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We investigate the electronic band structure of graphene on a series of two-dimensional magnetic transition-metal phosphorus trichalcogenide monolayers, MPX$_3$ with M={Mn,Fe,Ni,Co} and X={S,Se}, with first-principles calculations. A symmetry-based model Hamiltonian is employed to extract orbital parameters and sublattice resolved proximity-induced exchange couplings ($\lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{A}$ and $\lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{B}$) from the low-energy Dirac bands of the proximitized graphene. Depending on the magnetic phase of the MPX$_3$ layer (ferromagnetic and three antiferromagnetic ones), completely different Dirac dispersions can be realized with exchange splittings ranging from 0 to 10~meV. Surprisingly, not only the magnitude of the exchange couplings depends on the magnetic phase, but also the global sign and the type. Important, one can realize uniform ($\lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{A} \approx \lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{B}$) and staggered ($\lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{A} \approx -\lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{B}$) exchange couplings in graphene. From selected cases, we find that the interlayer distance, as well as a transverse electric field are efficient tuning knobs for the exchange splittings of the Dirac bands. More specifically, decreasing the interlayer distance by only about 10\%, a giant 5-fold enhancement of proximity exchange is found, while applying few V/nm of electric field, provides tunability of proximity exchange by tens of percent. We have also studied the dependence on the Hubbard $U$ parameter and find it to be weak. Moreover, we find that the effect of SOC on the proximitized Dirac dispersion is negligible compared to the exchange coupling.