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Sampling in Software Engineering Research: A Critical Review and Guidelines

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arxiv 2002.07764 v6 pith:EKENX5IQ submitted 2020-02-18 cs.SE

classification cs.SE
keywords samplingresearchengineeringsoftwarerepresentativerarecriticalfindings
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Representative sampling appears rare in empirical software engineering research. Not all studies need representative samples, but a general lack of representative sampling undermines a scientific field. This article therefore reports a critical review of the state of sampling in recent, high-quality software engineering research. The key findings are: (1) random sampling is rare; (2) sophisticated sampling strategies are very rare; (3) sampling, representativeness and randomness often appear misunderstood. These findings suggest that software engineering research has a generalizability crisis. To address these problems, this paper synthesizes existing knowledge of sampling into a succinct primer and proposes extensive guidelines for improving the conduct, presentation and evaluation of sampling in software engineering research. It is further recommended that while researchers should strive for more representative samples, disparaging non-probability sampling is generally capricious and particularly misguided for predominately qualitative research.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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    A probabilistic score of code-smell propensity in LLM output is validated, used in a causal analysis, and shown to drop when prompts explicitly discourage known smells.

  2. Towards a Science of Causal Interpretability in Deep Learning for Software Engineering

    cs.SE 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    The dissertation presents docode, a causal interpretability method for neural code models, and uses a case study to show that some correlations between code properties and model performance are confounded rather than causal.

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