Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging

As of 10 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 45 of 45 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.16148.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.16148 v1

Coverage vector

measured 45 of 45 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:52.382725Z

measured 47 of 47 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-06-26T08:29:13.389779Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-04T10:49:46.214000Z

Reference resolution

45 of 45 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy0
unresolved44
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 8cdc0b9b-ba35-43fb-9703-f42723986250 · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:45.183892Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1b07e833-2392-4192-bc1d-55029f8dddbc · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:45.292340Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8c8f5f6c-d605-4632-852a-ac4c0b119893 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:45.429469Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bee95ecf-2051-43e9-851f-db014439399a · outbound

This paper cites GeoQA: A Geometric Question Answering Benchmark Towards Multimodal Numerical Reasoning.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging GeoQA: A Geometric Question Answering Benchmark Towards Multimodal Numerical Reasoning

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:45.539141Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b81771d2-e320-4545-86cc-bfb57f85f315 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:56.321165Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 95d212bb-72e3-4dbe-9c1f-666637e0a5e0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:56.042423Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 7226097e-544b-444a-bd50-a362986a15b8 · outbound

This paper cites Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:45.979850Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 679434ca-066d-4c8d-bff8-8bfb7239444c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:46.257685Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d2552770-7459-44ad-9538-70fbc27fd8c6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:47.590232Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ff80f5d8-5c77-41c9-8714-797dc1c5c377 · outbound

This paper cites An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:48.141394Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b5e2b6b3-60b9-43ee-a302-beb8e3d10f54 · outbound

This paper cites LoCA: Location-Aware Cosine Adaptation for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging LoCA: Location-Aware Cosine Adaptation for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:48.231557Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c10780f4-52c4-481a-b710-b08327abbb3a · outbound

This paper cites Deep Ensembles: A Loss Landscape Perspective.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Deep Ensembles: A Loss Landscape Perspective

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:48.343895Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a240f0aa-77ad-4be5-a36d-f94a37e69942 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:55.715476Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 355247aa-20d5-4dc8-8e9b-6050ba077d94 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:48.584743Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a730e78f-08cb-4059-8efd-2fc4ca6dc41f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:48.716346Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7854b02b-922b-422f-9f2b-5f780fe3860b · outbound

This paper cites Editing Models with Task Arithmetic.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Editing Models with Task Arithmetic

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:48.980198Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 26fe9649-1c09-499e-b3af-86bf7b40f9a1 · outbound

This paper cites Averaging Weights Leads to Wider Optima and Better Generalization.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Averaging Weights Leads to Wider Optima and Better Generalization

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:49.108829Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c30b6d5d-ce0c-4d6d-ba7e-0ffe7d0d306e · outbound

This paper cites Dataless Knowledge Fusion by Merging Weights of Language Models.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Dataless Knowledge Fusion by Merging Weights of Language Models

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:49.242120Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c1269447-d519-4939-a866-f1620b06fc9a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:49.367445Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3f1fdda4-87ff-42da-bcc7-4ce2516f4690 · outbound

This paper cites Foldable SuperNets: Scalable Merging of Transformers with Different Initializations and Tasks.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Foldable SuperNets: Scalable Merging of Transformers with Different Initializations and Tasks

Reference 20

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:52.965279Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation eafc19d1-28e8-437a-af7e-0e7da48b48a9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:55.328255Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 9a68e535-3a2b-4cfe-ab4c-7f09edcbd427 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:49.706285Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1732971e-cf4c-4f79-8b50-623f4ec0c2a7 · outbound

This paper cites MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:49.760914Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 78eac6a8-49f6-4c09-9933-61c5ee0deeae · outbound

This paper cites WizardMath: Empowering Mathematical Reasoning for Large Language Models via Reinforced Evol-Instruct.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging WizardMath: Empowering Mathematical Reasoning for Large Language Models via Reinforced Evol-Instruct

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:49.981756Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 170b93fb-1c58-4c37-a2ec-886f66ed9c5d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:50.181370Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation abc8586c-5428-48eb-a8af-faca63553a4e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:55.047679Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 3350534c-db80-4673-b087-e59bf606ad44 · outbound

This paper cites We-Math: Does Your Large Multimodal Model Achieve Human-like Mathematical Reasoning?.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging We-Math: Does Your Large Multimodal Model Achieve Human-like Mathematical Reasoning?

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:50.567493Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 889cd9f2-9ac5-4843-a802-c0b423a101f7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:50.824068Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1f64ae5c-2a65-430f-bf8b-bb2b118a7f28 · outbound

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NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging An overview of gradient descent optimization algorithms

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:50.887668Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c1cae2d9-76c8-44c2-b3d7-bf481fe01269 · outbound

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NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Math-LLaVA: Bootstrapping Mathematical Reasoning for Multimodal Large Language Models

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:50.937309Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 23e1a371-ea3a-4709-8929-2697c3635d03 · outbound

This paper cites Unveiling the Mystery of Weight in Large Foundation Models: Gaussian Distribution Never Fades.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unveiling the Mystery of Weight in Large Foundation Models: Gaussian Distribution Never Fades

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:51.028457Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b88b9207-4e8a-4136-b9c7-a42fd372db33 · outbound

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NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:54.744746Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation a39ba0a5-1c40-444d-8c60-5c22c4cf4cef · outbound

This paper cites ZipIt! Merging Models from Different Tasks without Training.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging ZipIt! Merging Models from Different Tasks without Training

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:51.229729Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 38ede9f3-a62d-4f4a-8719-c4127df52efd · outbound

This paper cites Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Them.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Them

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:51.339619Z

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Observation b5e4f037-65d2-4b1e-8c69-44c5e955dfb3 · outbound

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NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:51.446704Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 46867208-5356-486a-a268-6fdb7aee6166 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:54.449320Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation ea459b6f-685b-4be7-8c85-cd31b3326a76 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:51.672541Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c300147f-1cb8-43e3-83f4-462c54567b53 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:54.184531Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation a348235d-df9e-48d3-97e1-206c8007fc75 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:53.940863Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation f40c35e7-a49c-4f55-b53c-0a124632841e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:51.912734Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ed68e353-9389-4d52-9fd2-224f4b1b69ee · outbound

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NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Qwen2.5-Math Technical Report: Toward Mathematical Expert Model via Self-Improvement

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:51.989417Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8d97f1ac-602e-4313-83c5-4335e06d6a60 · outbound

This paper cites AdaMerging: Adaptive Model Merging for Multi-Task Learning.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging AdaMerging: Adaptive Model Merging for Multi-Task Learning

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:52.053536Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4d4a5310-6502-452e-96d4-405dea583717 · outbound

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NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:53.563445Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation c85cb7df-79a2-4b82-8e41-a6a3749313a2 · outbound

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NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Extend Model Merging from Fine-Tuned to Pre-Trained Large Language Models via Weight Disentanglement

Reference 44

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 17862097-5bd8-4518-8ccb-f6af614f511d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:08:53.357865Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation 2b901d6b-acea-4f3a-84b8-7b2de6730f5b · inbound

ACE-Merging: Data-Free Model Merging with Adaptive Covariance Estimation cites this paper.

ACE-Merging: Data-Free Model Merging with Adaptive Covariance Estimation NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging

Reference 12

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-15T17:00:10.166507Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation d6c6d6f9-7e13-4087-8604-c1fe224d0c4c · inbound

Humanoid-OmniOcc: Stereo-Based Full-View Occupancy Dataset for Embodied AI cites this paper.

Humanoid-OmniOcc: Stereo-Based Full-View Occupancy Dataset for Embodied AI NAN: A Training-Free Solution to Coefficient Estimation in Model Merging

Reference 64

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T10:49:46.215930Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.