pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.22418 · v1 · pith:ECISKOMNnew · submitted 2026-06-21 · 🪐 quant-ph

A Three-Layer Architecture for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing

Zhirao Wang , Zhou You , Yiming Huang , Tianyi Li , Ying Li , Xiao Yuan , Yuan Yao This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 10:34 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph
keywords fault-tolerant quantum computingquantum architecturethree-layer frameworkquantum error correctionhardware-agnostic designlogical synthesisfault-tolerance layer
0
0 comments X

The pith

A hardware-agnostic three-layer framework organizes fault-tolerant quantum computation as a universal abstract standard.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper proposes a three-layer architecture for fault-tolerant quantum computing that separates application-level logical programs, an intermediate Fault-Tolerance Layer, and hardware-level execution. Guided by real execution workflows, the model is deliberately decoupled from specific physical qubit platforms and quantum error correction codes. Special focus falls on the five internal components of the Fault-Tolerance Layer and the interfaces that enable logical synthesis, resource management, decoding, and runtime control. An end-to-end example shows how the full pipeline operates under this structure. The architecture is presented as a foundational model for organizing modular and heterogeneous fault-tolerant quantum systems.

Core claim

Drawing from classical computer architecture, the paper claims that real execution workflows of fault-tolerant quantum algorithms can define a decoupled three-layer high-level framework that functions as a universal abstract standard rather than a platform-specific scheme, with the Fault-Tolerance Layer serving as the architectural bridge between logical programs and hardware execution.

What carries the argument

The three-layer architecture (Application Layer, Fault-Tolerance Layer, Hardware Layer), with the Fault-Tolerance Layer characterized by its five internal components, interfaces, and execution-correction-adaptation paths.

Load-bearing premise

Real execution workflows of fault-tolerant quantum algorithms can be used to define a decoupled, hardware- and code-agnostic model that still functions as a practical universal abstract standard.

What would settle it

Demonstration that any single abstract three-layer model either loses correctness when applied across different error-correction codes or requires platform-specific adjustments that violate the claimed decoupling.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.22418 by Tianyi Li, Xiao Yuan, Yiming Huang, Ying Li, Yuan Yao, Zhirao Wang, Zhou You.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Overall three-layer architecture. The Application Layer is responsible for algorithm specification and logical intermediate represen [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Internal module of the Fault-Tolerance Layer. The layer is decomposed into five functional modules: Synthesizer, Resource Allocator, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Internal logic of the Synthesizer. The module receives the logical circuit through [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Internal logic of the Resource Allocator. The allocator receives a candidate logical instruction stream ISA [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Internal logic of the Transpiler. The module receives a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Internal logic of the Controller. The Controller receives a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. Three complementary execution paths inside the Fault [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. Schematic superconducting fault-tolerant layout. Blue [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. Schematic neutral-atom zoned execution model. Blue [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11. Representative timing-aware schedule for one Trotter step on the two backend models. The superconducting schedules are shown [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_11.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Fault tolerance is an indispensable prerequisite for constructing large-scale universal quantum computers. Drawing philosophies from classical computer architecture, this paper presents a hardware-agnostic three-layer high-level architectural framework for generic fault-tolerant quantum computation. Guided by the real execution workflows of fault-tolerant quantum algorithms, the proposed model is decoupled from specific physical qubit hardware platforms and quantum error correction codes, serving as a universal abstract standard rather than a platform-specific implementation scheme. Special attention is devoted to the intermediate Fault-Tolerance Layer, which serves as the architectural bridge between application-level logical programs and hardware-level execution. We systematically characterize its five internal components, the interfaces and data exchanged among them, and the execution, correction, and adaptation paths that together enable logical synthesis, fault-tolerant resources management, decoding, and runtime fault-tolerant control. An end-to-end example is further provided to illustrate the full-stack operating pipeline of fault-tolerant quantum algorithms under this framework. Given the increasing emphasis on modular, heterogeneous, and cross-layer fault-tolerant quantum systems, our architecture provides a unified foundational model for organizing such designs.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper proposes a hardware-agnostic three-layer architecture (Application, Fault-Tolerance, Physical) for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Guided by FTQC execution workflows, it focuses on the intermediate Fault-Tolerance Layer, characterizing its five internal components, interfaces, data exchanges, and execution/correction/adaptation paths to enable logical synthesis, resource management, decoding, and runtime control. An end-to-end example illustrates the full-stack pipeline, positioning the model as a universal abstract standard decoupled from specific hardware platforms and QEC codes.

Significance. If the proposed decoupling can be shown to accommodate diverse FTQC workflows without hidden platform-specific assumptions, the architecture would supply a much-needed high-level organizing framework for modular and heterogeneous quantum systems. The explicit treatment of interfaces and an end-to-end example constitute concrete strengths that could help standardize cross-layer design discussions.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract and the section describing the guiding principle: the claim that real execution workflows suffice to define a decoupled, hardware- and code-agnostic model that still functions as a practical universal standard is asserted without any mapping of concrete FTQC algorithms onto the five components or any test of the interfaces; this assumption is load-bearing for the universality assertion.
  2. [Fault-Tolerance Layer characterization] Section characterizing the Fault-Tolerance Layer: the five components and their execution/correction/adaptation paths are described at a purely structural level with no quantitative illustration (resource overhead, latency bounds, or failure-rate propagation) showing that the abstraction remains functional once instantiated; without such grounding the bridge function between logical programs and physical execution remains unverified.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Figures and example] Figure captions and the end-to-end example would benefit from explicit cross-references to the five components so readers can trace data flow without ambiguity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments. We address each major comment point by point below, maintaining that the manuscript's scope as a high-level architectural framework is appropriate for the claims made.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract and the section describing the guiding principle: the claim that real execution workflows suffice to define a decoupled, hardware- and code-agnostic model that still functions as a practical universal standard is asserted without any mapping of concrete FTQC algorithms onto the five components or any test of the interfaces; this assumption is load-bearing for the universality assertion.

    Authors: The end-to-end example in Section 5 explicitly traces a representative fault-tolerant quantum algorithm through the five components of the Fault-Tolerance Layer, showing the data exchanges, interfaces, and execution/correction/adaptation paths. This example is derived from standard FTQC workflows (e.g., logical gate synthesis and decoding loops) and thereby grounds the universality claim without embedding platform-specific assumptions. We maintain that the structural characterization plus this concrete pipeline illustration suffices to support the abstract standard; no additional mappings are required for the paper's stated contribution. revision: no

  2. Referee: [Fault-Tolerance Layer characterization] Section characterizing the Fault-Tolerance Layer: the five components and their execution/correction/adaptation paths are described at a purely structural level with no quantitative illustration (resource overhead, latency bounds, or failure-rate propagation) showing that the abstraction remains functional once instantiated; without such grounding the bridge function between logical programs and physical execution remains unverified.

    Authors: Because the architecture is deliberately hardware- and code-agnostic, any quantitative metrics such as resource overhead or latency would depend on a specific choice of QEC code and physical platform, which would undermine the goal of a universal abstract standard. The manuscript verifies the bridge function at the architectural level through the defined interfaces, data flows, and the end-to-end example; quantitative instantiation and performance analysis belong to follow-on implementation studies rather than this framework paper. revision: no

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

The paper is a high-level conceptual proposal defining a three-layer architecture (Application, Fault-Tolerance, Physical) and its components by deliberate abstraction from real FTQC workflows. No equations, fitted parameters, predictions, theorems, or scaling laws are asserted that could reduce to inputs by construction. No self-citation chains, uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes are invoked in a load-bearing manner. The decoupling is achieved by design choice, not derivation, making the model self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper is a high-level conceptual proposal. It introduces no fitted numerical parameters and no new postulated physical entities. It rests on the standard domain assumption that fault tolerance is required for large-scale quantum computation.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Fault tolerance is an indispensable prerequisite for constructing large-scale universal quantum computers.
    Opening sentence of the abstract; treated as background rather than derived.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5724 in / 1300 out tokens · 41625 ms · 2026-06-26T10:34:29.634929+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

90 extracted references · 6 linked inside Pith

  1. [1]

    Shor, Fault-tolerant quantum computation, inProceedings of 37th Conference on Foundations of Computer Science(1996) pp

    P. Shor, Fault-tolerant quantum computation, inProceedings of 37th Conference on Foundations of Computer Science(1996) pp. 56–65

    1996

  2. [2]

    Preskill, Reliable quantum computers, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

    J. Preskill, Reliable quantum computers, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences454, 385 (1998)

    1998

  3. [3]

    E. T. Campbell, B. M. Terhal, and C. Vuillot, Roads towards fault-tolerant universal quantum computation, Nature549, 172 (2017)

    2017

  4. [4]

    B. M. Terhal, Quantum error correction for quantum memories, Reviews of Modern Physics87, 307 (2015)

    2015

  5. [5]

    Mohseni, A

    M. Mohseni, A. Scherer, K. G. Johnson, O. Wertheim, M. Ot- ten, N. Anand, N. A. Aadit, Y. Alexeev, G. Ben-Shach, K. M. Bresniker,et al., How to build a quantum supercomputer: Scaling from hundreds to millions of qubits, arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.10406 (2024)

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  6. [6]

    D. A. P. David A, L. John,et al.,Computer organization and design: the hardware/software interface(ELSEVEIR, 2017)

    2017

  7. [7]

    Ding and F

    Y. Ding and F. T. Chong,Quantum Computer Systems: Research for Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computers(Springer Na- ture, 2022)

    2022

  8. [8]

    Zhang, X

    F. Zhang, X. Zhu, R. Chao, C. Huang, L. Kong, G. Chen, D. Ding, H. Feng, Y. Gao, X. Ni, L. Qiu, Z. Wei, Y. Yang, Y. Zhao, Y. Shi, W. Zhang, P. Zhou, and J. Chen, A Classical Architecture for Digital Quantum Computers, ACM Transac- tions on Quantum Computing5, 3:1 (2023)

    2023

  9. [9]

    Kobori, Y

    T. Kobori, Y. Suzuki, Y. Ueno, T. Tanimoto, S. Todo, and Y. Tokunaga, LSQCA: Resource-Efficient Load/Store Archi- tecture for Limited-Scale Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing, in2025 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)(2025) pp. 304–320

    2025

  10. [10]

    A. G. Fowler, M. Mariantoni, J. M. Martinis, and A. N. Cleland, Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum compu- tation, Physical Review A—Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics86, 032324 (2012)

    2012

  11. [11]

    Gidney and M

    C. Gidney and M. Eker ˚a, How to factor 2048 bit rsa integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits, Quantum5, 433 (2021)

    2048

  12. [12]

    Gidney, N

    C. Gidney, N. Shutty, and C. Jones, Magic state cultiva- tion: Growing T states as cheap as CNOT gates (2024), arXiv:2409.17595

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  13. [13]

    Litinski, A game of surface codes: Large-scale quantum computing with lattice surgery, Quantum3, 128 (2019)

    D. Litinski, A game of surface codes: Large-scale quantum computing with lattice surgery, Quantum3, 128 (2019)

    2019

  14. [14]

    Ryan-Anderson, J

    C. Ryan-Anderson, J. G. Bohnet, K. Lee, D. Gresh, A. Hankin, J. P. Gaebler, D. Francois, A. Chernoguzov, D. Lucchetti, N. C. Brown,et al., Realization of real-time fault-tolerant quantum error correction, Physical Review X11, 041058 (2021)

    2021

  15. [15]

    Acharya, D

    R. Acharya, D. A. Abanin, L. Aghababaie-Beni, I. Aleiner, T. I. Andersen, M. Ansmann, F. Arute, K. Arya, A. Asfaw, N. Astrakhantsev, J. Atalaya, R. Babbush, D. Bacon, B. Ballard, J. C. Bardin, J. Bausch, A. Bengtsson, A. Bilmes, S. Black- well, S. Boixo, G. Bortoli, A. Bourassa, J. Bovaird, L. Brill, M. Broughton, D. A. Browne, B. Buchea, B. B. Buckley, D...

    2025

  16. [16]

    N. C. Jones, R. Van Meter, A. G. Fowler, P. L. McMahon, J. Kim, T. D. Ladd, and Y. Yamamoto, Layered architecture for quantum computing, Physical Review X2, 031007 (2012)

    2012

  17. [17]

    P. W. Shor, Scheme for reducing decoherence in quantum com- puter memory, Physical review A52, R2493 (1995)

    1995

  18. [18]

    Gottesman, Class of quantum error-correcting codes saturat- ing the quantum Hamming bound, Physical Review A54, 1862 (1996)

    D. Gottesman, Class of quantum error-correcting codes saturat- ing the quantum Hamming bound, Physical Review A54, 1862 (1996)

    1996

  19. [19]

    A. R. Calderbank and P. W. Shor, Good quantum error- correcting codes exist, Physical Review A54, 1098 (1996)

    1996

  20. [20]

    A. M. Steane, Simple quantum error-correcting codes, Physical Review A54, 4741 (1996)

    1996

  21. [21]

    Eastin and E

    B. Eastin and E. Knill, Restrictions on Transversal Encoded Quantum Gate Sets, Physical Review Letters102, 110502 (2009)

    2009

  22. [22]

    Bravyi and A

    S. Bravyi and A. Kitaev, Universal quantum computation with ideal Clifford gates and noisy ancillas, Physical Review A71, 022316 (2005)

    2005

  23. [23]

    Bravyi and J

    S. Bravyi and J. Haah, Magic-state distillation with low over- head, Physical Review A—Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics86, 052329 (2012)

    2012

  24. [24]

    J. Koch, T. M. Yu, J. Gambetta, A. A. Houck, D. I. Schuster, J. Majer, A. Blais, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Charge-insensitive qubit design derived from the cooper pair box, Physical Review A—Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics76, 042319 (2007)

    2007

  25. [25]

    Ivezic, IBM Unveils Condor: 1,121-Qubit Quantum Proces- sor (2023)

    M. Ivezic, IBM Unveils Condor: 1,121-Qubit Quantum Proces- sor (2023)

    2023

  26. [26]

    Ivezic, IBM Unveils 156-Qubit ‘Heron R2’ Quantum Pro- cessor (2024)

    M. Ivezic, IBM Unveils 156-Qubit ‘Heron R2’ Quantum Pro- cessor (2024)

    2024

  27. [27]

    D. Gao, D. Fan, C. Zha, J. Bei, G. Cai, J. Cai, S. Cao, F. Chen, J. Chen, K. Chen, X. Chen, X. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Chen, W. Chu, H. Deng, Z. Deng, P. Ding, X. Ding, Z. Ding, S. Dong, Y. Dong, B. Fan, Y. Fu, S. Gao, L. Ge, M. Gong, J. Gui, C. Guo, S. Guo, X. Guo, L. Han, T. He, L. Hong, Y. Hu, H.-L. Huang, Y.-H. Huo, T. Jiang, Z. Jiang, H. Jin, Y. L...

    2025

  28. [28]

    Somoroff, Q

    A. Somoroff, Q. Ficheux, R. A. Mencia, H. Xiong, R. Kuzmin, and V. E. Manucharyan, Millisecond Coherence in a Supercon- ducting Qubit, Physical Review Letters130, 267001 (2023)

    2023

  29. [29]

    K. N. Nesterov, C. Wang, V. E. Manucharyan, and M. G. Vavilov, Cnot Gates for Fluxonium Qubits via Selective Darkening of Transitions, Physical Review Applied18, 034063 (2022)

    2022

  30. [30]

    Bluvstein, H

    D. Bluvstein, H. Levine, G. Semeghini, T. T. Wang, S. Ebadi, M. Kalinowski, A. Keesling, N. Maskara, H. Pichler, M. Greiner, V. Vuleti´c, and M. D. Lukin, A quantum processor based on coherent transport of entangled atom arrays, Nature604, 451 (2022)

    2022

  31. [31]

    Bluvstein, S

    D. Bluvstein, S. J. Evered, A. A. Geim, S. H. Li, H. Zhou, T. Manovitz, S. Ebadi, M. Cain, M. Kalinowski, D. Hangleiter, J. P. Bonilla Ataides, N. Maskara, I. Cong, X. Gao, P. Sales Rodriguez, T. Karolyshyn, G. Semeghini, M. J. Gul- lans, M. Greiner, V. Vuleti´c, and M. D. Lukin, Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays, Nature626, 58 (2024)

    2024

  32. [32]

    J. I. Cirac and P. Zoller, Quantum Computations with Cold Trapped Ions, Physical Review Letters74, 4091 (1995)

    1995

  33. [33]

    Monroe, D

    C. Monroe, D. M. Meekhof, B. E. King, W. M. Itano, and D. J. Wineland, Demonstration of a Fundamental Quantum Logic Gate, Physical Review Letters75, 4714 (1995)

    1995

  34. [34]

    D. J. Wineland, M. Barrett, J. Britton, J. Chiaverini, B. De- Marco, W. M. Itano, B. Jelenkovi ´c, C. Langer, D. Leibfried, V. Meyer, T. Rosenband, and T. Sch¨atz, Quantum information processing with trapped ions, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sci- ences361, 1349 (2003). 25

    2003

  35. [35]

    J. M. Pino, J. M. Dreiling, C. Figgatt, J. P. Gaebler, S. A. Moses, M. S. Allman, C. H. Baldwin, M. Foss-Feig, D. Hayes, K. Mayer, C. Ryan-Anderson, and B. Neyenhuis, Demonstration of the trapped-ion quantum CCD computer architecture, Nature 592, 209 (2021)

    2021

  36. [36]

    Wang, C.-Y

    P. Wang, C.-Y. Luan, M. Qiao, M. Um, J. Zhang, Y. Wang, X. Yuan, M. Gu, J. Zhang, and K. Kim, Single ion qubit with estimated coherence time exceeding one hour, Nature Commu- nications12, 233 (2021)

    2021

  37. [37]

    S. A. Moses, C. H. Baldwin, M. S. Allman, R. Ancona, L. Ascar- runz, C. Barnes, J. Bartolotta, B. Bjork, P. Blanchard, M. Bohn, J. G. Bohnet, N. C. Brown, N. Q. Burdick, W. C. Burton, S. L. Campbell, J. P. Campora, C. Carron, J. Chambers, J. W. Chan, Y. H. Chen, A. Chernoguzov, E. Chertkov, J. Colina, J. P. Curtis, R. Daniel, M. DeCross, D. Deen, C. Delan...

    2023

  38. [38]

    Marxer, J

    F. Marxer, J. Mro˙ zek, J. Andersson, L. Abdurakhimov, J. Adam, V. Bergholm, R. Beriwal, C. F. Chan, S. Dahl, S. R. Das, F. Deppe, O. Fedorets, Z. Gao, A. Gomez Frieiro, D. Gusenkova, A. Guthrie, T. Hiltunen, H. Hsu, E. Hyypp ¨a, J. Ikonen, S. Inel, S. W. Jolin, A. Karis, S.-G. Kim, W. Kindel, A. Komlev, M. Koistinen, R. Kokkoniemi, S. Kumar, H.-S. Ku, J....

    2026

  39. [39]

    A. Yu. Kitaev, Fault-tolerant quantum computation by anyons, Annals of Physics303, 2 (2003)

    2003

  40. [40]

    Raussendorf and J

    R. Raussendorf and J. Harrington, Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation with High Threshold in Two Dimensions, Physical Review Letters98, 190504 (2007)

    2007

  41. [41]

    A. G. Fowler, M. Mariantoni, J. M. Martinis, and A. N. Cleland, Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum compu- tation, Physical Review A86, 032324 (2012)

    2012

  42. [42]

    Krinner, N

    S. Krinner, N. Lacroix, A. Remm, A. Di Paolo, E. Genois, C. Leroux, C. Hellings, S. Lazar, F. Swiadek, J. Herrmann, G. J. Norris, C. K. Andersen, M. M¨ uller, A. Blais, C. Eichler, and A. Wallraff, Realizing repeated quantum error correction in a distance-three surface code, Nature605, 669 (2022)

    2022

  43. [43]

    Chamberland, G

    C. Chamberland, G. Zhu, T. J. Yoder, J. B. Hertzberg, and A. W. Cross, Topological and Subsystem Codes on Low-Degree Graphs with Flag Qubits, Physical Review X10, 011022 (2020)

    2020

  44. [44]

    Sundaresan, T

    N. Sundaresan, T. J. Yoder, Y. Kim, M. Li, E. H. Chen, G. Harper, T. Thorbeck, A. W. Cross, A. D. C ´orcoles, and M. Takita, Demonstrating multi-round subsystem quantum error correction using matching and maximum likelihood decoders, Nature Communications14, 2852 (2023)

    2023

  45. [45]

    T. He, W. Lin, R. Wang, Y. Li, J. Bei, J. Cai, S. Cao, D. Chen, K. Chen, X. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Chen, W. Chu, H. Deng, X. Ding, Z. Ding, B. Fan, D. Fan, Y. Fu, D. Gao, M. Gong, J. Gui, C. Guo, S. Guo, L. Han, L. Hong, Y. Hu, H.-L. Huang, Y.-H. Huo, C. Jiang, L. Jiang, T. Jiang, Z. Jiang, H. Jin, D. Li, D. Li, J. Li, J. Li, J. Li, J. Li, N. Li, S. L...

    2025

  46. [46]

    Bravyi, A

    S. Bravyi, A. W. Cross, J. M. Gambetta, D. Maslov, P. Rall, and T. J. Yoder, High-threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memory, Nature627, 778 (2024)

    2024

  47. [47]

    T. J. Yoder, E. Schoute, P. Rall, E. Pritchett, J. M. Gambetta, A. W. Cross, M. Carroll, and M. E. Beverland, Tour de gross: A modular quantum computer based on bivariate bicycle codes (2025), arXiv:2506.03094

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  48. [48]

    S. J. Evered, D. Bluvstein, M. Kalinowski, S. Ebadi, T. Manovitz, H. Zhou, S. H. Li, A. A. Geim, T. T. Wang, N. Maskara, H. Levine, G. Semeghini, M. Greiner, V. Vuleti ´c, and M. D. Lukin, High-fidelity parallel entangling gates on a neutral-atom quantum computer, Nature622, 268 (2023)

    2023

  49. [49]

    Y. Wu, S. Kolkowitz, S. Puri, and J. D. Thompson, Erasure con- version for fault-tolerant quantum computing in alkaline earth Rydberg atom arrays, Nature Communications13, 4657 (2022)

    2022

  50. [50]

    Pecorari, S

    L. Pecorari, S. Jandura, G. K. Brennen, and G. Pupillo, High-rate quantum LDPC codes for long-range-connected neutral atom registers, Nature Communications16, 1111 (2025)

    2025

  51. [51]

    Q. Xu, J. P. Bonilla Ataides, C. A. Pattison, N. Raveendran, D. Bluvstein, J. Wurtz, B. Vasi ´c, M. D. Lukin, L. Jiang, and H. Zhou, Constant-overhead fault-tolerant quantum computa- tion with reconfigurable atom arrays, Nature Physics20, 1084 (2024)

    2024

  52. [52]

    B. W. Reichardt, A. Paetznick, D. Aasen, I. Basov, J. M. Bello- Rivas, P. Bonderson, R. Chao, W. van Dam, M. B. Hastings, A. Paz, M. P. da Silva, A. Sundaram, K. M. Svore, A. Vaschillo, Z. Wang, M. Zanner, W. B. Cairncross, C.-A. Chen, D. Crow, H. Kim, J. M. Kindem, J. King, M. McDonald, M. A. Norcia, A. Ryou, M. Stone, L. Wadleigh, K. Barnes, P. Battagli...

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  53. [53]

    M. N. H. Chow, V. Buchemmavari, S. Omanakuttan, B. J. Little, 26 S. Pandey, I. H. Deutsch, and Y.-Y. Jau, Circuit-Based Leakage- to-Erasure Conversion in a Neutral-Atom Quantum Processor, PRX Quantum5, 040343 (2024)

    2024

  54. [54]

    Sales Rodriguez, J

    P. Sales Rodriguez, J. M. Robinson, P. N. Jepsen, Z. He, C. Duck- ering, C. Zhao, K.-H. Wu, J. Campo, K. Bagnall, M. Kwon, T. Karolyshyn, P. Weinberg, M. Cain, S. J. Evered, A. A. Geim, M. Kalinowski, S. H. Li, T. Manovitz, J. Amato-Grill, J. I. Basham, L. Bernstein, B. Braverman, A. Bylinskii, A. Choukri, R. J. DeAngelo, F. Fang, C. Fieweger, P. Frederic...

    2025

  55. [55]

    L ¨oschnauer, J

    C. L ¨oschnauer, J. Mosca Toba, A. Hughes, S. King, M. Weber, R. Srinivas, R. Matt, R. Nourshargh, D. Allcock, C. Ballance, C. Matthiesen, M. Malinowski, and T. Harty, Scalable, High- Fidelity All-Electronic Control of Trapped-Ion Qubits, PRX Quantum6, 040313 (2025)

    2025

  56. [56]

    F. A. An, A. Ransford, A. Schaffer, L. R. Sletten, J. Gaebler, J. Hostetter, and G. Vittorini, High Fidelity State Preparation and Measurement of Ion Hyperfine Qubits with $I>\frac{1}{2}$, Physical Review Letters129, 130501 (2022)

    2022

  57. [57]

    Ryan-Anderson, J

    C. Ryan-Anderson, J. G. Bohnet, K. Lee, D. Gresh, A. Hankin, J. P. Gaebler, D. Francois, A. Chernoguzov, D. Lucchetti, N. C. Brown, T. M. Gatterman, S. K. Halit, K. Gilmore, J. A. Gerber, B. Neyenhuis, D. Hayes, and R. P. Stutz, Realization of Real- Time Fault-Tolerant Quantum Error Correction, Physical Review X11, 041058 (2021)

    2021

  58. [58]

    L. Egan, D. M. Debroy, C. Noel, A. Risinger, D. Zhu, D. Biswas, M. Newman, M. Li, K. R. Brown, M. Cetina, and C. Monroe, Fault-tolerant control of an error-corrected qubit, Nature598, 281 (2021)

    2021

  59. [59]

    Postler, S

    L. Postler, S. Heu𝛽en, I. Pogorelov, M. Rispler, T. Feldker, M. Meth, C. D. Marciniak, R. Stricker, M. Ringbauer, R. Blatt, P. Schindler, M. M¨ uller, and T. Monz, Demonstration of fault- tolerant universal quantum gate operations, Nature605, 675 (2022)

    2022

  60. [60]

    Ryan-Anderson, N

    C. Ryan-Anderson, N. C. Brown, C. H. Baldwin, J. M. Dreiling, C. Foltz, J. P. Gaebler, T. M. Gatterman, N. Hewitt, C. Holliman, C. V. Horst, J. Johansen, D. Lucchetti, T. Mengle, M. Matheny, Y. Matsuoka, K. Mayer, M. Mills, S. A. Moses, B. Neyen- huis, J. Pino, P. Siegfried, R. P. Stutz, J. Walker, and D. Hayes, High-fidelity and Fault-tolerant Teleportat...

    arXiv 2024

  61. [61]

    Daguerre, R

    L. Daguerre, R. Blume-Kohout, N. C. Brown, D. Hayes, and I. H. Kim, Experimental Demonstration of High-Fidelity Logi- cal Magic States from Code Switching, Physical Review X15, 041008 (2025)

    2025

  62. [62]

    Svore, A

    K. Svore, A. Geller, M. Troyer, J. Azariah, C. Granade, B. Heim, V. Kliuchnikov, M. Mykhailova, A. Paz, and M. Roetteler, Q#: Enabling Scalable Quantum Computing and Development with a High-level DSL, inProceedings of the Real World Domain Specific Languages Workshop 2018, RWDSL2018 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2018) pp. 1– 10

    2018

  63. [63]

    Javadi-Abhari, M

    A. Javadi-Abhari, M. Treinish, K. Krsulich, C. J. Wood, J. Lish- man, J. Gacon, S. Martiel, P. D. Nation, L. S. Bishop, A. W. Cross,et al., Quantum computing with qiskit, arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.08810 (2024)

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  64. [64]

    Bergholm, J

    V. Bergholm, J. Izaac, M. Schuld, C. Gogolin, S. Ahmed, V. Ajith, M. S. Alam, G. Alonso-Linaje, B. AkashNarayanan, A. Asadi, J. M. Arrazola, U. Azad, S. Banning, C. Blank, T. R. Bromley, B. A. Cordier, J. Ceroni, A. Delgado, O. D. Matteo, A. Dusko, T. Garg, D. Guala, A. Hayes, R. Hill, A. Ijaz, T. Isac- sson, D. Ittah, S. Jahangiri, P. Jain, E. Jiang, A. ...

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2022

  65. [65]

    Ho and D

    A. Ho and D. Bacon, Announcing cirq: an open source frame- work for nisq algorithms, Google AI Blog18(2018)

    2018

  66. [66]

    A. S. Green, P. L. Lumsdaine, N. J. Ross, P. Selinger, and B. Valiron, Quipper: a scalable quantum programming lan- guage, inProceedings of the 34th ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation(2013) pp. 333–342

    2013

  67. [67]

    D. S. Steiger, T. H¨aner, and M. Troyer, Projectq: an open source software framework for quantum computing, Quantum2, 49 (2018)

    2018

  68. [68]

    Watkins, A

    D. Watkins, A. Paler, S. J. Devitt, and Z. Computing, Benchq: Toolchain for benchmarking fault-tolerant quantum computa- tion resources, Open-source GitHub repository (2023), accessed June 20, 2026

    2023

  69. [69]

    R. S. Smith, E. C. Peterson, M. G. Skilbeck, and E. J. Davis, An open-source, industrial-strength optimizing compiler for quantum programs, Quantum Science & Technology5, 044001 (2020)

    2020

  70. [70]

    K. Yin, X. Fang, Z. Chen, A. Li, D. Hayes, E. Kaur, R. Nejabati, H. Haeffner, W. Campbell, E. Hudson, J. Palsberg, T. Hum- ble, and Y. Ding, Flexion: Adaptive In-Situ Encoding for On- Demand QEC in Ion Trap Systems (2025), arXiv:2504.16303

    arXiv 2025

  71. [71]

    Sivarajah, S

    S. Sivarajah, S. Dilkes, A. Cowtan, W. Simmons, A. Edging- ton, and R. Duncan, t|ket>: A retargetable compiler for NISQ devices, Quantum Science and Technology6, 014003 (2021)

    2021

  72. [72]

    Watkins, H

    G. Watkins, H. M. Nguyen, K. Watkins, S. Pearce, H.-K. Lau, and A. Paler, A high performance compiler for very large scale surface code computations, Quantum8, 1354 (2024)

    2024

  73. [73]

    Wegmann, A

    P. Wegmann, A. ´Swierkowska, E. Giortamis, and P. Bhatotia, Chipmunq: A Fault-Tolerant Compiler for Chiplet Quantum Architectures (2026), arXiv:2603.16389

    arXiv 2026

  74. [74]

    Scherer, S

    A. Scherer, S. Balaniuk, G. A. Dagnew, E. Gabbassov, S. Gera, A. H. Kavaki, A. Khalid, X. Kong, M. Kramer, B. Kulchyt- skyy, P. Lotfi, H.-A. Nguyen, K. Nguyen, K. Olfert, A. Silva, B. Torosov, Y. Wang, Z. Webb, C.-W. Yang, X. Zhang, and P. Ronagh, Automated Design, Compilation, and Performance Benchmarking for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computer Architec- tur...

    2026

  75. [75]

    J. Liu, Y. Lee, Y. Xu, G. Huang, and X. Wu, A scalable open- source qec system with sub-microsecond decoding-feedback la- tency (2026), arXiv:2603.16203 [quant-ph]

    arXiv 2026

  76. [76]

    Y. Ueno, M. Kondo, M. Tanaka, Y. Suzuki, and Y. Tabuchi, QECOOL: On-Line Quantum Error Correction with a Super- conducting Decoder for Surface Code, in2021 58th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)(2021) pp. 451–456

    2021

  77. [77]

    Y. Ueno, M. Kondo, M. Tanaka, Y. Suzuki, and Y. Tabuchi, 27 QULATIS: A Quantum Error Correction Methodology toward Lattice Surgery, in2022 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)(2022) pp. 274–287

    2022

  78. [78]

    Burgholzer, J

    L. Burgholzer, J. Echavarria, P. Hopf, Y. Stade, D. Rovara, L. Schmid, E. Kaya, B. Mete, M. N. Farooqi, M. Chung,et al., The munich quantum software stack: Connecting end users, integrating diverse quantum technologies, accelerating hpc, in Proceedings of the Supercomputing Asia and International Con- ference on High Performance Computing in Asia Pacific ...

    2026

  79. [79]

    E. Wong, V. Leyton-Ortega, D. Claudino, S. R. Johnson, A. J. Adams, S. Afrose, M. Gowrishankar, A. Cabrera, and T. S. Humble, A cross-platform execution engine for the quantum intermediate representation: E. wong et al., The Journal of Supercomputing81, 1521 (2025)

    2025

  80. [80]

    S. A. Caldwell, M. Khazraee, E. Agostini, T. Lassiter, C. Simp- son, O. Kahalon, M. Kanuri, J.-S. Kim, S. Stanwyck, M. Li, J. Olle, C. Chamberland, B. Howe, B. Schmitt, J. G. Lietz, A. McCaskey, J. Ye, A. Li, A. B. Magann, C. I. Ostrove, K. Rudinger, R. Blume-Kohout, K. Young, N. E. Miller, Y. Xu, G. Huang, I. Siddiqi, J. Lange, C. Zimmer, and T. Humble, ...

    arXiv 2025

Showing first 80 references.