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Imaging the initial condition of heavy-ion collisions and nuclear structure across the nuclide chart
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High-energy nuclear collisions encompass three key stages: the structure of the colliding nuclei informed by low-energy nuclear physics, the initial condition (IC) leading to the formation of quark-gluon plasma (QGP), and the hydrodynamic expansion and hadronization of the QGP leading to final-state hadrons observed experimentally. Recent advances in experimental and theoretical methods have ushered in a precision era, enabling an increasingly accurate understanding of these stages. However, most approaches involve simultaneously determining both QGP properties and initial conditions from a single collision system, creating complexity due to the coupled contributions of various stages to the final-state observables. To avoid this, we propose leveraging known knowledge of low-energy nuclear structure and hydrodynamic observables to constrain the IC independently. By conducting comparative studies of collisions involving isobar-like nuclei - species with similar mass numbers but different structures - we disentangle the initial condition's impacts from the QGP properties. This approach not only refines our understanding of the IC but also turns high-energy experiments into a precision tool for imaging nuclear structures, offering insights that complement traditional low-energy approaches. Opportunities for carrying out such comparative experiments at the LHC and other facilities could significantly advance both high-energy and low-energy nuclear physics. Additionally, this approach has implications for the future EIC. While the possibilities are extensive, we focus on selected proposals that could benefit both the high-energy and low-energy nuclear physics communities. Originally prepared as input for the long-range plan of U.S. nuclear physics, this white paper reflects the status as of September 2022, with a brief update on developments since then.
Forward citations
Cited by 11 Pith papers
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Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.36$ TeV $^{16}$O$+^{16}$O and $^{20}$Ne$+^{20}$Ne collisions with the ATLAS detector
First measurements of v_n (n=2-4) in 5.36 TeV O+O and Ne+Ne collisions show enhanced v2 in central neon collisions consistent with prolate nuclear deformation.
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Fermi-liquid view of viscosity in cold and dense nucleon matter
In a quasiparticle Fermi liquid with medium-dependent mass, imposing Landau matching makes the bulk viscosity manifestly non-negative and parametrically smaller than shear viscosity at low temperature, ζ/η ∝ (T/μ*)⁴.
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Impacts of isolated nucleon-nucleon correlations in relativistic $^{16}$O+$^{16}$O collisions
Applying rejection sampling to 16O configurations constrained by a Fermi density and a two-nucleon distance distribution reproduces the initial-state eccentricities and energy fluctuations of NLEFT and VMC ab-initio m...
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A Resummed Hydrodynamic Description of Relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions
A resummed hydrodynamic scheme with tunable caps on shear and bulk viscous stress is introduced; it reduces to standard second-order hydrodynamics for small stresses and is used to quantify flow-observable uncertainti...
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Directly probing existence of $\alpha$-cluster structure in $^{20}$Ne by relativistic heavy-ion collisions
In simulations of 20Ne+20Ne collisions, the scaled yield ratio of spectator neutrons to charged spectator nuclei is reduced by 20 to 25 percent when 20Ne has alpha-cluster structure, providing a proposed direct probe.
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Nonlinear collective flow reveals the breakdown of quadrupole--hexadecapole scaling in heavy ion collisions
The nonlinear flow coefficient ξ6,222 in simulated U+U collisions separates the four (β2, β4) nuclear topology classes, making the sign of the hexadecapole deformation β4 experimentally accessible.
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Heavy quark polarization anisotropy as a novel probe of fireball geometry
Heavy-flavor polarization harmonics are introduced as observables whose Fourier coefficients are claimed to be proportional to the initial fireball spatial eccentricities.
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Scaling approach to rigid and soft nuclear deformation through flow fluctuations in high-energy nuclear collisions
Triangular flow four-particle cumulants scale linearly with the fourth moment of octupole deformation, allowing the mean and variance of 238U octupole deformation to be extracted separately.
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A comparison study of collisions at relativistic energies involving light nuclei
The elliptic-to-triangular flow ratio near target rapidity in lead-light nucleus collisions is the most sensitive model-level probe of light-nucleus deformation.
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Nuclear Physics Confronts Relativistic Collisions Of Isobars
RHIC isobar data are explained by different shapes of 96Ru and 96Zr, with 96Zr showing a large octupole deformation, so nuclear structure uncertainty, not the magnetic field, dominates the observed ratios.
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