Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation

As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 40 of 40 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2509.09735.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.09735 v1

Coverage vector

measured 40 of 40 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.505084Z

measured 41 of 41 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:45.907389Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.288285Z

Reference resolution

40 of 40 outbound references displayed

verified exact7
verified fuzzy0
unresolved32
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier1
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 23a1616a-2ebb-4e9e-9f26-1e7c1bedecb6 · outbound

This paper cites Claude 2 model card.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Claude 2 model card

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.321053Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d26f0e84-11d3-4ff0-8763-141dddc39e2c · outbound

This paper cites The claude 3 model family: Opus, sonnet, haiku.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation The claude 3 model family: Opus, sonnet, haiku

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.326210Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b1f72269-9614-45b0-9475-5e4bdbe64b8a · outbound

This paper cites The Silicon Ceiling: Auditing GPT's Race and Gender Biases in Hiring.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation The Silicon Ceiling: Auditing GPT's Race and Gender Biases in Hiring

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.331173Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5fe18207-8a0b-44df-a717-26aade5f1204 · outbound

This paper cites Looking for a Handsome Carpenter! Debiasing GPT-3 Job Advertisements.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Looking for a Handsome Carpenter! Debiasing GPT-3 Job Advertisements

Reference 4

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-04T20:24:08.579685Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation d323c696-60ab-48e3-a378-8f9c465d127b · outbound

This paper cites Brown and R.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Brown and R

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.341965Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 66e38b67-3238-41dc-9e7d-a99580f8d7f0 · outbound

This paper cites BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.346348Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f08ba534-147c-4d42-bbd3-137f5d1a1a76 · outbound

This paper cites Determinants of LLM-assisted Decision-Making.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Determinants of LLM-assisted Decision-Making

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.352307Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e5a2aedd-759d-4a7f-a6ae-683624eec5cf · outbound

This paper cites Ferrari and F.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Ferrari and F

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.357342Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 627ed9f4-828c-46d3-9539-1908abb6e81f · outbound

This paper cites This is not a Dataset: A Large Negation Benchmark to Challenge Large Language Models.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation This is not a Dataset: A Large Negation Benchmark to Challenge Large Language Models

Reference 9

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-04T20:24:08.466778Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 5bc2e84a-36fd-4d4b-bb3c-0194a03ae5a3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.366061Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8d2c3ba9-eabb-404d-a15e-330758c9e1ea · outbound

This paper cites Hahn and I.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Hahn and I

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.370788Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation aa7dfb15-7af4-446e-9b6c-49ebe3e37d71 · outbound

This paper cites Huang, H.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Huang, H

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.375140Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 00a8a27a-8e91-4a2c-b6d1-d527c64752d1 · outbound

This paper cites Hutto and E.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Hutto and E

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.383608Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 212e4ecd-cd89-485b-b266-723318f24ff6 · outbound

This paper cites Gene Set Summarization using Large Language Models.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Gene Set Summarization using Large Language Models

Reference 14

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-04T20:24:08.359352Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation c5f61e0c-5a20-4a77-b1d7-b733a8d829fd · outbound

This paper cites Joshi, S.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Joshi, S

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.392987Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c2c1c00f-c966-46a3-a705-93f9bb15d005 · outbound

This paper cites Lauscher and G.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Lauscher and G

Reference 16

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-04T20:24:08.234513Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation ddbd067f-6ab5-4d1a-8fa0-2b96a88ab9cf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.403336Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 92ab31a8-fe97-4a6e-82da-ef98149167ee · outbound

This paper cites BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehension.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehension

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.407674Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 09bd4a1c-70b0-48f9-9952-db6bf78806ea · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.412250Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b224b406-8520-41d6-beb4-6368ca1d8ea8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.416943Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d082e985-f3d7-439d-9a91-15f76d0c3c6a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: malformed identifier; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.421500Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9565f770-9abc-47fb-98e4-ac35a320adef · outbound

This paper cites Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contexts.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contexts

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.426388Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 043e2e4b-ed0c-4806-84f3-4baf31d74007 · outbound

This paper cites Naveed, A.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Naveed, A

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.430975Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d1d55257-898e-40be-876e-39cd09da25da · outbound

This paper cites Navigli, S.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Navigli, S

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.435368Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 50904720-662a-4977-b3e8-58f198cdafab · outbound

This paper cites How chatgpt and our language models are developed.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation How chatgpt and our language models are developed

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.439906Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fe396086-336a-43dd-97d6-372711f885b9 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.444372Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dac11b11-602e-4a2c-a10a-19f7b7e71e2a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.448850Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6fc6a4a3-f893-46ce-8427-9e835b240817 · outbound

This paper cites Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.453906Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 21b8e912-9e83-4ccb-afd7-0e6c0a2a62bc · outbound

This paper cites Mitigating Bias in Conversations: A Hate Speech Classifier and Debiaser with Prompts.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Mitigating Bias in Conversations: A Hate Speech Classifier and Debiaser with Prompts

Reference 29

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-04T20:24:08.099753Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 03fa8139-acda-4428-9d6d-0aaefdc3b140 · outbound

This paper cites The power of Prompts: Evaluating and Mitigating Gender Bias in MT with LLMs.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation The power of Prompts: Evaluating and Mitigating Gender Bias in MT with LLMs

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.463607Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b551cc06-294f-4c30-a9f9-467c782b935b · outbound

This paper cites Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formatting.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formatting

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.468699Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 96ee4b3b-f495-4a39-935b-7bc9b8f3744b · outbound

This paper cites Steen and K.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Steen and K

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.477779Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c948ebf1-e9e3-4010-8b3d-54d8935f636b · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating and Mitigating Discrimination in Language Model Decisions.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Evaluating and Mitigating Discrimination in Language Model Decisions

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.482010Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0b8d6692-0cc1-4fc8-8f5e-b3e87a86a7d5 · outbound

This paper cites The Extractive-Abstractive Axis: Measuring Content "Borrowing" in Generative Language Models.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation The Extractive-Abstractive Axis: Measuring Content "Borrowing" in Generative Language Models

Reference 34

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-04T20:24:07.921034Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 218be3e2-ad5b-430b-bbef-eae9735b02c1 · outbound

This paper cites Decoding Multilingual Moral Preferences: Unveiling LLM's Biases Through the Moral Machine Experiment.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Decoding Multilingual Moral Preferences: Unveiling LLM's Biases Through the Moral Machine Experiment

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.496190Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 65eb247d-08b8-4d30-8cee-dc279dbd3950 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating and Mitigating Discrimination in Language Model Decisions.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Evaluating and Mitigating Discrimination in Language Model Decisions

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.486783Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8f868fba-659e-494c-b3cc-a3a94d18b1b9 · outbound

This paper cites Leveraging Large Language Model to Generate a Novel Metaheuristic Algorithm with CRISPE Framework.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Leveraging Large Language Model to Generate a Novel Metaheuristic Algorithm with CRISPE Framework

Reference 37

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-04T20:24:07.802456Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation aa1b3ea3-2159-4517-bc3d-0aad3812c050 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.500775Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1048b3db-c417-4803-8f34-526566bf1e09 · outbound

This paper cites Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formatting.

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.473280Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f0a4f77d-61b7-487f-90d6-ccb08557edf3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation Unresolved cited work

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T20:19:50.379487Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation a6281ca4-3440-4875-9596-d27f53581b48 · inbound

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili cites this paper.

Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili Discrimination by LLMs: Cross-lingual Bias Assessment and Mitigation in Decision-Making and Summarisation

Reference 10

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T17:11:49.293907Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.