons with the Lyman forest at redshifts 2 z 5. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2397 , archivePrefix =. 1605.03462 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[72]

, keywords =

Limits on non-canonical heating and turbulence in the intergalactic medium from the low redshift Lyman forest. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac862 , archivePrefix =. 2111.09600 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[73]

Science , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

A local clue to the reionization of the universe. Science , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1126/science.1254214 , adsurl =

doi
[74]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

A Low Escape Fraction of Ionizing Photons of L L* Lyman Break Galaxies at z = 3.3. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/41 , adsurl =

doi
[75]

The optical luminosity function of quasi-stellar objects

The 2dF QSO Redshift Survey - I. The optical luminosity function of quasi-stellar objects. , keywords =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03730.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0005368 , primaryClass =
[76]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

A Spectroscopic Search for Leaking Lyman Continuum at z \ 0.7. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/720/1/465 , adsurl =

doi
[77]

, eprint =

The First Stars. , eprint =. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.42.053102.134034 , adsurl =
[78]

, keywords =

Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003. , keywords =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06897.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0309134 , primaryClass =

2003
[79]

Computer Physics Communications , year = 1995, month = aug, volume = 89, pages =

A piecewise parabolic method for cosmological hydrodynamics. Computer Physics Communications , year = 1995, month = aug, volume = 89, pages =. doi:10.1016/0010-4655(94)00191-4 , adsurl =

1995 doi
[80]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

ENZO: An Adaptive Mesh Refinement Code for Astrophysics. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/211/2/19 , adsurl =

doi
[81]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Baryon acoustic oscillations in the Ly forest of BOSS quasars. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220724 , adsurl =

doi
[84]

, keywords =

A cosmic web filament revealed in Lyman- emission around a luminous high-redshift quasar. , keywords =. 2014. doi:10.1038/nature12898 , archivePrefix =. 1401.4469 , primaryClass =

2014 arXiv
[86]

, keywords =

Observations of the spectra of Q0122-380 and Q1101-264. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/198.1.91 , adsurl =

doi
[87]

, eprint =

The Enrichment History of the Intergalactic Medium: O VI in Ly Forest Systems at Redshift z\ 2. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/342404 , adsurl =

doi
[88]

VPFIT: Voigt profile fitting program
[89]

, keywords =

Baryon acoustic oscillations signature in the three-point angular correlation function from the SDSS-DR12 quasar survey. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa119 , archivePrefix =. 2002.01109 , primaryClass =

2002 arXiv
[91]

, eprint =

Gravitational collapse of small-scale structure as the origin of the Lyman-alpha forest. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/187670 , adsurl =

doi
[92]

, eprint =

Where Are the Baryons?. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/306949 , adsurl =

doi
[93]

Feedback Effects

Where Are the Baryons? II. Feedback Effects. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/506505 , adsurl =

doi
[94]

Nonequilibrium Effects and Observables

Where Are the Baryons? III. Nonequilibrium Effects and Observables. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/506506 , adsurl =

doi
[95]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Quantifying Distributions of the Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/801/2/L25 , adsurl =

doi
[96]

, keywords =

Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/376392 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0304382 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[97]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Calibrating cosmological radiative transfer simulations with Ly forest data: evidence for large spatial UV background fluctuations at z 5.6-5.8 due to rare bright sources. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1786 , adsurl =

doi
[98]

Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics , year = 2000, month = nov, editor =

Quasistellar Objects: Intervening Absorption Lines. Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics , year = 2000, month = nov, editor =. doi:10.1888/0333750888/2366 , adsurl =

2000 doi
[99]

, keywords =

Evidence for Small-Scale Clustering in a Column-Density--limited Sample of the Lyman-Alpha Forest. , keywords =. 1995. doi:10.1086/175285 , adsurl =

1995 doi
[100]

, keywords =

The Lyman- power spectrum CMB lensing convergence cross-correlation. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2018/01/012 , archivePrefix =. 1708.07512 , primaryClass =

2018 arXiv
[101]

, eprint =

Semianalytic Approach to Understanding the Distribution of Neutral Hydrogen in the Universe: Comparison of Simulations with Observations. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/322327 , adsurl =

doi
[102]

, keywords =

Jet feedback and the photon underproduction crisis in SIMBA. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3007 , archivePrefix =. 1911.01343 , primaryClass =

1911 arXiv
[103]

, eprint =

The First Cosmic Structures and Their Effects. , eprint =. doi:10.1007/s11214-005-3592-0 , adsurl =

doi
[104]

Computers in Physics , year = 1996, month = mar, volume = 10, pages =

CVODE, A Stiff/Nonstiff ODE Solver in C. Computers in Physics , year = 1996, month = mar, volume = 10, pages =

1996
[105]

, keywords =

Testing approximations for non-linear gravitational clustering. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/260.4.765 , adsurl =

doi
[106]

, eprint =

Evolution of the ionizing background at high redshifts. , eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/284.3.552 , adsurl =

doi
[107]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Lyman-continuum galaxies and the escape fraction of Lyman-break galaxies. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu635 , adsurl =

doi
[108]

, keywords =

The Last Eight-Billion Years of Intergalactic C IV Evolution. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/868 , archivePrefix =. 0906.3347 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[110]

, eprint =

Hydra: an Adaptive-Mesh Implementation of P 3M-SPH. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/176348 , adsurl =

doi
[111]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Measuring the Sources of the Intergalactic Ionizing Flux. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1476 , adsurl =

doi
[112]

, keywords =

The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv725 , archivePrefix =. 1501.01311 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[113]

, keywords =

The clustering properties of the Lyman <e6>alpha</e6> clouds. , keywords =. 1997. doi:10.1093/mnras/285.1.209 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9610006 , primaryClass =

1997 arXiv
[114]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The spectral slope and escape fraction of bright quasars at z 3.8: the contribution to the cosmic UV background. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1810 , adsurl =

doi
[115]

, eprint =

Intergalactic Helium Absorption in Cold Dark Matter Models. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/304723 , adsurl =

doi
[116]

, eprint =

Recovery of the Power Spectrum of Mass Fluctuations from Observations of the Ly Forest. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/305289 , adsurl =

doi
[117]

, eprint =

Toward a Precise Measurement of Matter Clustering: Ly Forest Data at Redshifts 2-4. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/344099 , adsurl =

doi
[120]

ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The UV background photoionization rate at 2.3 z 4.6 as measured from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =
[121]

The Low-z Intergalactic Medium. II. Ly , O VI, and C III Forest. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/500191 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0508656 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[122]

The Low-z Intergalactic Medium. III. H I and Metal Absorbers at z 0.4. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1086/587127 , adsurl =

doi
[123]

An HST/COS Survey of the Low-redshift Intergalactic Medium. I. Survey, Methodology, and Overall Results. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/817/2/111 , adsurl =

doi
[124]

Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Probing Individual Sources during Reionization and Cosmic Dawn using Square Kilometre Array HI 21-cm Observations. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1007/s12036-016-9405-x , adsurl =

doi
[125]

, eprint =

The Low-Redshift Ly Forest in Cold Dark Matter Cosmologies. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/306722 , adsurl =

doi
[126]

, eprint =

Baryons in the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/320548 , adsurl =

doi
[127]

, eprint =

The Statistical and Physical Properties of the Low-Redshift LY Forest Observed with the Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/320977 , adsurl =

doi
[128]

Ly absorption and physical conditions

The intergalactic medium over the last 10 billion years - I. Ly absorption and physical conditions. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17279.x , adsurl =

2010
[129]

, keywords =

SIMBA: Cosmological simulations with black hole growth and feedback. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz937 , archivePrefix =. 1901.10203 , primaryClass =

1901 arXiv
[130]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The effect of fluctuations on the helium-ionizing background. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1911 , adsurl =

doi
[131]

, eprint =

Constraints on the Lyman continuum radiation from galaxies: First results with FUSE on Mrk 54. , eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010920 , adsurl =

doi
[132]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

The DESI Experiment Part I: Science,Targeting, and Survey Design. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[133]

, keywords =

The Supernova Rate-Velocity Dispersion Relation in the Interstellar Medium. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/498857 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0506339 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[134]

, keywords =

Cosmic Black-Body Radiation. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/148306 , adsurl =

doi
[135]

, keywords =

Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature03335 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0502199 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[136]

, keywords =

Common Lyman-alpha absorption toward the quasar pair Q1343+2640A, B: Evidence for large and quiescent clouds. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/187689 , adsurl =

doi
[137]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Semi-numeric simulations of helium reionization and the fluctuating radiation background. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu374 , adsurl =

doi
[138]

, eprint =

Tomography of the intergalactic medium with Ly forests in close QSO pairs. , eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10941.x , adsurl =

2006
[139]

, keywords =

XQR-30: The ultimate XSHOOTER quasar sample at the reionization epoch. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1468 , archivePrefix =. 2305.05053 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[140]

, keywords =

Structure of the intergalactic medium. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/179.1.95P , adsurl =

doi
[141]

, keywords =

First detection of cosmic microwave background lensing and Lyman- forest bispectrum. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.94.103506 , archivePrefix =. 1607.03625 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[142]

, keywords =

Photoionization of disk galaxies: an explanation of the sharp edges in the H I distribution. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/173799 , adsurl =

doi
[143]

, keywords =

The epoch of cosmic heating by early sources of X-rays. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty272 , archivePrefix =. 1801.09719 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[144]

, keywords =

Large-scale simulations of H and He reionization and heating driven by stars and more energetic sources. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2774 , archivePrefix =. 2009.06631 , primaryClass =

2009 arXiv
[145]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Investigating the physics and environment of Lyman limit systems in cosmological simulations. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv980 , adsurl =

doi
[147]

astro-ph.IM

Science requirements and trade-offs for the MOSAIC instrument for the European ELT. Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI , year = 2016, series =. doi:10.1117/12.2231675 , adsurl =. arXiv:1608.06542 , primaryClass = "astro-ph.IM", month = aug, eid =

2016 arXiv
[148]

A Survey of z 5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z\ 6. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/324111 , adsurl =

doi
[149]

Constraining the Evolution of the Ionizing Background and the Epoch of Reionization with z\ 6 Quasars. II. A Sample of 19 Quasars. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/504836 , adsurl =

doi
[150]

, keywords =

The Size and Nature of Lyman- alpha Forest Clouds Probed by QSO Pairs and Groups. , keywords =. 1996. doi:10.1086/177129 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9510112 , primaryClass =

1996 arXiv
[151]

, eprint =

The High-Redshift He II Gunn-Peterson Effect: Implications and Future Prospects. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/300359 , adsurl =

doi
[152]

, eprint =

The Line-of-Sight Proximity Effect and the Mass of Quasar Host Halos. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/521639 , adsurl =

doi
[153]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

A Flat Photoionization Rate at 2 = z = 4.2: Evidence for a Stellar-Dominated UV Background and against a Decline of Cosmic Star Formation beyond z \ 3. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1086/590409 , adsurl =

doi
[154]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

A Direct Precision Measurement of the Intergalactic Ly Opacity at 2 = z = 4.2. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1086/588648 , adsurl =

doi
[155]

Science , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Numerical Simulations Unravel the Cosmic Web. Science , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1126/science.1151476 , adsurl =

doi
[156]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

A New Calculation of the Ionizing Background Spectrum and the Effects of He II Reionization. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/1416 , adsurl =

doi
[157]

, keywords =

A cosmic UV/X-ray background model update. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa302 , archivePrefix =. 1903.08657 , primaryClass =

1903 arXiv
[158]

The UV spectrum of HS 1700+6416. II. FUSE observations of the He II Lyman alpha forest. , eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064950 , adsurl =

doi
[159]

, year = 1998, month = jul, volume = 110, pages =

CLOUDY 90: Numerical Simulation of Plasmas and Their Spectra. , year = 1998, month = jul, volume = 110, pages =. doi:10.1086/316190 , adsurl =

1998 doi
[160]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

The THESAN project: Lyman-alpha emitters as probes of ionized bubble sizes. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2510.18946 , archivePrefix =. 2510.18946 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[161]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The Effect of Galactic Properties on the Escape Fraction of Ionizing Photons. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/731/1/20 , adsurl =

doi
[162]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Escape fraction of the ionizing radiation from starburst galaxies at high redshifts. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt381 , adsurl =

doi
[163]

, keywords =

Reionization in Technicolor. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1949 , archivePrefix =. 1805.00099 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[164]

, keywords =

A -0.5ex 6 Mpc overdensity at z ≃ 2.7 detected along a pair of quasar sight lines: filament or protocluster?. , keywords =. 2014. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423961 , archivePrefix =. 1408.4799 , primaryClass =

2014 arXiv
[165]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

On the connection between the metal-enriched intergalactic medium and galaxies: an O VI-galaxy cross-correlation study at z 1. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw918 , adsurl =

doi
[166]

, keywords =

The Galaxy correlation hierarchy in perturbation theory. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/161913 , adsurl =

doi
[167]

, keywords =

Biasing and Hierarchical Statistics in Large-Scale Structure. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/173015 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9302009 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[168]

, keywords =

Gravity, bias, and the galaxy three-point correlation function. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.215 , adsurl =

doi
[169]

, eprint =

The Influence of Supershells and Galactic Outflows on the Escape of Ionizing Radiation from Dwarf Starburst Galaxies. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/379276 , adsurl =

doi
[170]

, eprint =

Cosmology at low frequencies: The 21 cm transition and the high-redshift Universe. , eprint =. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.08.002 , adsurl =

2006 doi
[171]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The History and Morphology of Helium Reionization. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1086/588546 , adsurl =

doi
[172]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Inhomogeneous Helium Reionization and the Equation of State of the Intergalactic Medium. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1086/589613 , adsurl =

doi
[173]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Intergalactic Lyman continuum photon budget in the past 5 billion years. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3086 , adsurl =

doi
[174]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

VoIgt profile Parameter Estimation Routine (viper): H I photoionization rate at z 0.5. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx248 , adsurl =

doi
[175]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Efficient adiabatic hydrodynamical simulations of the high-redshift intergalactic medium. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2859 , adsurl =

doi
[176]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Effect of non-equilibrium ionization on derived physical conditions of the high- z intergalactic medium. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. 2018

2018
[177]

, keywords =

Effect of non-equilibrium ionization on derived physical conditions of the high-z intergalactic medium. , keywords =. 2019. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2692 , archivePrefix =. 1812.01016 , primaryClass =

2019 arXiv
[178]

, keywords =

Probing the thermal state of the intergalactic medium at z > 5 with the transmission spikes in high-resolution Ly forest spectra. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa907 , archivePrefix =. 2001.10018 , primaryClass =

2001 arXiv
[179]

, eprint =

The James Webb Space Telescope. , eprint =. doi:10.1007/s11214-006-8315-7 , adsurl =

doi
[180]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The intergalactic medium thermal history at redshift z = 1.7-3.2 from the Ly forest: a comparison of measurements using wavelets and the flux distribution. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21223.x , adsurl =

2012
[181]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The broadening of Lyman- forest absorption lines. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv394 , adsurl =

doi
[182]

Physics Letters B , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Cutoff in the Lyman- forest power spectrum: Warm IGM or warm dark matter?. Physics Letters B , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2017.08.022 , adsurl =

2017 doi
[183]

ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Measuring the temperature and profiles of Lyman- absorbers. ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =
[184]

, keywords =

A redshift difference between high and low ionization emission-line regions in QSOs - Evidence for radial motions. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/160481 , adsurl =

doi
[185]

The Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

Bias and High-Order Galaxy Correlation Functions in the APM Galaxy Survey. The Astrophysical Journal , keywords =. 1994. doi:10.1086/187671 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9407079 , primaryClass =

1994 arXiv
[186]

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , keywords =

The three-point function in large-scale structure: redshift distortions and galaxy bias. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , keywords =. 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09234.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0501637 , primaryClass =

2005
[187]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Neutral hydrogen in and around galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2510.01315 , archivePrefix =. 2510.01315 , primaryClass =

doi
[188]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Faint AGNs at z 4 in the CANDELS GOODS-S field: looking for contributors to the reionization of the Universe. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425334 , adsurl =

doi
[189]

, keywords =

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics - Theory and application to non-spherical stars. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/181.3.375 , adsurl =

doi
[190]

, eprint =

The Low Column Density Lyman-alpha Forest. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/310366 , adsurl =

doi
[191]

Hydrodynamics of the low-density intergalactic medium

Probing the Universe with the Lyalpha forest - I. Hydrodynamics of the low-density intergalactic medium. , eprint =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01249.x , adsurl =

1998
[192]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Escape of Ionizing Radiation from High-Redshift Galaxies. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1086/524007 , adsurl =

doi
[193]

Cosmic Reionization on Computers. I. Design and Calibration of Simulations. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/29 , archivePrefix =. 1403.4245 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[194]

, keywords =

Introducing the THESAN project: radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the epoch of reionization. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3710 , archivePrefix =. 2110.00584 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[195]

Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series , year = 2006, series =

Data reduction software of the X-shooter spectrograph. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series , year = 2006, series =. doi:10.1117/12.669986 , adsurl =

2006 doi
[196]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The Lyman continuum escape fraction of galaxies at z = 3.3 in the VUDS-LBC/COSMOS field. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526396 , adsurl =

doi
[197]

, keywords =

Observations of Starburst Galaxies With Far-Ultraviolet Spectrographic Explorer: Galactic Feedback in the Local Universe. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/181/1/272 , adsurl =

doi
[198]

, keywords =

Are we witnessing the epoch of reionisation at z = 7.1 from the spectrum of J1120+0641?. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3351 , archivePrefix =. 1606.00441 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[199]

, keywords =

Constraints on reionization from the z = 7.5 QSO ULASJ1342+0928. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz230 , archivePrefix =. 1807.01593 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[200]

Statistical analysis of catalogs of extragalactic objects. VII. Two- and three-point correlation functions for the high-resolution Shane-Wirtanen catalog of galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/155588 , adsurl =

doi
[202]

, year = 1965, month = nov, volume = 142, pages =

On the Density of Neutral Hydrogen in Intergalactic Space. , year = 1965, month = nov, volume = 142, pages =. doi:10.1086/148444 , adsurl =

1965 doi
[203]

The Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

Galaxy Three-point Correlation Functions and Halo/Subhalo Models. The Astrophysical Journal , keywords =. 2016. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/1/3 , archivePrefix =. 1608.03660 , primaryClass =

2016 arXiv
[204]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The Effect of AGN Heating on the Low-redshift Ly Forest. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/175 , adsurl =

doi
[205]

Radiative Transfer in a Clumpy Universe. II. The Ultraviolet Extragalactic Background. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/177035 , adsurl =

doi
[206]

Clusters of Galaxies and the High Redshift Universe Observed in X-rays , year = "2001", editor =

Modelling the UV/X-ray cosmic background with CUBA. Clusters of Galaxies and the High Redshift Universe Observed in X-rays , year = "2001", editor =

2001
[207]

Radiative Transfer in a Clumpy Universe. IV. New Synthesis Models of the Cosmic UV/X-Ray Background. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/125 , adsurl =

doi
[208]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Probing reionization using quasar near-zones at redshift z 6. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1433 , adsurl =

doi
[209]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Measuring the equation of state of the high-z intergalactic medium using curvature statistics. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slv041 , adsurl =

doi
[210]

EPOCHS. IV. SED Modeling Assumptions and Their Impact on the Stellar Mass Function at 6.5 z 13.5 Using PEARLS and Public JWST Observations. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad8c29 , archivePrefix =. 2403.03908 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[211]

, keywords =

COSMOS-Web: Stellar mass assembly in relation to dark matter halos across 0.2 < z < 12 of cosmic history. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452570 , archivePrefix =. 2410.08290 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[212]

, keywords =

The onset of star formation 250 million years after the Big Bang. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0117-z , archivePrefix =. 1805.05966 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[213]

, keywords =

Primordial Non-Gaussianity in the Forest: 3D Bispectrum of Lyman- Flux Spectra along Multiple Lines of Sight. , keywords =. 2012. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.121301 , archivePrefix =. 1205.2790 , primaryClass =

2012 arXiv
[214]

, keywords =

STIS Observations of HE II Gunn-Peterson Absorption toward Q0302-003. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/308719 , adsurl =

doi
[215]

Binary Quasars at High Redshift. I. 24 New Quasar Pairs at z \ 3-4. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/719/2/1672 , adsurl =

doi
[216]

, keywords =

On the Physical Origin of O VI Absorption-Line Systems. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/342232 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0205556 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[217]

, keywords =

TREESPH - A unification of SPH with the hierarchical tree method. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/191344 , adsurl =

doi
[218]

, keywords =

Some cautionary remarks about smoothed particle hydrodynamics. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/172325 , adsurl =

doi
[219]

, eprint =

The Lyman-Alpha Forest in the Cold Dark Matter Model. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/309899 , adsurl =

doi
[220]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Nine-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Parameter Results. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/19 , adsurl =

doi
[221]

ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

A New Measurement of the Temperature Density Relation of the IGM From Voigt Profile Fitting. ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =
[222]

Clusters of Galaxies and the High Redshift Universe Observed in X-rays , year = 2001, eprint =

Modelling the UV/X-ray cosmic background with CUBA. Clusters of Galaxies and the High Redshift Universe Observed in X-rays , year = 2001, eprint =

2001
[223]

, eprint =

An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/509629 , adsurl =

doi
[224]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

TARDIS Paper I: A Constrained Reconstruction Approach to Modeling the z -0.5ex 2.5 Cosmic Web Probed by Lyman-alpha Forest Tomography. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. 2019

2019
[225]

, keywords =

The Pitfalls of Using Ly Damping Wings in High-z Galaxy Spectra to Measure the Intergalactic Neutral Hydrogen Fraction. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/add5e7 , archivePrefix =. 2501.13899 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[226]

, eprint =

The Statistics of Density Peaks and the Column Density Distribution of the Ly Forest. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/304539 , adsurl =

doi
[227]

, eprint =

Equation of state of the photoionized intergalactic medium. , eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/292.1.27 , adsurl =

doi
[228]

, keywords =

Evolution of the intergalactic medium - What happened during the epoch Z = 3-10?. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/163921 , adsurl =

doi
[229]

, keywords =

The baryon clump within an extended dark matter region. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/BF00651178 , adsurl =

doi
[230]

, eprint =

The escape fraction of ionizing photons from galaxies at z = 0-6. , eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00195.x , adsurl =

2006
[231]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

An updated analytic model for attenuation by the intergalactic medium. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu936 , adsurl =

doi
[232]

SILVERRUSH. VI. A simulation of Ly emitters in the reionization epoch and a comparison with Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey early data. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/pasj/psy048 , archivePrefix =. 1801.00067 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[233]

, keywords =

New constraints on the free-streaming of warm dark matter from intermediate and small scale Lyman- forest data. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.96.023522 , archivePrefix =. 1702.01764 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[234]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Detections of Lyman Continuum from Star-Forming Galaxies at z \ 3 through Subaru/Suprime-Cam Narrow-Band Imaging. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1287 , adsurl =

doi
[235]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Eight per cent leakage of Lyman continuum photons from a compact, star-forming dwarf galaxy. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1038/nature16456 , adsurl =

doi
[236]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Detection of high Lyman continuum leakage from four low-redshift compact star-forming galaxies. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1205 , adsurl =

doi
[237]

arXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Probing the environment of high-z quasars using the proximity effect in projected quasar pairs. arXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =
[238]

, keywords =

Lyman-alpha depression of the continuum from high-redshift quasars - A new technique applied in search of the Gunn-Peterson effect. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/170252 , adsurl =

doi
[239]

, keywords =

(Nearly) Model-independent Constraints on the Neutral Hydrogen Fraction in the Intergalactic Medium at z 5-7 Using Dark Pixel Fractions in Ly and Ly Forests. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca678 , archivePrefix =. 2211.12613 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[240]

The Astrophysical Journal , keywords =

The Three-Point Correlation Function of Galaxies Determined from the Two-Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey. The Astrophysical Journal , keywords =. 2004. doi:10.1086/383343 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0311585 , primaryClass =

2004 arXiv
[241]

, keywords =

JADES: The emergence and evolution of Ly emission and constraints on the intergalactic medium neutral fraction. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347099 , archivePrefix =. 2306.02471 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[242]

, keywords =

Dependence of Interstellar Turbulent Pressure on Supernova Rate. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/704/1/137 , archivePrefix =. 0811.3747 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[243]

, keywords =

Is turbulence in the interstellar medium driven by feedback or gravity? An observational test. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw434 , archivePrefix =. 1512.03439 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[244]

, eprint =

Cosmological Simulations with TreeSPH. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/192305 , adsurl =

doi
[245]

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan , keywords =

Three-Point Correlation Functions of SDSS Galaxies in Redshift Space: Morphology, Color, and Luminosity Dependence. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan , keywords =. 2004. doi:10.1093/pasj/56.3.415 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0403638 , primaryClass =

2004 arXiv
[246]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Spatial fluctuations of the intergalactic temperature-density relation after hydrogen reionization. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty968 , adsurl =

doi
[247]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

On the Significance of Absorption Features in HST/COS Data. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1086/667392 , adsurl =

doi
[248]

, keywords =

A Galaxy Redshift Survey Near HST/COS AGN Sight Lines. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aac727 , archivePrefix =. 1805.08767 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[249]

, keywords =

A Comparison of Estimators for the Two-Point Correlation Function. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/312702 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9912088 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[250]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

He II optical depth and ultraviolet escape fraction of galaxies. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt007 , adsurl =

doi
[251]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Star Formation History, Dust Attenuation, and Extragalactic Background Light. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/805/1/33 , adsurl =

doi
[252]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Photon underproduction crisis: Are QSOs sufficient to resolve it?. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slv060 , adsurl =

doi
[253]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The redshift evolution of escape fraction of hydrogen ionizing photons from galaxies. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw192 , adsurl =

doi
[254]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Constraints on QSO emissivity using H I and He II Lyman forest. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1487 , adsurl =

doi
[255]

ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

New synthesis models of consistent extragalactic background light over cosmic time. ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =
[256]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

New synthesis models of consistent extragalactic background light over cosmic time. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz174 , adsurl =

doi
[257]

, keywords =

The power spectrum of the Lyman- Forest at z < 0.5. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz344 , archivePrefix =. 1808.05605 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[258]

ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The Power Spectrum of the Lyman- Forest at z 0.5. ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =
[259]

, keywords =

The MassiveBlack-II simulation: the evolution of haloes and galaxies to z 0. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv627 , archivePrefix =. 1402.0888 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[260]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Can the Low Redshift Lyman Alpha Forest Constrain AGN Feedback Models?. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2306.05466 , archivePrefix =. 2306.05466 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[261]

Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India , keywords =

Quasar absorption lines: an overview. Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India , keywords =
[262]

, eprint =

The power spectrum of the flux distribution in the Lyman forest of a large sample of UVES QSO absorption spectra (LUQAS). , eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07221.x , adsurl =

2004
[264]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The evolution of H I and C IV quasar absorption line systems at 1.9 z 3.2. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220042 , adsurl =

doi
[265]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

New constraint on cosmological variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio from Q0528-250. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19460.x , adsurl =

2011
[267]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The transverse proximity effect in the z \ 2 Lyman forest suggests quasi-stellar object episodic lifetimes of \ 1 Myr. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13994.x , adsurl =

2008
[268]

, eprint =

Multi-level adaptive particle mesh (MLAPM): a c code for cosmological simulations. , eprint =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04532.x , adsurl =

2001
[269]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

The Photon Underproduction Crisis. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/789/2/L32 , adsurl =

doi
[270]

, eprint =

Galactic Wind Effects on the Ly Absorption in the Vicinity of Galaxies. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/498104 , adsurl =

doi
[271]

, keywords =

Seven-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/192/2/18 , archivePrefix =. 1001.4538 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[272]

Science , eprint =

Resolving the Structure of Ionized Helium in the Intergalactic Medium with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. Science , eprint =. doi:10.1126/science.1062693 , adsurl =

doi
[273]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Consensus report on 25 yr of searches for damped Ly galaxies in emission: confirming their metallicity-luminosity relation at z 2. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1011 , adsurl =

doi
[274]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Measuring Alignments between Galaxies and the Cosmic Web at z 2-3 Using IGM Tomography. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/837/1/31 , adsurl =

doi
[275]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Detection of z 2.3 Cosmic Voids from 3D Ly Forest Tomography in the COSMOS Field. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac829 , adsurl =

doi
[276]

, keywords =

The proximity effect and the mean intensity of ionizing radiation at low redshifts. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/186960 , adsurl =

doi
[277]

, eprint =

Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Element Abundances in Low-Redshift Damped Ly Galaxies and Implications for the Global Metallicity-Redshift Relation. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/425956 , adsurl =

doi
[278]

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , keywords =

The three-point correlation function of luminous red galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , keywords =. 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11872.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0703340 , primaryClass =

2007
[279]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Characterizing the Pressure Smoothing Scale of the Intergalactic Medium. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/812/1/30 , adsurl =

doi
[280]

ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Evolution of the AGN UV luminosity function from redshift 7.5. ArXiv e-prints , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =
[281]

, keywords =

Probable detection of H-alpha emission from a very high velocity cloud in Cetus. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/185518 , adsurl =

doi
[282]

, keywords =

Updated stellar yields from asymptotic giant branch models. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16198.x , archivePrefix =. 0912.2142 , primaryClass =

2009
[283]

, keywords =

Galactic Chemical Evolution: Carbon through Zinc. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/508914 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0608688 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[284]

, keywords =

Bias and variance of angular correlation functions. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/172900 , adsurl =

doi
[285]

Helium Reionization Simulations. I. Modeling Quasars as Radiation Sources. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/828/2/90 , adsurl =

doi
[286]

Helium Reionization Simulations. II. Signatures of Quasar Activity on the IGM. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7136 , adsurl =

doi
[287]

Quasars Probing Quasars. VIII. The Physical Properties of the Cool Circumgalactic Medium Surrounding z \ 2-3 Massive Galaxies Hosting Quasars. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/226/2/25 , adsurl =

doi
[288]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Systematic Continuum Errors in the Ly Forest and the Measured Temperature-Density Relation. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/136 , adsurl =

doi
[289]

, keywords =

Ly Forest Tomography from Background Galaxies: The First Megaparsec-resolution Large-scale Structure Map at z > 2. , keywords =. 2014. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/795/1/L12 , archivePrefix =. 1409.5632 , primaryClass =

2014 arXiv
[290]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Shadow of a Colossus: A z = 2.44 Galaxy Protocluster Detected in 3D Ly Forest Tomographic Mapping of the COSMOS Field. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/817/2/160 , adsurl =

doi
[291]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

First Data Release of the COSMOS Ly Mapping and Tomography Observations: 3D Ly Forest Tomography at 2.05 z 2.55. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aace58 , adsurl =

doi
[292]

, keywords =

Low-Redshift Intergalactic Absorption Lines in the Spectrum of HE 0226-4110. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/500932 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0602085 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[293]

, eprint =

Physical Properties, Baryon Content, and Evolution of the Ly Forest: New Insights from High-Resolution Observations at z \ 0.4. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/511749 , adsurl =

doi
[294]

, keywords =

The Connection Between a Lyman Limit System, a Very Strong O VI Absorber, and Galaxies at z -0.5ex 0.203. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/694/2/734 , archivePrefix =. 0812.4231 , primaryClass =

arXiv
[295]

Detection of leakage from the young starburst Tol 1247-232

Escape of Lyman continuum radiation from local galaxies. Detection of leakage from the young starburst Tol 1247-232. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118370 , adsurl =

doi
[296]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

Direct Detection of Lyman Continuum Escape from Local Starburst Galaxies with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/64 , adsurl =

doi
[297]

, eprint =

Information criteria for astrophysical model selection. , eprint =. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00306.x , adsurl =

2007
[298]

, eprint =

Tightening Constraints from the Ly Forest with the Flux Probability Distribution Function. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/498699 , adsurl =

doi
[299]

, eprint =

Quasar Proximity Zones and Patchy Reionization. , eprint =. doi:10.1086/521974 , adsurl =

doi
[300]

, archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

A Measurement of Small-scale Structure in the 2.2 = z = 4.2 Ly Forest. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/718/1/199 , adsurl =

doi

Pith tools

Reviewed August 8, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [1]

Shakura, N. I. and Sunyaev, R. A. , title =. Astronomy and Astrophysics , volume =. 1973 , doi =

1973

[2] [2]

and Di Matteo, T

Ni, Y. and Di Matteo, T. and Bird, S. and Croft, R. and Feng, Y. and Chen, N. and Tremmel, M. and others , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2022 , doi =

2022

[3] [3]

, title =

Chandrasekhar, S. , title =. The Astrophysical Journal , volume =. 1943 , doi =

1943

[4] [4]

and Ni, Y

Chen, N. and Ni, Y. and Tremmel, M. and Di Matteo, T. and Bird, S. and DeGraf, C. and Feng, Y. , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2022 , doi =

2022

[5] [5]

and Lyttleton, R

Hoyle, F. and Lyttleton, R. A. , title =. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society , volume =. 1939 , doi =

1939

[6] [6]

and Hoyle, F

Bondi, H. and Hoyle, F. , title =. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 1944 , doi =

1944

[7] [7]

and Efstathiou, G

Davis, M. and Efstathiou, G. and Frenk, C. S. and White, S. D. M. , title =. The Astrophysical Journal , volume =. 1985 , doi =

1985

[8] [8]

and Colberg, J

Di Matteo, T. and Colberg, J. and Springel, V. and Hernquist, L. and Sijacki, D. , title =. The Astrophysical Journal , volume =. 2008 , doi =

2008