Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm

As of 10 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 20 of 20 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2509.24256.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.24256 v2

Coverage vector

measured 20 of 20 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:34.413134Z

measured 21 of 21 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T19:30:33.775696Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-05T19:30:34.593712Z

Reference resolution

20 of 20 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy0
unresolved20
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 669585f3-33da-4136-92f3-836204d1ecd4 · outbound

This paper cites Language Models are Few-Shot Learners.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Language Models are Few-Shot Learners

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:32.497484Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 798a2016-b73b-46d4-a0a7-841e905f431d · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models as Optimizers.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Large Language Models as Optimizers

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:33.016114Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e4457ade-87d3-4e38-a376-61c025482c54 · outbound

This paper cites Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphs.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphs

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:33.702140Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation edc57c24-3e92-44bd-96b9-8ab14dac7f60 · outbound

This paper cites An Efficient Graph Convolutional Network Technique for the Travelling Salesman Problem.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm An Efficient Graph Convolutional Network Technique for the Travelling Salesman Problem

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:33.802192Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 286fcf6b-7950-4d27-b023-e481513b5c8b · outbound

This paper cites Learning Combinatorial Optimization Algorithms over Graphs.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Learning Combinatorial Optimization Algorithms over Graphs

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:33.931549Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fb698b0a-cccf-45f5-ade5-2bdf5e810787 · outbound

This paper cites One for All: Towards Training One Graph Model for All Classification Tasks.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm One for All: Towards Training One Graph Model for All Classification Tasks

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:34.054032Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ff94050a-050f-4b7c-a154-3c81d9694e1c · outbound

This paper cites This was extended by Kwon et al.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm This was extended by Kwon et al

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:34.179712Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 193c450c-4de0-4ca5-b72c-564a58e9c5f3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:34.413134Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cdcf5ade-62a1-48bf-ae76-4f1b02e43bab · outbound

This paper cites Pointer Networks.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Pointer Networks

Reference 1981

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:32.622046Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c5f1813b-f17b-4b93-8955-0c1be04290be · outbound

This paper cites The Transformer Network for the Traveling Salesman Problem.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm The Transformer Network for the Traveling Salesman Problem

Reference 1985

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:33.129948Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a0921515-a5fc-4095-b4b2-87a8ba22487a · outbound

This paper cites Neural Combinatorial Optimization with Reinforcement Learning.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Neural Combinatorial Optimization with Reinforcement Learning

Reference 2015

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:32.710982Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7ab23e50-141a-498a-9084-592e379ad8bf · outbound

This paper cites Graph Attention Networks.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Graph Attention Networks

Reference 2016

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:33.590202Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3508f82f-a2d6-4736-ab12-5b7a4dc2389e · outbound

This paper cites Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks

Reference 2017

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:33.512595Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 12809fda-a74d-44d7-920a-7a48c6ad1604 · outbound

This paper cites POMO: Policy Optimization with Multiple Optima for Reinforcement Learning.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm POMO: Policy Optimization with Multiple Optima for Reinforcement Learning

Reference 2018

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:32.826151Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 27ddc812-7500-4e23-8f4d-793b400b7e6a · outbound

This paper cites Transformer-Based ApproachesFollowing the transformer revolution Vaswani et al.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Transformer-Based ApproachesFollowing the transformer revolution Vaswani et al

Reference 2019

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:34.296614Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3dbdfafe-0127-4fcf-8ab9-6bd36afbd6ba · outbound

This paper cites DIFUSCO: Graph-based Diffusion Solvers for Combinatorial Optimization.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm DIFUSCO: Graph-based Diffusion Solvers for Combinatorial Optimization

Reference 2020

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:32.905930Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dcac3724-5fab-4b70-bac3-2313ca412f66 · outbound

This paper cites Neural Combinatorial Optimization with Heavy Decoder: Toward Large Scale Generalization.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Neural Combinatorial Optimization with Heavy Decoder: Toward Large Scale Generalization

Reference 2021

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:33.184308Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 374f9447-9866-4785-9c80-ecdfd0de29d1 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen3 Technical Report.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Qwen3 Technical Report

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:32.544805Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5a6f1503-42fb-4850-9703-03ce38bd09d4 · outbound

This paper cites ReEvo: Large Language Models as Hyper-Heuristics with Reflective Evolution.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm ReEvo: Large Language Models as Hyper-Heuristics with Reflective Evolution

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:33.401802Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d73fe639-41fe-4c9f-834a-92895530fc7a · outbound

This paper cites Mohammed Elhenawy, Ahmad Abutahoun, Taqwa I.

Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm Mohammed Elhenawy, Ahmad Abutahoun, Taqwa I

Reference 2025

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T14:42:33.293023Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation e70cab21-ace1-4b91-8c55-84f10cbe69aa · inbound

Enactive Artificial Intelligence: A Decision-Centric Architecture for Complex Systems cites this paper.

Enactive Artificial Intelligence: A Decision-Centric Architecture for Complex Systems Graph Optimization Foundation Model: Tokenizing Graph via A Language-Model Paradigm

Reference 120

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T19:30:34.599834Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.