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Gradient-Based Multi-Objective Deep Learning: Algorithms, Theories, Applications, and Beyond

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arxiv 2501.10945 v3 pith:AJN75YBA submitted 2025-01-19 cs.LG stat.ML

classification cs.LGstat.ML
keywords learningdeepmulti-objectivealgorithmsapplicationsgradient-basedmethodssolutions
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Many modern deep learning applications require balancing multiple objectives that are often conflicting. Examples include multi-task learning, fairness-aware learning, and the alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs). This leads to multi-objective deep learning, which tries to find optimal trade-offs or Pareto-optimal solutions by adapting mathematical principles from the field of Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO). However, directly applying gradient-based MOO techniques to deep neural networks presents unique challenges, including high computational costs, optimization instability, and the difficulty of effectively incorporating user preferences. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of gradient-based techniques for multi-objective deep learning. We systematically categorize existing algorithms based on their outputs: (i) methods that find a single, well-balanced solution, (ii) methods that generate a finite set of diverse Pareto-optimal solutions, and (iii) methods that learn a continuous Pareto set of solutions. In addition to this taxonomy, the survey covers theoretical analyses, key applications, practical resources, and highlights open challenges and promising directions for future research. A comprehensive list of multi-objective deep learning algorithms is available at https://github.com/Baijiong-Lin/Awesome-Multi-Objective-Deep-Learning.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

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  1. Improved Convergence Rate for Stochastic Multi-Gradient Descent: A Proof Discovered with AI

    math.OC 2026-07 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    Vanilla stochastic multi-gradient descent achieves Õ(T^{-1}) squared Pareto-stationarity under linearly growing mini-batches, improving the prior Õ(T^{-1/4}) bound.

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    A new ranking-aware loss for ML-based bulk resource allocation cuts bulk outage probability by roughly 15-40% versus pointwise losses in simulated 6G-style settings.

  3. Non-conflicting Energy Minimization in Reinforcement Learning based Robot Control

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  4. Identifying Offline Metrics that Predict Online Impact: A Pragmatic Strategy for Real-World Recommender Systems

    cs.IR 2025-07 reject novelty 6.0 of 10

    A Pareto-front-conditioned single recommender model serves multiple online test groups; the paper reports significant offline-to-online alignments, but the significance analysis treats a five-group covariate as though...

  5. SAMO: A Lightweight Sharpness-Aware Approach for Multi-Task Optimization with Joint Global-Local Perturbation

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    SAMO jointly uses global and local perturbations with forward-only task gradient approximation to improve multi-task learning performance at lower cost than F-MTL.

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