Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm?

As of 15 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 76 of 76 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2412.18138.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2412.18138 v2

Coverage vector

measured 76 of 76 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.061463Z

measured 78 of 78 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:48.502874Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-10T14:14:38.410844Z

Reference resolution

76 of 76 outbound references displayed

verified exact2
verified fuzzy58
unresolved15
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 29c5d55a-0fa3-447e-ab5f-78a410c388da · outbound

This paper cites Testing the Fairness-Accuracy Improvability of Algorithms.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Testing the Fairness-Accuracy Improvability of Algorithms

Reference 1

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.537060Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 95f21910-076e-4f7e-ad43-3ce5e3d58308 · outbound

This paper cites Big data’s disparate impact.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Big data’s disparate impact

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.232395Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 5e609ab1-84ea-44af-99ce-a536b1b59068 · outbound

This paper cites Fairness and machine learning: Limi- tations and opportunities.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Fairness and machine learning: Limi- tations and opportunities

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.221872Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 46d101b5-c9be-49f3-85aa-dd1451f7cc53 · outbound

This paper cites Reconciling modern machine- learning practice and the classical bias–variance trade-off.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Reconciling modern machine- learning practice and the classical bias–variance trade-off

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.209941Z

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Observation 4fee86de-4ea6-4281-a4bb-f5b6badaf5cd · outbound

This paper cites Is algorithmic affirmative action legal? The Georgetown Law Journal, 108(4): 803–853, 2020.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Is algorithmic affirmative action legal? The Georgetown Law Journal, 108(4): 803–853, 2020

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.198563Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 5e7e2ba7-262e-4c77-8a5e-904ce1e0025d · outbound

This paper cites Model multiplicity: Opportunities, con- cerns, and solutions.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Model multiplicity: Opportunities, con- cerns, and solutions

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.187011Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 567d1f0d-59e8-48b1-8469-527feb0330b2 · outbound

This paper cites Less discriminatory algorithms.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Less discriminatory algorithms

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.176501Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 62c66969-1d1a-478f-85ca-41a7249b9b2b · outbound

This paper cites D-hacking.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? D-hacking

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.166287Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation c9f73cf9-74ae-4a44-9916-d81121f05b59 · outbound

This paper cites Statistical modeling: The two cultures (with comments and a rejoinder by the author).

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Statistical modeling: The two cultures (with comments and a rejoinder by the author)

Reference 9

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 7149ef86-5d0b-4bac-9018-b834abfae578 · outbound

This paper cites Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.148974Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 0bbceaf7-91bb-4a2d-88ae-2a17eb947782 · outbound

This paper cites Fair lending report of the consumer financial pro- tection bureau.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Fair lending report of the consumer financial pro- tection bureau

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.137153Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e812d8c0-ba77-441f-924f-468bb10cf772 · outbound

This paper cites A clarification of the nuances in the fairness metrics landscape.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? A clarification of the nuances in the fairness metrics landscape

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.122690Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 794b2403-7276-4142-bf1f-e79e431d3d42 · outbound

This paper cites Why is my classifier discriminatory? Advances in neural information processing systems, 31, 2018.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Why is my classifier discriminatory? Advances in neural information processing systems, 31, 2018

Reference 13

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 4b76f6ae-9246-411e-bbe3-385d5563c79d · outbound

This paper cites Leveraging less discriminatory alternative (lda) mod- els to mitigate algorithmic discrimination in the financial services sector,.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Leveraging less discriminatory alternative (lda) mod- els to mitigate algorithmic discrimination in the financial services sector,

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.105049Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation abbb8ac7-f07f-48a2-a212-00bb9f10625a · outbound

This paper cites Urgent call for regulatory clarity on the need to search for and implement less discriminatory algorithms.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Urgent call for regulatory clarity on the need to search for and implement less discriminatory algorithms

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.084414Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation ae599bd2-ab82-4c98-bc47-02dc2083a599 · outbound

This paper cites Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.074305Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 67a744a2-15de-4d82-a62f-b8912946f151 · outbound

This paper cites The Frontiers of Fairness in Machine Learning.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? The Frontiers of Fairness in Machine Learning

Reference 17

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 0d216e68-d52a-4959-bf88-3aef7571a672 · outbound

This paper cites Emergent unfairness in algorithmic fairness-accuracy trade-off research.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Emergent unfairness in algorithmic fairness-accuracy trade-off research

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.063986Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 1ff84939-c6c8-4dc2-956d-0f9ca4c8e0e7 · outbound

This paper cites Arbitrariness and Social Prediction: The Confounding Role of Variance in Fair Classification.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Arbitrariness and Social Prediction: The Confounding Role of Variance in Fair Classification

Reference 19

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 99d12be8-41b4-42b9-a364-fa0a1519dd97 · outbound

This paper cites Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.052380Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 2f65e9dc-9fbd-4273-8313-8cd2405c2c75 · outbound

This paper cites Counter- factual risk assessments, evaluation, and fairness.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Counter- factual risk assessments, evaluation, and fairness

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.041003Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 2d0a0204-14e4-417c-9780-7191326dea2e · outbound

This paper cites Characterizing fairness over the set of good models under selective labels.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Characterizing fairness over the set of good models under selective labels

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.029085Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 55ed5b1e-13c1-4d4c-92ca-a2994ab60702 · outbound

This paper cites Un- derspecification presents challenges for credibility in modern machine learning.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Un- derspecification presents challenges for credibility in modern machine learning

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.017611Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 17930bc3-c416-467a-b8ee-ed5aa9f2b60c · outbound

This paper cites Fairness through awareness.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Fairness through awareness

Reference 24

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 549d6355-ebfc-4647-8380-d65a3f2aee3a · outbound

This paper cites Explainability & fairness in machine learning for credit underwriting, 2023.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Explainability & fairness in machine learning for credit underwriting, 2023

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.997517Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 7da9265f-869d-4b50-8b17-b5f7053cf0f0 · outbound

This paper cites Model Selection's Disparate Impact in Real-World Deep Learning Applications.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Model Selection's Disparate Impact in Real-World Deep Learning Applications

Reference 26

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.503190Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation caf24dfc-8713-4ec2-86ac-84eff298b8e9 · outbound

This paper cites Predictably unequal? the effects of machine learning on credit markets.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Predictably unequal? the effects of machine learning on credit markets

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.985095Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 8ed4e9c5-3dd9-4b81-9751-7c073ae2120a · outbound

This paper cites Big data and discrimination.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Big data and discrimination

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.973544Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b02860df-38eb-4b3d-bfda-7390e1bf6b40 · outbound

This paper cites Operationalizing the search for less discrim- inatory alternatives in fair lending.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Operationalizing the search for less discrim- inatory alternatives in fair lending

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.959194Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 8a9f4624-6b54-45ce-a4d7-f25e8029a37c · outbound

This paper cites Non-discriminatory machine learning through convex fairness criteria.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Non-discriminatory machine learning through convex fairness criteria

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.948226Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 91f365a2-7e76-45f1-bc86-38b1bf2f99d3 · outbound

This paper cites Equality of opportunity in supervised learning.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Equality of opportunity in supervised learning

Reference 31

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation b8aeb09b-0587-4a4c-a76b-95c40fe9f006 · outbound

This paper cites Measuring algorithmic fairness.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Measuring algorithmic fairness

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.926993Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 4e3e39f0-b48a-419b-8ce7-24df2a4839fa · outbound

This paper cites Can we obtain fairness for free? In Pro- ceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, pages 586–596, 2021.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Can we obtain fairness for free? In Pro- ceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, pages 586–596, 2021

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.917378Z

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Observation 5040d088-34a7-4be2-a81a-4b77b2bc1dc0 · outbound

This paper cites Understanding trade-offs in classifier bias with quality-diversity optimization: an application to talent management.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Understanding trade-offs in classifier bias with quality-diversity optimization: an application to talent management

Reference 34

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.488096Z

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Observation a80ee954-1f85-4ab0-b344-ed7b02d4b833 · outbound

This paper cites Fairness-aware learning through reg- ularization approach.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Fairness-aware learning through reg- ularization approach

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.907034Z

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Observation 94b1cde9-784a-4162-afee-1f0e8e72e722 · outbound

This paper cites Fairness through computationally-bounded awareness.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Fairness through computationally-bounded awareness

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.895604Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 8f1dc26e-73d2-44c1-a534-b68c37046ced · outbound

This paper cites Data-driven discrimination at work.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Data-driven discrimination at work

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.884593Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 484ae0de-9529-4173-8add-a1a01fd31cbd · outbound

This paper cites Algorithm design.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Algorithm design

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.872750Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 4090b45d-7774-4a68-af84-a2ae784015b9 · outbound

This paper cites Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores

Reference 39

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 00944b32-0ad9-4cf9-8b6e-60f43e1b9cef · outbound

This paper cites The selective labels problem: Evaluating algorithmic predictions in the presence of unobserv- ables.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? The selective labels problem: Evaluating algorithmic predictions in the presence of unobserv- ables

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.862294Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 2f2f6882-5451-4fe5-b86a-50763db1d43d · outbound

This paper cites Four years of facct: A reflexive, mixed-methods analysis of research contributions, shortcomings, and future prospects.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Four years of facct: A reflexive, mixed-methods analysis of research contributions, shortcomings, and future prospects

Reference 41

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.851782Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 6cbc07e5-a506-466f-8b68-816881a4d739 · outbound

This paper cites Optimization’s neglected norma- tive commitments.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Optimization’s neglected norma- tive commitments

Reference 42

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.839573Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b40ffd54-e182-4030-ac59-880280a98340 · outbound

This paper cites Ending affirmative action harms diversity without improving academic merit.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Ending affirmative action harms diversity without improving academic merit

Reference 43

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.827919Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation fb723c17-b169-4dc9-9981-475cb4f3e0c4 · outbound

This paper cites Algorithmic design: Fairness versus accuracy.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Algorithmic design: Fairness versus accuracy

Reference 44

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.817296Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 894ac3c6-50e9-4135-9ab6-ff0c4a660dcb · outbound

This paper cites Does mitigating ml’s impact disparity require treatment disparity? Advances in neural information processing systems, 31, 2018.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Does mitigating ml’s impact disparity require treatment disparity? Advances in neural information processing systems, 31, 2018

Reference 45

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.806237Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b0ab670e-73b5-4b14-af64-440e582d97f5 · outbound

This paper cites Redesigning Service Level Agreements: Equity and Efficiency in City Government Operations.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Redesigning Service Level Agreements: Equity and Efficiency in City Government Operations

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:03.957275Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2030e0b4-42ea-44f0-b5bd-dcc803b4dad9 · outbound

This paper cites Are two heads the same as one? identifying disparate treatment in fair neural networks.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Are two heads the same as one? identifying disparate treatment in fair neural networks

Reference 47

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.795910Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 807b08e0-c098-4c9c-a8ec-b409b3b100cb · outbound

This paper cites Predictive multiplicity in classification.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Predictive multiplicity in classification

Reference 48

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.784838Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation af6f2fd8-87ed-4610-9543-8a1dc30f77b5 · outbound

This paper cites The cost of fairness in binary classification.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? The cost of fairness in binary classification

Reference 49

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.767143Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation be4b4999-acc7-4916-86a6-f04c532f616d · outbound

This paper cites Improving mortgage underwriting and pricing outcomes for protected classes through distribution matching.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Improving mortgage underwriting and pricing outcomes for protected classes through distribution matching

Reference 50

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.756612Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 82727642-f0dd-448c-a33d-013305013bf3 · outbound

This paper cites Cfpb should encourage lenders to look for less dis- criminatory models, ncrc, April 2022.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Cfpb should encourage lenders to look for less dis- criminatory models, ncrc, April 2022

Reference 51

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.746129Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b89f57bd-275c-4d0d-aa6e-3f5d67c7b116 · outbound

This paper cites Guidance on algorithmic discrimination and the new jersey law against discrimination, January 2025.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Guidance on algorithmic discrimination and the new jersey law against discrimination, January 2025

Reference 52

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.735461Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation c717dfda-e707-40e7-854d-74d1a52f2155 · outbound

This paper cites Insurance circular letter no.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Insurance circular letter no

Reference 53

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.724976Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 61eafa64-d696-42b9-8c67-1902213a5a98 · outbound

This paper cites Department of Housing and Urban Development.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Department of Housing and Urban Development

Reference 54

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.713814Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 4aec0a8c-a6fc-4cd5-8389-c50bd65b2d14 · outbound

This paper cites The path toward equal perfor- mance in medical machine learning.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? The path toward equal perfor- mance in medical machine learning

Reference 55

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.702074Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 1251e303-cb6b-4026-8478-64f8af2be861 · outbound

This paper cites On the incompat- ibility of accuracy and equal opportunity.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? On the incompat- ibility of accuracy and equal opportunity

Reference 56

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.691045Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 855b0ceb-5af3-483d-8042-a62330f9fa07 · outbound

This paper cites On fair- ness and calibration.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? On fair- ness and calibration

Reference 57

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.680762Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 0e13bdc0-7174-494b-9250-fa0ec610e8b1 · outbound

This paper cites Fair lending monitorship of upstart network’s lending model, 2021.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Fair lending monitorship of upstart network’s lending model, 2021

Reference 58

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.670117Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation f8663181-5a03-475c-9f26-4e5e42e8c0a9 · outbound

This paper cites Limitations of the” four-fifths rule” and statistical parity tests for measuring fairness.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Limitations of the” four-fifths rule” and statistical parity tests for measuring fairness

Reference 59

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.659475Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation f7b20e86-af79-4769-86df-4f9b69c2dcec · outbound

This paper cites Mitigating bias in algo- rithmic hiring: Evaluating claims and practices.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Mitigating bias in algo- rithmic hiring: Evaluating claims and practices

Reference 60

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.648366Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 9a6951a4-6f3e-4a73-aa0a-149a3075936c · outbound

This paper cites Robust design and evaluation of predictive algorithms under unobserved confounding.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Robust design and evaluation of predictive algorithms under unobserved confounding

Reference 61

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.016626Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 207656b9-0d98-4e30-87a6-a48570be9767 · outbound

This paper cites Do imagenet classifiers generalize to imagenet? In International conference on machine learning , pages 5389–5400.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Do imagenet classifiers generalize to imagenet? In International conference on machine learning , pages 5389–5400

Reference 62

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.020655Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2c7827d2-4b04-4cd5-bf01-519e96fab88f · outbound

This paper cites Empirical observation of negligible fairness–accuracy trade-offs in machine learning for public policy.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Empirical observation of negligible fairness–accuracy trade-offs in machine learning for public policy

Reference 63

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.631659Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 3938823c-fc64-4a82-b981-56ae7e8d47bc · outbound

This paper cites Amazing Things Come From Having Many Good Models.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Amazing Things Come From Having Many Good Models

Reference 64

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.028141Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a3e0b77b-8a64-4e3c-bb61-da4ed76ab35e · outbound

This paper cites Imagenot: A contrast with imagenet preserves model rankings.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Imagenot: A contrast with imagenet preserves model rankings

Reference 65

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.032137Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7f4fe6db-e5c9-4c0b-b78d-b068a5cc9a17 · outbound

This paper cites Applying old rules to new tools: Employment discrimination law in the age of algorithms.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Applying old rules to new tools: Employment discrimination law in the age of algorithms

Reference 66

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.621023Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 2575e78d-1747-4112-b617-c852cc699878 · outbound

This paper cites On the existence of simpler machine learn- ing models.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? On the existence of simpler machine learn- ing models

Reference 67

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.611011Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e0187fb7-3431-4130-877c-13bb1b7fbe05 · outbound

This paper cites Statistical learning theory.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Statistical learning theory

Reference 68

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.043147Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 44b87890-af7d-40e0-b552-589442d4fd8b · outbound

This paper cites Multi-target multiplicity: Flexibility and fairness in target specification under resource con- straints.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Multi-target multiplicity: Flexibility and fairness in target specification under resource con- straints

Reference 69

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.592899Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b110a30e-92e9-480e-84a2-584a683c3396 · outbound

This paper cites Predictive multiplicity in proba- bilistic classification.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Predictive multiplicity in proba- bilistic classification

Reference 70

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.582042Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 0f6f3686-2214-4fef-87c4-b643aff46770 · outbound

This paper cites Predictive Churn with the Set of Good Models.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Predictive Churn with the Set of Good Models

Reference 71

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.052007Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6280e8d3-ba6c-465b-bf6d-d845f0e79cef · outbound

This paper cites Unlocking fairness: a trade-off revisited.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Unlocking fairness: a trade-off revisited

Reference 72

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.571356Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation ae03e07a-7b0b-4238-9287-4b0026811f87 · outbound

This paper cites Equal protection under algorithms: A new statistical and legal framework.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Equal protection under algorithms: A new statistical and legal framework

Reference 73

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.560303Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 6d30e61e-8f66-466d-b416-e23dc46e81a3 · outbound

This paper cites Fairness constraints: Mechanisms for fair classification.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Fairness constraints: Mechanisms for fair classification

Reference 74

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.549393Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 00713247-4049-499a-8587-9fefb56cbd7b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? Unresolved cited work

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:05.094150Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 3f63673b-c224-4371-9c69-1ba2f70ab7a3 · outbound

This paper cites URL https://proceedings.mlr.press/v119/marx20a.

What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm? URL https://proceedings.mlr.press/v119/marx20a

Reference 6774

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T05:04:04.775943Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation d6cd3bbc-e4fb-47a7-b1a4-0f4a0fa74176 · inbound

Be Intentional About Fairness!: Fairness, Size, and Multiplicity in the Rashomon Set cites this paper.

Be Intentional About Fairness!: Fairness, Size, and Multiplicity in the Rashomon Set What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm?

Reference 21

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-10T14:14:38.416643Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 26d854bb-907b-4d22-abd4-fc75ebb83214 · inbound

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives cites this paper.

Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives What Constitutes a Less Discriminatory Algorithm?

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T16:30:48.502874Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.