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Gravitational Collider Physics
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We study the imprints of new ultralight particles on the gravitational-wave signals emitted by binary black holes. Superradiant instabilities may create large clouds of scalar or vector fields around rotating black holes. The presence of a binary companion then induces transitions between different states of the cloud, which become resonantly enhanced when the orbital frequency matches the energy gap between the states. We find that the time dependence of the orbit significantly impacts the cloud's dynamics during a transition. Following an analogy with particle colliders, we introduce an S-matrix formalism to describe the evolution through multiple resonances. We show that the state of the cloud, as it approaches the merger, carries vital information about its spectrum via time-dependent finite-size effects. Moreover, due to the transfer of energy and angular momentum between the cloud and the orbit, a dephasing of the gravitational-wave signal can occur which is correlated with the positions of the resonances. Notably, for intermediate and extreme mass ratio inspirals, long-lived floating orbits are possible, as well as kicks that yield large eccentricities. Observing these effects, through the precise reconstruction of waveforms, has the potential to unravel the internal structure of the boson clouds, ultimately probing the masses and spins of new particles.
Forward citations
Cited by 11 Pith papers
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Perturbing Gravitational Atoms: Negative Love, Resonant Tides and Shifted Resonances
Spinning gravitational atoms have negative static Love numbers enhanced by O(10²–10³) over non-spinning clouds, with internal perturbations shifting binary resonances.
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Trails of clouds in binary black holes
Boson clouds around binary black holes generically deplete through orbital resonances, driving eccentricity and spin-orbit tilt toward fixed points—including off-equatorial ones—leaving observable gravitational-wave trails.
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Ultralight Boson Ionization from Comparable-Mass Binary Black Holes
Ionization of boson molecules bound to a black hole binary can dominate gravitational-wave losses during early inspiral, imprinting a turnover in the nanohertz GW background and circularizing the orbit.
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Environmental effects in extreme mass ratio inspirals: perturbations to the environment in Kerr
A perturbative calculation shows that a secondary body in Kerr spacetime creates a wake in a superradiant scalar cloud, with energy fluxes that differ from Schwarzschild predictions by tens of percent.
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Scattering of wave dark matter by supermassive black holes
A first-principles scattering calculation explains the co-rotating wave dark matter profile around supermassive black hole binaries and predicts resonant power peaks that could imprint on the pulsar timing array spectrum.
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Stepping Up Superradiance Constraints on Axions
Including superradiant axion states through n=5 with relativistic scattering rates strengthens black-hole spin-down constraints on axions by roughly an order of magnitude.
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Kerr black holes with vector dark matter hair
Massive vector dark matter forms a r^{-3/2} density spike around a Kerr black hole and, for co-rotating low-frequency modes, extracts mass and angular momentum through superradiant scattering.
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Extreme mass-ratio inspirals into Newtonian Proca stars
For Newtonian Proca stars, a perturbing object on a circular orbit loses nearly the same energy in the vector ground state as in the scalar boson-star ground state (within ~20%), while the spherical excited Proca stat...
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Relativistic Tidal Transitions of Saturated Kerr Boson Clouds
Relativistic Kerr wavefunctions change tidal transition matrix elements of saturated boson clouds by up to 21.7% relative to the hydrogenic approximation, with the radial profile responsible for ~80% of the change.
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Search for continuous gravitational wave signals from luminous dark photon superradiance clouds with LVK O3 observations
A null search for continuous gravitational waves from 34 pulsar-like radio sources places upper limits on strain and disfavors dark photon masses around 10^-13 to 10^-12 eV with kinetic mixing 10^-9 to 10^-7, under sp...
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Probing vector gravitational atoms with eccentric intermediate mass-ratio inspirals
Eccentric intermediate-mass-ratio inspirals around vector gravitational atoms acquire faster decay, stronger circularization, and negative periastron precession, making the cloud visible to LISA-like detectors.
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