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TRAM: Benchmarking Temporal Reasoning for Large Language Models

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arxiv 2310.00835 v3 pith:6G764Q6C submitted 2023-10-02 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords languagellmsmodelsreasoningtemporaltramcapabilitiesevents
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Reasoning about time is essential for understanding the nuances of events described in natural language. Previous research on this topic has been limited in scope, characterized by a lack of standardized benchmarks that would allow for consistent evaluations across different studies. In this paper, we introduce TRAM, a temporal reasoning benchmark composed of ten datasets, encompassing various temporal aspects of events such as order, arithmetic, frequency, and duration, designed to facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of the TeR capabilities of large language models (LLMs). We evaluate popular LLMs like GPT-4 and Llama2 in zero-shot and few-shot scenarios, and establish baselines with BERT-based and domain-specific models. Our findings indicate that the best-performing model lags significantly behind human performance. It is our aspiration that TRAM will spur further progress in enhancing the TeR capabilities of LLMs.

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Forward citations

Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. WaveformQA: Benchmarking LLM Temporal Reasoning on Digital Waveforms

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    LLMs answer simple waveform queries well but fail on multi-signal temporal reasoning, and event-time JSON waveforms beat standard VCD by 37–53% in accuracy, according to a new 360-question benchmark.

  2. Temporal Preference Concepts and their Functions in a Large Language Model

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.5 of 10

    Temporal preference in Qwen3-4B-Instruct-2507 localizes to layers 17–35 (especially L24 attention), has curved residual-stream geometry, is behaviorally unstable, and can be bidirectionally steered.

  3. MARS-RA: Rank Aggregation for Credit Assignment via Multimodal Comparisons in Embodied Multi-Agent Cooperation

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Credit assignment via LMM pairwise comparisons plus Bradley–Terry rank aggregation and potential-based shaping improves cooperative MARL under sparse rewards and dynamic agent counts.

  4. TempoBench: Evaluating Temporal Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models

    cs.AI 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    In TempoBench's formally verified temporal-causality tests, frontier LLMs score 65.6% F1 on normal causal attribution but 7.5% on hard instances, while trace simulation stays far higher.

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