Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T15:01:57.448378Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
As of 21 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 100 of 111 outbound references and 10 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.16582.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T15:01:57.448378Z
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T15:07:59.132190Z
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-06-29T12:53:26.512979Z
100 of 111 outbound references displayed
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Observation 847a1c54-3737-4fa3-a66e-b5de5a9feefe · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Open Deep Search: Democratizing Search with Open-source Reasoning Agents
Reference 1
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 8ba48282-e552-4bfb-a28e-365a4b41ba1b · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Self-rag: Learning to retrieve, generate, and critique through self-reflection
Reference 2
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation fcb008d6-51fa-4e1f-a13f-b035257be31b · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Scaling instruction-finetuned language models
Reference 3
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ff85960c-cd99-4f2f-b1a4-b209315cfd3f · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems
Reference 4
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b6f8af41-810c-4400-93f2-b0721fb8dd03 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Process Reinforcement through Implicit Rewards
Reference 5
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 81c929cc-f245-4362-a33c-4ae4bb8766fd · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Plan-and-Act: Improving Planning of Agents for Long-Horizon Tasks
Reference 6
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 611c1b96-836d-44db-b049-50ca3d94d462 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Trustgeogen: Scalable and formal-verified data engine for trustworthy multi-modal geometric problem solving.arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.15780, 2025
Reference 7
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Observation fcd707f8-e676-4686-9bb4-d6a9124266a5 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Gemini deep research, 12 2024
Reference 8
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3e22bf9b-4a03-4e83-b702-465daa1c6931 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning
Reference 9
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 215e9b38-a1b0-4bc7-9897-9dd826d031a4 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Constructing A Multi-hop QA Dataset for Comprehensive Evaluation of Reasoning Steps
Reference 10
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 091d1d25-1cfe-45d9-bb4b-b1a114b9610a · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering MetaGPT: Meta Programming for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework
Reference 11
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 402cca18-7e9a-4141-919a-75d7735f7b4d · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Tree-Planner: Efficient Close-loop Task Planning with Large Language Models
Reference 12
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 30975c1a-0dd9-4284-9292-78b8f6e5bfbb · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering A survey on hallucination in large language models: Principles, taxonomy, challenges, and open questions.ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 43(2):1– 55, 2025
Reference 13
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Observation ee9623c0-c286-452b-b653-c596b2ab5b07 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering GPT-4o System Card
Reference 14
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 778d78e5-c897-4141-8747-e552d25c98e1 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Forward-Backward Reasoning in Large Language Models for Mathematical Verification
Reference 15
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Observation cc0ce0bd-8652-41a5-a22b-9522ea2343f6 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?
Reference 16
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Observation 43f068dc-332d-473c-8bfc-37d6d4caaa07 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Search-R1: Training LLMs to Reason and Leverage Search Engines with Reinforcement Learning
Reference 17
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0e74f23f-ece1-4f61-8bbf-a13b8a87a01a · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehension
Reference 18
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 9c5cb148-d9b7-434d-a74f-7f6fe8c99e51 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Reinforcement learning: A survey
Reference 19
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1721a036-de9d-4a52-b495-ccef6511a74d · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Dense passage retrieval for open-domain question answering
Reference 20
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c813b869-2e47-46b7-aae0-eb56fdaa6954 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering UniKnow: A Unified Framework for Reliable Language Model Behavior across Parametric and External Knowledge
Reference 21
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.
Observation 594f7765-5216-41ab-b530-fe1519d8bec8 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering The hungarian method for the assignment problem.Naval research logistics quarterly, 2(1-2):83–97, 1955
Reference 22
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 034bbc83-e669-465f-9e23-4def2e38040a · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Natural questions: a benchmark for question answering research.Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 7:453–466, 2019
Reference 23
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Observation 63316094-82aa-4f62-af96-c6683c9dc7df · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge- intensive nlp tasks.Advances in neural information processing systems, 33:9459–9474, 2020
Reference 24
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Observation 5b2c346c-50d5-4e55-9ec6-ef2be37bfa1b · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Camel: Commu- nicative agents for" mind" exploration of large language model society.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36:51991–52008, 2023
Reference 25
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Observation 14a1550f-da7e-4db8-9338-afef52d85c5c · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering CodeI/O: Condensing Reasoning Patterns via Code Input-Output Prediction
Reference 26
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Observation b62c9527-997b-4ad2-bf7e-6e0659191ad2 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Search-o1: Agentic Search-Enhanced Large Reasoning Models
Reference 27
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Observation 690493bc-5bc7-488a-b952-f95873eb618e · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Openmanus: An open-source framework for building general ai agents.https://github.com/mannaandpoem/OpenManus, 2025
Reference 28
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Observation 1996600a-f76b-45c9-9de2-996dbd426c05 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report
Reference 29
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Observation 78f6a0db-2198-4338-9e9f-76dd49a2269c · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Inference- time scaling for generalist reward modeling.arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.02495, 2025
Reference 30
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Observation a72772db-d49b-47f5-8a58-b276f70d5e69 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Large Language Model Agent: A Survey on Methodology, Applications and Challenges
Reference 31
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Observation 42ab3d9d-addf-4c42-9d29-53c4ac9612d7 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering When Not to Trust Language Models: Investigating Effectiveness of Parametric and Non-Parametric Memories
Reference 32
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Observation 644dd034-b6b8-4e11-98b2-777d9925284b · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Gaia: a benchmark for general ai assistants
Reference 33
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Observation 8f228cc7-3e22-4f73-b311-848da86558d1 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Deep research system card
Reference 34
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Observation 4dcb5c48-c56d-4d57-9016-a181337a6cd2 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Memgpt: Towards llms as operating systems
Reference 35
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Observation e39f4fee-a022-4cf9-9a31-14ded47c1835 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Advancing Reasoning in Large Language Models: Promising Methods and Approaches
Reference 36
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Observation a6cbe681-2e65-48f0-b8c9-6a6e3271f3d4 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Check Your Facts and Try Again: Improving Large Language Models with External Knowledge and Automated Feedback
Reference 37
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation bc5c113b-88cc-4f32-be09-c995dd129c73 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Measuring and Narrowing the Compositionality Gap in Language Models
Reference 38
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Observation ce5848bb-bb7a-4e77-9104-29c7483ecce3 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Making Language Models Better Tool Learners with Execution Feedback
Reference 39
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 19ff8281-4890-4dae-b72b-568dc585149d · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIs
Reference 40
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation bf577efc-4b7e-4bfe-b9c9-39ac2b2939e3 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models
Reference 41
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Observation 8e3cd2d2-d47c-486e-8c7b-6f55f1e00139 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering R1-Searcher: Incentivizing the Search Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning
Reference 42
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Observation 2ca20240-bad4-4ae2-836d-25b4c2f87e5a · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Reinforcement learning.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11(1):126–134, 1999
Reference 43
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Observation 793f0e73-9947-453d-a3db-c08a1840bce5 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Interleaving Retrieval with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Knowledge-Intensive Multi-Step Questions
Reference 44
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Observation b07cbbaa-7ea3-4238-a693-d612dc3b5cf9 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Musique: Multihop questions via single-hop question composition.Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 10:539–554, 2022
Reference 45
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Observation 0ad1b616-83f9-481b-81fd-ca21f09f70e0 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Unresolved cited work
Reference 46
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Observation bd95d930-e731-475a-bfb7-c993d4cd4372 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Plan-and-Solve Prompting: Improving Zero-Shot Chain-of-Thought Reasoning by Large Language Models
Reference 47
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Observation 02ed0be0-a863-4c51-95ca-6be3163ba623 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Text Embeddings by Weakly-Supervised Contrastive Pre-training
Reference 48
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Observation 814c6b55-cf7d-46bb-abbb-401c702343b2 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Minilm: Deep self-attention distillation for task-agnostic compression of pre-trained transformers.Advances in neural information processing systems, 33:5776–5788, 2020
Reference 49
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Observation cb219b6d-eefa-4626-9778-7d0db03f3079 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models
Reference 50
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Observation 8fa0c1b0-5eed-48b7-a3a9-731c882e894f · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models.Advances in neural information processing systems, 35:24824–24837, 2022
Reference 51
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Observation b1af11d8-dcda-4a62-919a-e7f7233e29b7 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Avatar: Optimizing llm agents for tool usage via contrastive reasoning.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 37:25981–26010, 2024
Reference 52
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Observation 4067dd1a-013e-44d5-8404-6e922c0743b0 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Omnithink: Expanding knowledge boundaries in machine writing through thinking.arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.09751, 2025
Reference 53
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Observation 4207c2aa-10d7-4cc2-b57f-24ee7365f39b · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering DeepSeek-Prover: Advancing Theorem Proving in LLMs through Large-Scale Synthetic Data
Reference 54
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation f442aaf3-56ec-4faa-a2c4-b336f64ab9ee · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Qwen2.5 Technical Report
Reference 55
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Observation 2a864e78-38ee-450c-a45f-a93d33d58a88 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Gpt4tools: Teaching large language model to use tools via self-instruction.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36:71995–72007, 2023
Reference 56
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Observation 72d31ea5-a9ca-49a2-85ef-cd0c72e8b173 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering
Reference 57
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Observation f10a572c-bac7-48fd-9f68-d105f0286360 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models.Advances in neural information processing systems, 36:11809–11822, 2023
Reference 58
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Observation 03b5cb72-3240-42fc-a5c3-9c625885ab88 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Re- act: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models
Reference 59
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Observation 76f415d1-231e-4d8b-bd28-b0812425b0ae · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Cognitive Mirage: A Review of Hallucinations in Large Language Models
Reference 60
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Observation 653d0af0-7953-4fa3-a53b-b4e415f2de83 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Physics of language models: Part 2.1, grade- school math and the hidden reasoning process
Reference 61
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Observation 6d5116c2-3996-4605-802c-33106f2444d1 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scale
Reference 62
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Observation 9f508db2-4861-4a7e-b441-d4aec3024129 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Rankrag: Unifying context ranking with retrieval-augmented generation in llms.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 37:121156–121184, 2024
Reference 63
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Observation e9f68267-02ed-43b9-b69c-8527e21d69ae · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering EASYTOOL: Enhancing LLM-based Agents with Concise Tool Instruction
Reference 64
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Observation 94d5e418-60fe-411f-8901-5df2a9f77ef0 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Inference Scaling for Long-Context Retrieval Augmented Generation
Reference 65
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Observation 657dc109-a0cd-412b-860d-200919d6f8d1 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering ReST-MCTS*: LLM Self-Training via Process Reward Guided Tree Search
Reference 66
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Observation 0166a8af-3a9e-4bf1-b492-0413054aa0ef · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Siren's Song in the AI Ocean: A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models
Reference 67
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Observation f2b8f1dd-75bf-4dd2-a92a-dd8dc3af16ca · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Towards lifelong learning of large language models: A survey.ACM Computing Surveys, 57(8):1–35, 2025
Reference 68
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Observation 9d50a212-4afb-4547-a6e6-0f9653e8a99a · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering DeepResearcher: Scaling Deep Research via Reinforcement Learning in Real-world Environments
Reference 69
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Observation 3c9b6478-de05-4a90-9dcf-f395c8b39ed5 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language Models
Reference 70
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Observation 3b763416-6090-47a8-a48f-108cead2487d · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agents
Reference 71
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Observation 7adba043-e770-4594-a863-467cceb02a30 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Unresolved cited work
Reference 72
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Observation f3b28dd0-07b0-47b5-b515-efb74e773622 · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Unresolved cited work
Reference 73
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Observation 4e1e5bc4-a34c-42b4-8d5c-ba06df308c3f · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Unresolved cited work
Reference 74
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Observation f27925fd-ce24-4e7f-8360-088776a72f6d · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Key finding 1: Green energy policies have led to a 15% increase in employment across renewable energy sectors in 2023
Reference 75
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Observation 1b7069ce-8a9a-4bb9-ab59-f374f65550cd · outbound
O$^2$-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering Unresolved cited work
Reference 76
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