Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 48 of 48 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.05225.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.05225 v2

Coverage vector

measured 48 of 48 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.100290Z

measured 48 of 48 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

48 of 48 outbound references displayed

verified exact4
verified fuzzy0
unresolved44
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 87ea8e7a-11b0-4007-9a6d-1f31d2a72fb4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:26.810989Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 9cf75a0c-8a14-418b-b7b7-58f71644b6d6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.109170Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ed9da34d-8b4f-42d3-a474-8e1678ae113d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.214633Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c97a171-c0ae-414c-bd25-baaf7fa02338 · outbound

This paper cites Yu, Qiang Yang, and Xing Xie.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Yu, Qiang Yang, and Xing Xie

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.282619Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 98728b40-878d-4a02-9e9c-7f4831b5642c · outbound

This paper cites DISC-FinLLM: A Chinese Financial Large Language Model based on Multiple Experts Fine-tuning.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation DISC-FinLLM: A Chinese Financial Large Language Model based on Multiple Experts Fine-tuning

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.287004Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4b59ad6f-00dd-4ae2-b5df-5a3dafb60939 · outbound

This paper cites The Compositional Architecture of Regret in Large Language Models.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation The Compositional Architecture of Regret in Large Language Models

Reference 6

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.684918Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 2f7677ca-68c5-4aca-90e2-0c8a727fa40f · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.297822Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 15352bc0-336b-4918-95d6-d7caaffce4a4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:26.781251Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 895868e1-42b8-4d96-a7c7-dab5d404599a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.306341Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dc78d210-414b-4df4-8300-4d7ee1fe7535 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:26.672943Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 8f1543e8-28e8-4130-97bb-a9dd8d487d8e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.315189Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8f8a7f94-d3b2-47ef-a99a-a895349da1cf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:26.623657Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 6a4d170e-ed01-4e43-8bf1-d892276a89ab · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:26.478395Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 143870af-5d10-465a-aecb-a0b205382ea2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.488134Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1e56bf5a-9dea-43f9-bba6-e4495177aaac · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.523614Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 357af42d-f787-4ae0-b8c7-5e7d27b27efa · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:26.347144Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 05cb9e4f-2be0-4d26-9428-5fc2bade5606 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:26.221294Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation f5de18c3-892b-421c-bc45-ba6e22d3cb23 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:26.210076Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation b7cf7c00-5dcc-4a0b-8325-727bebc11747 · outbound

This paper cites Domain Specialization as the Key to Make Large Language Models Disruptive: A Comprehensive Survey.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Domain Specialization as the Key to Make Large Language Models Disruptive: A Comprehensive Survey

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.541133Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 50028e0f-dde0-4514-91ca-2cc62b76917c · outbound

This paper cites M3KE: A Massive Multi-Level Multi-Subject Knowledge Evaluation Benchmark for Chinese Large Language Models.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation M3KE: A Massive Multi-Level Multi-Subject Knowledge Evaluation Benchmark for Chinese Large Language Models

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.546150Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d42d8def-b11a-4ebc-bc06-5b0e8575dc0b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:26.198443Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 6ae87d4e-f791-4355-b38f-5eed6b40f1de · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.554249Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d67e986f-dabe-423f-bf59-324e9131b444 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:26.171793Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation b68e0f3f-3e69-4f35-be28-bb2ea47f8b29 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:26.013061Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 949f302e-d345-4da6-a42c-1aed89816318 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.565596Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d8deee4b-00b5-453c-b483-ef5e41e6efd3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.569342Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7d9b07c0-a263-4ad8-bc88-041e23cf45a8 · outbound

This paper cites A Survey on Large Language Model Benchmarks.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation A Survey on Large Language Model Benchmarks

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.680011Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7bc78698-3891-404c-95db-1957c802cfc4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.959852Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation b6283e5c-dbaa-4399-8ba3-66f5efa63b8f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.800305Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f48a8fa3-acfa-495b-b91d-ae3f63e6ef50 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.804500Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b9ccb429-b628-4351-b08b-2efe78f8081b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.807920Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5c62c2ec-9cde-4aa0-92de-e080871c457a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.932694Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation b892645d-ecbb-4427-bfe9-cb0beefb1e77 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.920097Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 0b1a4c17-500a-4401-aeaa-609f59d268c3 · outbound

This paper cites DomainRAG: A Chinese Benchmark for Evaluating Domain-specific Retrieval-Augmented Generation.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation DomainRAG: A Chinese Benchmark for Evaluating Domain-specific Retrieval-Augmented Generation

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.821151Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8535c400-9a63-483c-a4c3-7be6b79693fc · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5 Technical Report.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Qwen2.5 Technical Report

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.825186Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 812daae9-b6a3-42f3-903e-8d0ad3bb743a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.829371Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fb6749dc-05e9-408a-a40f-b4d8103988f9 · outbound

This paper cites Wong, and Di Wang.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Wong, and Di Wang

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.834112Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 58b7ec7e-c5ed-48e6-8950-efdf729a204f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.822699Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 5857c144-905d-4581-be3f-f290685d06d5 · outbound

This paper cites EraRAG: Efficient and Incremental Retrieval Augmented Generation for Growing Corpora.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation EraRAG: Efficient and Incremental Retrieval Augmented Generation for Growing Corpora

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.887316Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5dd9b563-5e3d-416d-b4c6-be1050d56e03 · outbound

This paper cites FinEval: A Chinese Financial Domain Knowledge Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation FinEval: A Chinese Financial Domain Knowledge Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:24.960213Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b7cc6d3b-11e8-4fe4-8f46-1fd3b437228e · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating the Performance of Large Language Models on GAOKAO Benchmark.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Evaluating the Performance of Large Language Models on GAOKAO Benchmark

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.067403Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8fa194fd-e65b-4f25-9761-aeb34e7c0d4c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.071741Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5113ce11-f70f-4816-a255-c4c3aa3b5ba4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.408555Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 0d4de92e-997e-4665-92f4-df5587616952 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.082658Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b40562b8-0e1f-4765-8015-51134a88bd95 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.388542Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 35682d89-ef0f-40c0-aefd-a487983aacea · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation Unresolved cited work

Reference 46

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.212622Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 4285a51d-7bf2-4f3d-9527-f7af4eb7959b · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.095483Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c0381118-db26-4d75-bcb8-f232b9f793f8 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation write newline

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T23:13:25.100290Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.