pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.06587 · v1 · pith:KI5W46AInew · submitted 2026-06-04 · ✦ hep-ph · astro-ph.CO

A New Origin of the Big Bang from Dark-Sector-Induced Vacuum Decay and Its Gravitational-Wave Signal

Haipeng An , Tingyu Li This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-28 00:13 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph astro-ph.CO
keywords vacuum decaygravitational wavesbig bangphase transitiondark sectorbubble wallsstochastic backgroundinflation
0
0 comments X

The pith

The Standard Model can start its thermal history after a dark-sector-induced vacuum decay whose bubble walls source a stochastic gravitational-wave background reaching Ω_GW ∼ 3×10^{-8}.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper proposes that after inflation the inflaton deposits its energy only into a dark sector, leaving the Standard Model trapped in a false vacuum. As cosmic expansion slows the Hubble rate, the SM undergoes a phase transition whose completion releases highly boosted bubble walls. These walls thermalize and initiate the hot Big Bang while their collisions produce a characteristic stochastic gravitational wave signal. A sympathetic reader would care because the mechanism ties the onset of ordinary thermal history to an observable relic that could be measured today.

Core claim

In this framework the inflaton transfers its energy exclusively into a dark sector, leaving the Standard Model temporarily trapped in a false vacuum. As the Hubble expansion rate rapidly decreases, the SM phase transition eventually completes, and the standard thermal Big Bang era commences upon the thermalization of the highly energetic bubble walls. The large Lorentz boost of these bubble walls, combined with their Hubble-scale macroscopic size, generates distinctive gravitational-wave signatures from the SM vacuum decay with a present-day energy density fraction that can reach Ω_GW ∼ 3×10^{-8}.

What carries the argument

Hubble-scale bubble walls from the SM false-vacuum decay carrying large Lorentz boosts, whose collisions source the gravitational waves.

If this is right

  • The gravitational-wave spectrum encodes the Hubble rate at the time the SM phase transition completes.
  • Thermalization of the energetic bubble walls sets the initial temperature and conditions for the standard hot Big Bang.
  • The mechanism allows the visible sector to remain out of equilibrium while the dark sector absorbs the inflaton energy.
  • Future detectors sensitive to the predicted amplitude can directly test the expansion history before thermalization.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The visible-sector reheating temperature would be fixed by the vacuum energy released in the SM transition rather than by direct inflaton couplings.
  • Analogous delayed transitions in other hidden sectors could generate similar but scaled signals at different frequencies.
  • Upper limits from existing or planned gravitational-wave observatories would bound the lifetime of the SM false vacuum or the dark-sector energy transfer efficiency.

Load-bearing premise

The inflaton transfers its energy exclusively into a dark sector, leaving the Standard Model temporarily trapped in a false vacuum.

What would settle it

Detection or non-detection of a stochastic gravitational-wave background whose amplitude reaches order 3×10^{-8} at frequencies set by the Hubble scale at the moment of the SM phase transition.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.06587 by Haipeng An, Tingyu Li.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Illustration of DS-triggered SM vacuum decay. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p001_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. The shape of gravitational-wave energy density spec [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. The gravitational-wave energy density spectrum from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We propose a novel scenario for the onset of the thermal Big Bang. In this framework, the inflaton transfers its energy exclusively into a dark sector, leaving the Standard Model (SM) sector temporarily trapped in a false vacuum. As the Hubble expansion rate rapidly decreases, the SM phase transition eventually completes, and the standard thermal Big Bang era commences upon the thermalization of the highly energetic bubble walls. We demonstrate that the large Lorentz boost of these bubble walls, combined with their Hubble-scale macroscopic size, generates distinctive gravitational-wave signatures from the SM vacuum decay. This stochastic gravitational-wave background provides a powerful new probe of the early Universe's expansion history, with a present-day energy density fraction that can reach $\Omega_{\text{GW}} \sim 3\times10^{-8}$.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes a novel origin for the thermal Big Bang in which the inflaton decays exclusively into a dark sector, leaving the Standard Model temporarily trapped in a false vacuum. Once the Hubble rate drops sufficiently, the SM undergoes a phase transition via bubble nucleation; the resulting highly boosted, Hubble-scale bubble walls thermalize to initiate the hot Big Bang and are claimed to source a stochastic gravitational-wave background reaching Ω_GW ∼ 3×10^{-8} today.

Significance. If the selective energy-transfer premise can be realized in a concrete model, the scenario would link the end of inflation directly to SM vacuum decay and furnish a new, potentially observable GW signature of the post-inflationary expansion history. The numerical amplitude is presented without derivation or parameter scan in the supplied text, limiting immediate assessment of its robustness.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract / framework premise] Abstract and framework section: the central premise that the inflaton transfers its energy exclusively into a dark sector while the SM remains trapped in a false vacuum is stated as a framework assumption but is not supported by an explicit Lagrangian, coupling structure, or dynamical mechanism. This selective decoupling is load-bearing for the subsequent bubble-wall Lorentz factor, macroscopic size, and the quoted Ω_GW value; without it the timeline and signal cannot be realized.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading and constructive feedback. We address the single major comment below. The manuscript presents the selective inflaton decay as a framework assumption to focus on phenomenological consequences; we will partially revise to better motivate this assumption without altering the core analysis.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / framework premise] Abstract and framework section: the central premise that the inflaton transfers its energy exclusively into a dark sector while the SM remains trapped in a false vacuum is stated as a framework assumption but is not supported by an explicit Lagrangian, coupling structure, or dynamical mechanism. This selective decoupling is load-bearing for the subsequent bubble-wall Lorentz factor, macroscopic size, and the quoted Ω_GW value; without it the timeline and signal cannot be realized.

    Authors: The manuscript introduces the selective energy transfer as an explicit framework assumption rather than deriving it from a concrete Lagrangian. This allows a model-independent exploration of the post-inflationary timeline, bubble-wall dynamics, and gravitational-wave production that follow once the assumption is granted. Realizations are possible in extensions where symmetries or mass hierarchies suppress inflaton-SM couplings while permitting efficient inflaton-dark-sector interactions (e.g., via a dark U(1) or Z_2 under which SM fields are neutral). We agree that an explicit example would strengthen the presentation and will add a concise paragraph in the revised introduction and framework section discussing such UV-motivated portals. The main results on bubble nucleation, Lorentz boost, and Ω_GW remain unchanged. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: scenario premise is explicit modeling choice; GW signal follows from standard bubble dynamics applied to that premise.

full rationale

The paper introduces an explicit framework premise (inflaton energy transfer exclusively to dark sector, SM trapped in false vacuum) as the starting assumption, then applies standard Lorentz-boosted bubble-wall physics to derive the GW spectrum and the numerical value Ω_GW ∼ 3×10^{-8}. No equations reduce a claimed prediction back to a fitted parameter or self-citation by construction; the central result is a forward calculation from the stated initial conditions rather than a tautology. No self-citations, ansatzes smuggled via prior work, or renaming of known results appear in the supplied text. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks of bubble nucleation and gravitational-wave production.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

Review performed on abstract only; the ledger therefore records only the explicit premises visible in the abstract and notes that all other parameters, axioms, and entities remain unknown.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption The inflaton transfers its energy exclusively into a dark sector, leaving the SM sector temporarily trapped in a false vacuum.
    This premise is stated directly in the abstract as the starting point of the framework.
invented entities (1)
  • Dark sector that exclusively receives inflaton energy no independent evidence
    purpose: To keep the SM in a false vacuum until Hubble expansion allows decay
    Introduced as the key new ingredient that delays SM thermalization

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5663 in / 1437 out tokens · 33915 ms · 2026-06-28T00:13:20.375774+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

53 extracted references · 17 linked inside Pith

  1. [1]

    Anthropic Bound on the Cosmological Constant,

    S. Weinberg, “Anthropic Bound on the Cosmological Constant,”Phys. Rev. Lett.59(1987) 2607

    1987

  2. [2]

    The Cosmological Constant Problem,

    S. Weinberg, “The Cosmological Constant Problem,”Rev. Mod. Phys.61(1989) 1–23

    1989

  3. [3]

    The Fate of the False Vacuum. 1. Semiclassical Theory,

    S. R. Coleman, “The Fate of the False Vacuum. 1. Semiclassical Theory,”Phys. Rev. D15(1977) 2929–2936. [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 16, 1248 (1977)]

    1977

  4. [4]

    The Fate of the False Vacuum. 2. First Quantum Corrections,

    C. G. Callan, Jr. and S. R. Coleman, “The Fate of the False Vacuum. 2. First Quantum Corrections,”Phys. Rev. D16(1977) 1762–1768. [5]DESICollaboration, A. G. Adameet al., “DESI 2024 VI: cosmological constraints from the measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations,”JCAP02(2025) 021,arXiv:2404.03002 [astro-ph.CO]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 1977

  5. [5]

    Reduced Hubble tension in dark radiation models after DESI 2024,

    I. J. Allali, A. Notari, and F. Rompineve, “Reduced Hubble tension in dark radiation models after DESI 2024,”JCAP03 (2025) 023,arXiv:2404.15220 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2024

  6. [6]

    Deflationary universe scenario,

    B. Spokoiny, “Deflationary universe scenario,”Phys. Lett. B315(1993) 40–45,arXiv:gr-qc/9306008. 15

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 1993

  7. [7]

    Electroweak Baryogenesis and the Expansion Rate of the Universe,

    M. Joyce, “Electroweak Baryogenesis and the Expansion Rate of the Universe,”Phys. Rev. D55(1997) 1875–1878, arXiv:hep-ph/9606223

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 1997

  8. [8]

    Quintessential inflation,

    P. Peebles and A. Vilenkin, “Quintessential inflation,”Phys. Rev. D59(1999) 063505,arXiv:astro-ph/9810509

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 1999

  9. [9]

    Non-Oscillatory No-Scale Inflation,

    J. Ellis, D. V. Nanopoulos, K. A. Olive, and S. Verner, “Non-Oscillatory No-Scale Inflation,”JCAP03(2021) 052, arXiv:2008.09099 [hep-ph]

    arXiv 2021

  10. [10]

    Gravitational wave and CMB probes of axion kination,

    R. T. Co, D. Dunsky, N. Fernandez, A. Ghalsasi, L. J. Hall, K. Harigaya, and J. Shelton, “Gravitational wave and CMB probes of axion kination,”JHEP09(2022) 116,arXiv:2108.09299 [hep-ph]

    arXiv 2022

  11. [11]

    ¨uber die kr¨ummung des raumes,

    A. Friedmann, “¨uber die kr¨ummung des raumes,”Zeitschrift f ¨ur Physik10(1922) 377–386

    1922

  12. [12]

    ¨uber die m¨oglichkeit einer welt mit konstanter negativer kr¨ummung des raumes,

    A. Friedmann, “¨uber die m¨oglichkeit einer welt mit konstanter negativer kr¨ummung des raumes,”Zeitschrift f ¨ur Physik21 (1924) 326–332

    1924

  13. [13]

    Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Holes produced by Dark Meta Stable Vacuum Decay,

    H. An, T. Li, and C. Yang, “Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Holes produced by Dark Meta Stable Vacuum Decay,” arXiv:2601.14366 [hep-ph]

    arXiv

  14. [14]

    Derivation of Gauge Invariance from High-Energy Unitarity Bounds on the s Matrix,

    J. M. Cornwall, D. N. Levin, and G. Tiktopoulos, “Derivation of Gauge Invariance from High-Energy Unitarity Bounds on the s Matrix,”Phys. Rev. D10(1974) 1145. [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 11, 972 (1975)]

    1974

  15. [15]

    Perturbative QCD approach to multiparticle production,

    V. A. Khoze and W. Ochs, “Perturbative QCD approach to multiparticle production,”Int. J. Mod. Phys. A12(1997) 2949–3120,arXiv:hep-ph/9701421

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 1997

  16. [16]

    A Natural Left-Right Symmetry,

    R. N. Mohapatra and J. C. Pati, “A Natural Left-Right Symmetry,”Phys. Rev. D11(1975) 2558

    1975

  17. [17]

    Exact Left-Right Symmetry and Spontaneous Violation of Parity,

    G. Senjanovic and R. N. Mohapatra, “Exact Left-Right Symmetry and Spontaneous Violation of Parity,”Phys. Rev. D12 (1975) 1502

    1975

  18. [18]

    Gravitational radiation from a bulk flow model,

    T. Konstandin, “Gravitational radiation from a bulk flow model,”JCAP03(2018) 047,arXiv:1712.06869 [astro-ph.CO]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  19. [19]

    Updated predictions for gravitational waves produced in a strongly supercooled phase transition,

    J. Ellis, M. Lewicki, and V. Vaskonen, “Updated predictions for gravitational waves produced in a strongly supercooled phase transition,”JCAP11(2020) 020,arXiv:2007.15586 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2020

  20. [20]

    Cosmic Separation of Phases,

    E. Witten, “Cosmic Separation of Phases,”Phys. Rev. D30(1984) 272–285

    1984

  21. [21]

    Gravitational radiation from cosmological phase transitions,

    C. J. Hogan, “Gravitational radiation from cosmological phase transitions,”Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.218no. 4, (1986) 629–636. [23]LIGO Scientific, VIRGO, KAGRACollaboration, A. G. Abacet al., “Cosmological and High Energy Physics implications from gravitational-wave background searches in LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA’s O1-O4a runs,”arXiv:2510.26848 [gr-qc]

    arXiv 1986

  22. [22]

    New Sensitivity Curves for Gravitational-Wave Signals from Cosmological Phase Transitions,

    K. Schmitz, “New Sensitivity Curves for Gravitational-Wave Signals from Cosmological Phase Transitions,”JHEP01(2021) 097,arXiv:2002.04615 [hep-ph]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2021

  23. [23]

    Taiji program: Gravitational-wave sources,

    W.-H. Ruan, Z.-K. Guo, R.-G. Cai, and Y.-Z. Zhang, “Taiji program: Gravitational-wave sources,”Int. J. Mod. Phys. A35 no. 17, (2020) 2050075,arXiv:1807.09495 [gr-qc]

    arXiv 2020

  24. [24]

    Fundamental Physics and Cosmology with TianQin,

    J. Luoet al., “Fundamental Physics and Cosmology with TianQin,”arXiv:2502.20138 [gr-qc]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  25. [25]

    Fundamental quantum limits for detecting ultrahigh frequency gravitational waves,

    X. Guo, H. Miao, Z.-W. Wang, H. Yang, and Y.-L. Zhou, “Fundamental quantum limits for detecting ultrahigh frequency gravitational waves,”Phys. Rev. D113no. 4, (2026) 044020,arXiv:2501.18146 [gr-qc]

    arXiv 2026

  26. [26]

    Leptogenesis via bubble collisions,

    M. Cataldi and B. Shakya, “Leptogenesis via bubble collisions,”JCAP11(2024) 047,arXiv:2407.16747 [hep-ph]

    arXiv 2024

  27. [27]

    Particle production from phase transition bubbles,

    H. Mansour and B. Shakya, “Particle production from phase transition bubbles,”Phys. Rev. D111no. 2, (2025) 023520, arXiv:2308.13070 [hep-ph]

    arXiv 2025

  28. [28]

    Dark matter and gravitational waves from a dark big bang,

    K. Freese and M. W. Winkler, “Dark matter and gravitational waves from a dark big bang,”Phys. Rev. D107no. 8, (2023) 083522,arXiv:2302.11579 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2023

  29. [29]

    Dark sector tunneling field potentials for a dark big bang,

    R. Casey and C. Ilie, “Dark sector tunneling field potentials for a dark big bang,”Phys. Rev. D110no. 10, (2024) 103522, arXiv:2407.05752 [hep-ph]

    arXiv 2024

  30. [30]

    Late-time Quantum Vacuum Decay and its Cosmological Implications,

    Y. Bai, S. Lu, and N. Orlofsky, “Late-time Quantum Vacuum Decay and its Cosmological Implications,” arXiv:2605.30259 [astro-ph.CO]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  31. [31]

    General Properties of the Gravitational Wave Spectrum from Phase Transitions,

    C. Caprini, R. Durrer, T. Konstandin, and G. Servant, “General Properties of the Gravitational Wave Spectrum from Phase Transitions,”Phys. Rev. D79(2009) 083519,arXiv:0901.1661 [astro-ph.CO]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  32. [32]

    Universal infrared scaling of gravitational wave background spectra,

    R.-G. Cai, S. Pi, and M. Sasaki, “Universal infrared scaling of gravitational wave background spectra,”Phys. Rev. D102 no. 8, (2020) 083528,arXiv:1909.13728 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2020

  33. [33]

    Induced gravitational waves as a probe of thermal history of the universe,

    G. Dom `enech, S. Pi, and M. Sasaki, “Induced gravitational waves as a probe of thermal history of the universe,”JCAP08 (2020) 017,arXiv:2005.12314 [gr-qc]

    arXiv 2020

  34. [34]

    Gravitational waves from bubble dynamics: Beyond the Envelope,

    R. Jinno and M. Takimoto, “Gravitational waves from bubble dynamics: Beyond the Envelope,”JCAP01(2019) 060, 16 arXiv:1707.03111 [hep-ph]

    arXiv 2019

  35. [35]

    Primordial black hole production during first-order phase transitions,

    J. Liu, L. Bian, R.-G. Cai, Z.-K. Guo, and S.-J. Wang, “Primordial black hole production during first-order phase transitions,” Phys. Rev. D105no. 2, (2022) L021303,arXiv:2106.05637 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2022

  36. [36]

    Primordial black holes as a probe of strongly first-order electroweak phase transition,

    K. Hashino, S. Kanemura, and T. Takahashi, “Primordial black holes as a probe of strongly first-order electroweak phase transition,”Phys. Lett. B833(2022) 137261,arXiv:2111.13099 [hep-ph]

    arXiv 2022

  37. [37]

    PBH formation from overdensities in delayed vacuum transitions,

    K. Kawana, T. Kim, and P. Lu, “PBH formation from overdensities in delayed vacuum transitions,”Phys. Rev. D108no. 10, (2023) 103531,arXiv:2212.14037 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2023

  38. [38]

    Revisiting formation of primordial black holes in a supercooled first-order phase transition,

    M. M. Flores, A. Kusenko, and M. Sasaki, “Revisiting formation of primordial black holes in a supercooled first-order phase transition,”Phys. Rev. D110no. 1, (2024) 015005,arXiv:2402.13341 [hep-ph]

    arXiv 2024

  39. [39]

    Detailed calculation of primordial black hole formation during first-order cosmological phase transitions,

    M. J. Baker, M. Breitbach, J. Kopp, and L. Mittnacht, “Detailed calculation of primordial black hole formation during first-order cosmological phase transitions,”Phys. Rev. D111no. 6, (2025) 063544,arXiv:2110.00005 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2025

  40. [40]

    Primordial black holes from bubble collisions during a first-order phase transition,

    T. H. Jung and T. Okui, “Primordial black holes from bubble collisions during a first-order phase transition,”Phys. Rev. D 110no. 11, (2024) 115014,arXiv:2110.04271 [hep-ph]

    arXiv 2024

  41. [41]

    Numerical simulations of primordial black hole formation via delayed first-order phase transitions,

    Z. Ning, X.-X. Zeng, R.-G. Cai, and S.-J. Wang, “Numerical simulations of primordial black hole formation via delayed first-order phase transitions,”arXiv:2601.21878 [gr-qc]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv

  42. [42]

    Primordial black holes from strong first-order phase transitions,

    M. Lewicki, P. Toczek, and V. Vaskonen, “Primordial black holes from strong first-order phase transitions,”JHEP09(2023) 092,arXiv:2305.04924 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2023

  43. [43]

    Black holes and the multiverse,

    J. Garriga, A. Vilenkin, and J. Zhang, “Black holes and the multiverse,”JCAP02(2016) 064,arXiv:1512.01819 [hep-th]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  44. [44]

    Abundance of Primordial Holes Produced by Cosmological First Order Phase Transition,

    H. Kodama, M. Sasaki, and K. Sato, “Abundance of Primordial Holes Produced by Cosmological First Order Phase Transition,”Prog. Theor. Phys.68(1982) 1979

    1982

  45. [45]

    Constraints on primordial black holes,

    B. Carr, K. Kohri, Y. Sendouda, and J. Yokoyama, “Constraints on primordial black holes,”Rept. Prog. Phys.84no. 11, (2021) 116902,arXiv:2002.12778 [astro-ph.CO]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2021

  46. [46]

    Primordial Black Holes as a dark matter candidate,

    A. M. Green and B. J. Kavanagh, “Primordial Black Holes as a dark matter candidate,”J. Phys. G48no. 4, (2021) 043001, arXiv:2007.10722 [astro-ph.CO]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2021

  47. [47]

    Constraints on Primordial Black Holes From Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Revisited,

    C. Keith, D. Hooper, N. Blinov, and S. D. McDermott, “Constraints on Primordial Black Holes From Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Revisited,”Phys. Rev. D102no. 10, (2020) 103512,arXiv:2006.03608 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2020

  48. [48]

    CMB and BBN constraints on evaporating primordial black holes revisited,

    S. K. Acharya and R. Khatri, “CMB and BBN constraints on evaporating primordial black holes revisited,”JCAP06(2020) 018,arXiv:2002.00898 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2020

  49. [49]

    21 cm limits on decaying dark matter and primordial black holes,

    S. Clark, B. Dutta, Y. Gao, Y.-Z. Ma, and L. E. Strigari, “21 cm limits on decaying dark matter and primordial black holes,” Phys. Rev. D98no. 4, (2018) 043006,arXiv:1803.09390 [astro-ph.HE]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  50. [50]

    New cosmological constraints on primordial black holes,

    B. J. Carr, K. Kohri, Y. Sendouda, and J. Yokoyama, “New cosmological constraints on primordial black holes,”Phys. Rev. D 81(2010) 104019,arXiv:0912.5297 [astro-ph.CO]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2010

  51. [51]

    INTEGRAL constraints on primordial black holes and particle dark matter,

    R. Laha, J. B. Mu˜noz, and T. R. Slatyer, “INTEGRAL constraints on primordial black holes and particle dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D101no. 12, (2020) 123514,arXiv:2004.00627 [astro-ph.CO]

    arXiv 2020

  52. [52]

    Subaru-HSC through a different lens: Microlensing by extended dark matter structures,

    D. Croon, D. McKeen, N. Raj, and Z. Wang, “Subaru-HSC through a different lens: Microlensing by extended dark matter structures,”Phys. Rev. D102no. 8, (2020) 083021,arXiv:2007.12697 [astro-ph.CO]. [55]EROS-2Collaboration, P. Tisserandet al., “Limits on the Macho Content of the Galactic Halo from the EROS-2 Survey of the Magellanic Clouds,”Astron. Astrophy...

    arXiv 2020

  53. [53]

    Constraints on Earth-mass primordial black holes from OGLE 5-year microlensing events,

    H. Niikura, M. Takada, S. Yokoyama, T. Sumi, and S. Masaki, “Constraints on Earth-mass primordial black holes from OGLE 5-year microlensing events,”Phys. Rev. D99no. 8, (2019) 083503,arXiv:1901.07120 [astro-ph.CO]

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019