Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models

As of 21 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 34 of 34 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.18710.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.18710 v3

Coverage vector

measured 34 of 34 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:19.995889Z

measured 36 of 36 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T04:17:25.648174Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-10T22:20:49.429444Z

Reference resolution

34 of 34 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy10
unresolved23
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 24bb187b-f29c-4585-9952-440af2095de3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:23.826962Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation cc8a224a-e939-4fd1-b83f-b674ead897e9 · outbound

This paper cites Lessons from the Trenches on Reproducible Evaluation of Language Models.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Lessons from the Trenches on Reproducible Evaluation of Language Models

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:17.558649Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cb00ef13-f91c-4a82-ac67-dd4dde68a7a1 · outbound

This paper cites Distractor generation for multiple-choice questions with predictive prompting and large language models.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Distractor generation for multiple-choice questions with predictive prompting and large language models

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:17.679991Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bea6d80c-6936-4123-94e9-6be154b57933 · outbound

This paper cites Sastry, A.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Sastry, A

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:23.535094Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 1624f01f-6c72-46a0-89fb-34ca3ca107d9 · outbound

This paper cites Chang, X.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Chang, X

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:23.277396Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation c9655ea1-32ec-4989-b546-a732b26c6c9d · outbound

This paper cites Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preference.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preference

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:17.947382Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ab6aa314-1541-4c9d-94fb-38a70c8ef7fc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:23.093985Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation b0f66b31-b1ae-4858-8d25-f3f518ecbbc3 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Evaluating Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.098093Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b6d1f93e-e3dd-4009-9000-70e8e9a4973f · outbound

This paper cites Changing Answer Order Can Decrease MMLU Accuracy.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Changing Answer Order Can Decrease MMLU Accuracy

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.169890Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f814db51-67bd-4305-8466-5d994260db4c · outbound

This paper cites Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.291469Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a7977192-8b60-4100-8ec4-7b10630d5d89 · outbound

This paper cites Kasenberg, A.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Kasenberg, A

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.383691Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a825aa2b-cc49-4c4d-bcc5-922451871eec · outbound

This paper cites MinorBench: A hand-built benchmark for content-based risks for children.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models MinorBench: A hand-built benchmark for content-based risks for children

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.494890Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5ebea77e-c4d2-444b-ba25-befa5559ed01 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:22.906863Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation c44b9237-e4a4-420a-a847-6a0db5c20830 · outbound

This paper cites Macina, N.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Macina, N

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.624386Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2f1c3676-d795-4007-a5ca-e4cf5528221d · outbound

This paper cites Inadequacies of Large Language Model Benchmarks in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Inadequacies of Large Language Model Benchmarks in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.697366Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2ec590f1-abd5-4724-a830-c2b6fc3b6637 · outbound

This paper cites Miller and K.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Miller and K

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:22.542405Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 66338182-1251-4ef6-9821-3d7cb07ade13 · outbound

This paper cites Nancy, D.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Nancy, D

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:22.232468Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation dcd55ea8-78ac-492d-8336-9986fa188871 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models Sensitivity to The Order of Options in Multiple-Choice Questions.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Large Language Models Sensitivity to The Order of Options in Multiple-Choice Questions

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:18.894389Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f8c1cade-0438-4809-ab45-d0ef468f386b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:21.989970Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 79513115-4e9f-4085-9aa8-aa8a4158768d · outbound

This paper cites GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmark.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmark

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:19.015163Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2f14bc13-72fa-4de4-9d86-c1a26c846bcf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:20.188179Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation f8914a9b-4d96-4faf-8417-c8c5e8d0b485 · outbound

This paper cites LearnLM: Improving Gemini for Learning.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models LearnLM: Improving Gemini for Learning

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:19.149082Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 80662d06-63a6-4f2f-bbd1-0c5299a439b6 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Gemini in an arena for learning.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Evaluating Gemini in an arena for learning

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:19.262891Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 256efb3c-ade7-419c-8204-c485a7f13395 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models are not Fair Evaluators.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Large Language Models are not Fair Evaluators

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:19.346836Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2210cf71-da4c-40ff-9f41-bf3ab00f527c · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models for Education: A Survey and Outlook.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Large Language Models for Education: A Survey and Outlook

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:19.392025Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c0bf046d-b888-472b-94a8-13ab792af7b1 · outbound

This paper cites "My Answer is C": First-Token Probabilities Do Not Match Text Answers in Instruction-Tuned Language Models.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models "My Answer is C": First-Token Probabilities Do Not Match Text Answers in Instruction-Tuned Language Models

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:19.476553Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 77f20ff9-76b7-42cc-85f2-bcabae8501c1 · outbound

This paper cites MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmark.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmark

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:19.533268Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d81164cd-622c-4e6f-8ba6-db336f662f38 · outbound

This paper cites A Survey of Large Language Models.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models A Survey of Large Language Models

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:19.618219Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6d599a70-0eef-4cc6-9f62-cbc8081f806e · outbound

This paper cites Zheng, H.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Zheng, H

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:21.782219Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation fe32bd1a-bcbb-4f4d-8740-b4e7ef7995f3 · outbound

This paper cites Wheredoyouthinkthereismoreplasticine?.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Wheredoyouthinkthereismoreplasticine?

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:21.493176Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 0846e8bf-2909-4ddd-af7e-d10ca4ffaa55 · outbound

This paper cites Question.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models Question

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:21.120052Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation a8232885-ba20-49c7-8ce3-03c1bca6a1c9 · outbound

This paper cites The text is as follows: —– paragraph —–.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models The text is as follows: —– paragraph —–

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:20.945282Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 99315814-de92-45c3-9951-84e64ec29d9f · outbound

This paper cites question.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models question

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:20.827125Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 7278ccc6-e8be-452c-8a1c-6b0307cd8019 · outbound

This paper cites question.

Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models question

Reference 34

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:20:20.698192Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation b77a933a-aeb1-469a-ac90-b173740e58cf · inbound

Application-Driven Pedagogical Knowledge Optimization of Open-Source LLMs via Reinforcement Learning and Supervised Fine-Tuning cites this paper.

Application-Driven Pedagogical Knowledge Optimization of Open-Source LLMs via Reinforcement Learning and Supervised Fine-Tuning Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models

Reference 3

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T22:20:49.432408Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation da3fb9dd-9cfb-47b3-acdd-2272bc508f34 · inbound

Calibrating Trustworthiness: Co-Designing Metrics and Visualizations for Evaluating LLMs in Education cites this paper.

Calibrating Trustworthiness: Co-Designing Metrics and Visualizations for Evaluating LLMs in Education Benchmarking the Pedagogical Knowledge of Large Language Models

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T04:17:25.648174Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.