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Visualizing the Kinematics of Planet Formation
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A stunning range of substructures in the dust of protoplanetary disks is routinely observed across a range of wavelengths. These gaps, rings and spirals are highly indicative of a population of unseen planets, hinting at the possibility of current observational facilities being able to capture planet-formation in action. Over the last decade, our understanding of the influence of a young planet on the dynamical structure of its parental disk has progressed significantly, revealing a host of potentially observable features which would betray the presence of a deeply embedded planet. In concert, recent observations have shown that subtle perturbations in the kinematic structure of protoplanetary disks are found in multiple sources, potentially the characteristic disturbances associated with embedded planets. In this work, we review the theoretical background of planet-disk interactions, focusing on the kinematical features, and the current methodologies used to observe these interactions in spatially and spectrally resolved observations. We discuss the potential pit falls of such kinematical detections of planets, providing best-practices for imaging and analysing interferometric data, along with a set of criteria to use as a benchmark for any claimed detection of embedded planets. We finish with a discussion on the current state of simulations in regard to planet-disk interactions, highlighting areas of particular interest and future directions which will provide the most significant impact in our search for embedded planets. This work is the culmination of the 'Visualizing the Kinematics of Planet Formation' workshop, held in October 2019 at the Center for Computational Astrophysics at the Flatiron Institute in New York City.
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Cited by 6 Pith papers
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exoALMA. XVI. Predicting Signatures of Large-scale Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks
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exoALMA IX: Regularized Maximum Likelihood Imaging of Non-Keplerian Features
Regularized maximum likelihood imaging reproduces all non-Keplerian features seen in CLEAN images of seven protoplanetary disks, supporting their physical reality as planet indicators.
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exoALMA I. Science Goals, Project Design and Data Products
The exoALMA survey obtained deep, high-resolution ALMA images of 15 protoplanetary disks and found gas and dust substructure in 14 of them, along with small velocity disturbances in all sources.
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Vertical Shear Instability in Thermally-Stratified Protoplanetary Disks: II. Hydrodynamic Simulations and Observability
Adding a hot atmosphere to protoplanetary disk models strengthens vertical shear instability turbulence by more than an order of magnitude and makes its signatures visible in synthetic observations.
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exoALMA II: Data Calibration and Imaging Pipeline
The paper presents the exoALMA calibration and imaging pipeline, with public scripts and data, designed to produce high-fidelity image cubes for kinematic searches for embedded planets.
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Million Points of Light (MPoL): a PyTorch library for radio interferometric imaging and inference
MPoL is a PyTorch-based library that lets astronomers do high-resolution radio interferometric imaging and parametric inference from visibility data.
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