Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-03T14:16:50.918006Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
As of 22 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 87 of 87 outbound references and 9 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2512.21095.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-03T14:16:50.918006Z
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
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Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
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A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-02T02:46:28.861677Z
87 of 87 outbound references displayed
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Observation ce2b7591-0ec7-4762-9ab1-3ac1e62a453e · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters GPT-4 Technical Report
Reference 1
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Observation 812a9b27-6325-4373-86ab-d22869842762 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report
Reference 2
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Observation ce7a7e03-367e-4b58-9491-23aa319c020f · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Scene text recognition with permuted autoregressive sequence models
Reference 3
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Observation 5f038f96-9ab6-49e5-9683-ed420f4821ee · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Nougat: Neural Optical Understanding for Academic Documents
Reference 4
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Observation 161cf865-5fd8-4617-a274-40e0ee850090 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Pix2text.https://github.com/breezedeus/Pix2Text, 2022
Reference 5
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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 2fdfaa40-8c72-4109-b811-c69bbeed68de · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Ocrflux.https://github.com/chatdoc-com/OCRFlux, 2025
Reference 6
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Observation 158a39c1-ba1f-4bdb-bbfb-83db6cf9faef · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Ocean-OCR: Towards General OCR Application via a Vision-Language Model
Reference 7
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Observation 7cad0f91-d263-40d7-9de3-56a142d21a6c · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Internvl: Scaling up vision foundation models and aligning for generic visual-linguistic tasks
Reference 8
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Observation 6d6b3bba-7e49-4e24-b1e7-b902b0206cf1 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Paddleocr-vl: Boosting multilingual document parsing via a 0.9 b ultra-compact vision-language model.arXivpreprintarXiv:2510.14528, 2025
Reference 9
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Observation 04562bf1-19b0-43b4-af68-37448fcbcafd · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters PaddleOCR 3.0 Technical Report
Reference 10
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Observation d4983ca0-6b3b-436b-ae5a-2d3f24afa246 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Image-to-markup generation with coarse-to- fine attention
Reference 11
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Observation 4b6b94c7-a8cb-466b-a70b-90906489bddb · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters SVTR: Scene text recognition with a single visual model
Reference 12
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Observation 321ebb37-c762-40f0-a848-65bb29bab31b · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Out of length text recognition with sub-string matching
Reference 13
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Observation acd732ac-b4f1-4cc0-8d76-e3447fedc867 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Contextperception parallel decoder for scene text recognition.IEEE Trans
Reference 14
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Observation a98e9fd1-dc39-4bc0-bcdd-d7a96f8d5322 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Instruction-guided scene text recognition
Reference 15
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Observation 235639c2-7bd0-4eb5-8adc-669d7ffd5a6e · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters SVTRv2: Ctc beats encoder-decoder models in scene text recognition
Reference 16
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Observation ae66434f-1617-47de-9439-d85db33413e0 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters LaTeX rainbow: Universal LaTeX to PDF document semantic & layout annotation framework
Reference 17
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Observation b6841d8f-813b-494a-9c45-d458faac63fa · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Readlikehumans: Autonomous, bidirectional and iterative language modeling for scene text recognition
Reference 18
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Observation 715c769a-da9a-4b1b-8716-da12c7cac9d0 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters ABINet++: Autonomous, bidirectional and iterative language modeling for scene text spotting.IEEETrans.PatternAnal.Mach
Reference 19
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Observation 70068584-e253-4fed-8c28-d604d219d824 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Dolphin: Document Image Parsing via Heterogeneous Anchor Prompting
Reference 20
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Observation d12a2af6-343d-4560-a216-291ab6f8a296 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters open-parse.https://github.com/Filimoa/open-parse, 2024
Reference 21
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Observation 33f0f506-f924-49cb-9150-66d973f3f9aa · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Gemini 2.5
Reference 22
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Observation d369fac4-92bb-4ee2-8ae9-df20c7702121 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Connectionist temporal classification: Labelling unsegmented sequence data with recurrent neural networks
Reference 23
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Observation 131d07fa-1bf6-4517-958e-30d4323a9ac7 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Self-Supervised Character-to- Character distillation for text recognition
Reference 24
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Observation 00b8b6ef-d0be-4677-88e4-d814d681dd06 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Seed1.5-VL Technical Report
Reference 25
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Observation 9a37434c-ee30-4cff-84b6-e85325c8dee2 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters ICPR2018 contest on robust reading for multi-type web images
Reference 26
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Observation 0c90d904-7f18-4194-ad37-f33035ce7229 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Gtc: Guided training of ctc towards efficient and accurate scene text recognition
Reference 27
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Observation fa8d85a4-e36c-400e-8da2-6cf1368016f5 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Ocr-free document understanding transformer
Reference 28
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Observation ab6069bf-6a6c-4f41-8b87-2392cb1b3652 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Show, attend and read: A simple and strong baseline for irregular text recognition
Reference 29
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Observation 29aa65cb-d5bc-443a-8b02-2c3918dd2c88 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters dots.ocr: Multilingual document layout parsing in a single vision-language model, 2025
Reference 30
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Observation f4bec852-4365-45a2-b85b-4430b59f19ef · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Monkeyocr: Documentparsingwithastructure-recognition-relationtripletparadigm
Reference 31
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Observation 05d35b62-ed76-4d65-a604-af5dde9efe32 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model
Reference 32
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Observation 054d8ded-f234-4d17-819d-a969057cef13 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Casia online and offline chinese handwriting databases
Reference 33
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Observation 97769deb-fd86-43e5-8f63-1cee51cff3d4 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters TextMonkey: An OCR-Free Large Multimodal Model for Understanding Document
Reference 34
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Observation 8eb03a78-fa9a-4584-bf86-eef964761523 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Towards end-to-end unified scene text detection and layout analysis
Reference 35
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Observation 7dff6b1e-03b7-4da0-9a74-c0b07e7130bb · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Decoupled weight decay regularization
Reference 36
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Observation fe4165a5-d32b-4b0e-ba4b-620cb4c10010 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters pix2tex - latex ocr.https://github.com/lukas-blecher/LaTeX-OCR, 2022
Reference 37
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Observation dc39c52d-fef8-46ab-81e6-64770fe6806b · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters MORAN: A multi-object rectified attention network for scene text recognition
Reference 38
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Observation 98c0d70a-e2bc-45b0-a735-8b81e1c932af · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Nanonets-ocr-s: A model for transforming documents into structured markdown with intelligent content recognition and semantic tagging, 2025
Reference 39
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Observation 91bf6949-dab5-42dc-97bb-b2c7458ac6d5 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Mathpix snip: Convert images and pdfs to latex, docx, and more.https://mathpix.com/, 2025
Reference 40
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 1a8d3d5e-c9d9-4741-bad0-dea1ffb02914 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters SmolDocling: An ultra-compact vision-language model for end-to-end multi-modal document conversion
Reference 41
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Observation 7b66e0d8-457f-4a8e-9507-8d98c1bbc67c · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters MinerU2.5: A Decoupled Vision-Language Model for Efficient High-Resolution Document Parsing
Reference 42
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Observation ce385e2a-3a62-49b6-b921-9d2a4d1af510 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Mineru2.0-2505-0.9b.https://huggingface.co/opendatalab/MinerU2.0-2505-0.9B, 2025
Reference 43
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Observation 2c7dd6c0-c468-4e3c-99b0-36dab92a0d09 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Omnidocbench: Benchmarking diverse pdf document parsing with comprehensive annotations
Reference 44
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Observation e381a954-261c-419c-917f-2fa0a766fcb5 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Marker.https://github.com/datalab-to/marker, 2025
Reference 45
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Observation 4765494e-e21d-4456-b21f-5e6d8f2173a0 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters olmocr: Unlocking trillions of tokens in pdfs with vision language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.18443, 2025
Reference 46
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Observation 72e2e79e-6422-47e1-a560-6e61578b96e4 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters NRTR: A no-recurrence sequence-to-sequence model for scene text recognition
Reference 47
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Observation 0968b7f0-604a-4f7b-b4c8-fd7adfcaae72 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters An end-to-end trainable neural network for image-based sequence recognition and its application to scene text recognition.IEEE Trans.PatternAnal
Reference 48
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Observation 2ae39b67-5ef8-4651-8d63-838757deb200 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters ASTER: An attentional scene text recognizer with flexible rectification.IEEETrans.PatternAnal
Reference 49
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Observation 9b522631-6fb5-47a3-bc9f-c0a245d611c0 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters ICDAR 2019 competition on large-scale street view text with partial labeling-rrc-lsvt
Reference 50
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Observation 1bf1d304-a532-4e4c-a03d-afdc02f848de · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Tal open dataset.https://ai.100tal.com/dataset, 2023
Reference 51
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Observation 39a57880-20f3-4ad5-ac6d-50b24c863880 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Docling.https://github.com/docling-project/docling, 2024
Reference 52
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Observation 9fc51d1b-e51d-49a0-9c61-68c8f20a4d7f · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Hunyuanocr technical report, 2025
Reference 53
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Observation 84a80519-a6b0-4f5d-a9a4-f08b08442d62 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Kimi-VL Technical Report
Reference 54
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Observation 91ccdad2-096f-4c70-90e1-72f64bf22547 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Hunyuan-0.5b.https://github.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/Hunyuan-0.5B, 2025
Reference 55
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Observation aea05b97-e71a-42ac-b0fc-e4206e851fc3 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters unstructured
Reference 56
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Observation 8d3a8578-b3b4-4cd3-99a8-27f6e14afe3a · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters SGDR: stochastic gradient descent with warm restarts
Reference 57
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Observation 29afa9fa-2fcd-4854-8ed0-4fc0731f3bb0 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters UniMERNet: A Universal Network for Real-World Mathematical Expression Recognition
Reference 58
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Observation 584891c8-84b3-4ab2-bcb6-e25791ac7de3 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters MinerU: An Open-Source Solution for Precise Document Content Extraction
Reference 59
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Observation eb1c63bf-b0ab-4c64-b2d1-3cf45bcaaf53 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Multi-Granularity Prediction for scene text recognition
Reference 60
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Observation ebd85158-f4be-450b-927d-ad062c9ca45b · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters PETR: Rethinking the capability of transformer-based language model in scene text recognition.IEEETrans.Image Process., 31:5585–5598, 2022
Reference 61
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Observation b19ebe6a-47ea-4785-8136-98a70a01bf87 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters General OCR Theory: Towards OCR-2.0 via a Unified End-to-end Model
Reference 62
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Observation ffd972dd-6abc-4fa1-96c3-a92009561bbd · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters DeepSeek-OCR: Contexts Optical Compression
Reference 63
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Observation 2ead0d5c-5b9a-4e9c-a740-b353178b8187 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Handwritten mathematical expression recognition via paired adversarial learning.IJCV, 128:2386–2401, 2020
Reference 64
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Observation 40c91284-f6a7-45df-bf00-a968f2a80498 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Qwen3 Technical Report
Reference 65
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Observation 55bb90cd-8b5d-4e9f-b10a-f6b3d1cfef1f · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Kwai Keye-VL 1.5 Technical Report
Reference 66
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Observation 0aafe786-d5fc-44f4-8c7e-d383093b29d8 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Focalmodulationnetworks
Reference 67
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Observation afcc3907-45d1-4d19-a156-ac4d694872da · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Towardsaccuratescenetextrecognition with semantic reasoning networks
Reference 68
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Observation 8bc8be7e-a2c6-4ece-9f21-8bdd40fc8c85 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters RobustScanner: Dynamically enhancing positional clues for robust text recognition
Reference 69
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Observation 7b084841-172f-4059-a7b4-95e7ff0e0b9c · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Watch, attend and parse: An end-to-end neural network based approach to handwritten mathematical expression recognition.PR, 71: 196–206, 2017
Reference 70
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Observation b18b3f4d-aa0e-4290-8c3d-c7c2e57d766e · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters A tree-structured decoder for image-to-markup generation
Reference 71
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Observation e97b92a3-9b0e-42be-86c4-0ee79ab6d7b4 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Document Parsing Unveiled: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects for Structured Information Extraction
Reference 72
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Observation 520fcd9a-83a6-497b-adf3-ba86a8f47cbb · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Decoder pre-training with only text for scene text recognition
Reference 73
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Observation 84b97601-8e8b-4241-8dfc-d9833da66737 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters CLIP4STR: A simple baseline for scene text recognition with pre-trained vision-language model.IEEE Trans.ImageProcess., 33:6893–6904, 2024
Reference 74
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Observation 81565d43-6b99-44e4-a736-b859730b279c · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Multi-modal in-context learning makes an ego-evolving scene text recognizer
Reference 75
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Observation 181e9864-85aa-4df5-8715-c0873e64feff · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters CDistNet: Perceiving multi- domain character distance for robust text recognition.Int
Reference 76
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Observation 0404cc8f-1a92-4f54-a842-7cc6c9581b7c · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Vl-reader: Vision and language reconstructor is an effective scene text recognizer
Reference 77
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Observation 6bc0de05-041f-416a-b5fd-1441d20ce038 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Models
Reference 78
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Observation 1a70e13d-4ba6-444e-a4ef-5fe4f0e81882 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters In all, what fraction of the number of bills that Bree received for her birthday were $10 or $20 bills? UniRec-0.1B:
Reference 80
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Observation eb0612b7-bf27-4b67-9ad5-bbef18978a11 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters In all, what fraction of the number of bills that Bree received for her birthday were $10 or $20 bills? Dolphin-1.5-0.3B:
Reference 81
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Observation c723b64b-2635-40d4-ab38-2264b6e73637 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters In all, what fraction of the number of bills that Bree received for her birthday were $10 or $20 bills? PaddleOCR-VL-0.9B:
Reference 82
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UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters In all, what fraction of the number of bills that Bree received for her birthday were $10 or $20 bills? MinerU2.5 -1.2B:
Reference 83
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Observation 28f3cf33-ca20-4514-9d4f-71766a9c2a50 · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters In all, what fraction of the number of bills that Bree received for her birthday were $10 or $20 bills? MonkeyOCR-pro-3B:
Reference 84
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UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters In all, what fraction of the number of bills that Bree received for her birthday were $10 or $20 bills? dots.ocr-3B:
Reference 85
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Observation 0a9b107b-bf61-4b7e-8741-68c67ac1251b · outbound
UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters In all, what fraction of the number of bills that Bree received for her birthday were $10 or $20 bills? Nanonets-OCR2-3B: $\frac{3}{7}$ DeepSeek-OCR-3B :
Reference 86
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UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters a”, “b”, and “c
Reference 87
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UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters Unresolved cited work
Reference 2017
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Observation af8e5767-68ca-4c5f-b215-18206842c89f · inbound
Boosting Document Parsing Efficiency and Performance with Coarse-to-Fine Visual Processing UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters
Reference 12
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Observation 16ae50cd-e768-4f97-b0d1-83057bd1be4e · inbound
MinerU2.5-Pro: Pushing the Limits of Data-Centric Document Parsing at Scale UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters
Reference 10
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Observation 9f7ff89d-acc1-4b56-9e1b-86e449ca2ce4 · inbound
How Far Is Document Parsing from Solved? PureDocBench: A Source-TraceableBenchmark across Clean, Degraded, and Real-World Settings UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters
Reference 38
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Observation 1aed0f58-41a7-4a5c-87ee-2e2a6b51a5bb · inbound
ABot-OCR Technical Report UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters
Reference 10
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Observation bb9c2222-ea85-4509-970d-e3e5151a9315 · inbound
PaddleOCR-VL-1.6: Expanding the Frontier of Document Parsing with Under-Optimized Region Refinement and Progressive Post-Training UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters
Reference 37
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Observation 59b938e5-6407-4d77-9935-3a041565c732 · inbound
MonkeyOCRv2: A Visual-Text Foundation Model for Document AI UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters
Reference 25
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OvisOCR2 Technical Report UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters
Reference 38
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HPD-Parsing: Hierarchical Parallel Document Parsing UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters
Reference 31
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NaviDC-OCR: Navigating Document Parsing Across Digital and Camera-Captured Documents UniRec-0.1B: Unified Text and Formula Recognition with 0.1B Parameters
Reference 87
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