Wafer-Scale Squeezed-Light Chips

Abdulkarim Hariri; Bo-Han Wu; Kailu Zhou; Nicholas Reynolds; Shuai Liu; Yuheng Zhang; Zheshen Zhang

REVIEW 2 major objections 4 minor 2 cited by

Wafer-Scale Squeezed-Light Chips

T0 review · 2 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-15 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Across a 4-inch wafer, all eight silicon nitride dies produce 2.9–3.1 dB of squeezed light with less than 0.2 dB variation.

desk verdict Wafer-scale squeezed-light demo is real and worth refereeing, but the <0.2 dB uniformity claim rests on one best-of-four number per die and the paper overstates its own >3 dB claim. read the letter →

arxiv 2509.10445 v1 pith:PO6P5ZPV submitted 2025-09-12 quant-ph physics.optics

Shuai Liu , Kailu Zhou , Yuheng Zhang , Abdulkarim Hariri , Nicholas Reynolds , Bo-Han Wu , Zheshen Zhang This is my paper · ORCID

classification quant-phphysics.optics

keywords squeezedlighttwo-modevacuumsiliconnitridephotonicswafer-scalefabricationCMOS-compatiblecontinuous-variablequantuminformationmicroringresonatorphotonicintegratedcircuits

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper reports that a 4-inch silicon nitride wafer can host squeezed-light sources that work uniformly: eight dies each directly measured 2.9–3.1 dB of quadrature squeezing, with less than 0.2 dB spread across the wafer. The result matters because continuous-variable quantum processing and entanglement swapping need reproducible squeezing near or above 3 dB, and until now this level had been shown only on individual chips, not across a full foundry-compatible wafer. The authors attribute the uniformity to a co-integrated design: ultralow-loss, strongly overcoupled microrings that generate two-mode squeezed vacuum, cascaded pump-rejection filters, and low-loss edge couplers. They also show that a first-principles quantum model, using only independently extracted device parameters, reproduces the measured squeezing and anti-squeezing.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing element is the strongly overcoupled silicon nitride microring resonator used as a squeezer below threshold. Its escape efficiency $\eta = 1 - Q_L/Q_i$, where $Q_i$ is the intrinsic quality factor and $Q_L$ the loaded quality factor, sets the maximum squeezing that can leave the resonator; with $Q_i \approx 10 \times $10^{6}$$ and $Q_L \approx 0.83 \times $10^{6}$$, the inferred $\eta \approx 91\%$ corresponds to about 10.5 dB of on-chip squeezing. The measured 2.9–3.1 dB is then set by the total detection efficiency after generation, which includes two cascaded add-drop pump-rejection filters (each with 30–40 dB extinction), an inverse-tapered edge coupler (about 75% chip–fiber coupling), free-space propagation (95%), interference visibility (98%), and photodiode quantum efficiency (88%). The quantum model, derived from coupled-mode equations linearized below threshold, uses these independently measured quantities as inputs and correctly predicts the pump-power dependence of squeezing and anti-squeezing.

What would settle it

Re-measure squeezing on all 32 circuits (four per die across eight dies) using a shot-noise level set by an independently calibrated detector and compute the full distribution; if the wafer-wide spread of raw squeezing values exceeds 0.2 dB or any circuit falls below 2.9 dB, the central uniformity claim fails as stated.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that wafer-scale, CMOS-compatible silicon nitride photonics can produce uniformly squeezed light. Across a single 4-inch wafer, all eight measured dies yield 2.9–3.1 dB of directly measured quadrature squeezing (average 2.96 dB, spread <0.2 dB), with four dies at or above 3.0 dB. Working below the parametric oscillation threshold, a continuous-wave pump drives non-degenerate four-wave mixing in a strongly overcoupled, high-Q microring with escape efficiency $\eta = 1 - Q_L/Q_i > 91\%$, implying up to about 10.5 dB of squeezing available on-chip. The measured 3.0 dB squeezing (with 6.0 dB anti-squeezing at 50 mW pump power) is limited not by the chip but by the overall off-chip collection and detection efficiency of roughly 60%, consisting of edge-coupler loss, free-space propagation, interference visibility, and photodiode efficiency. The observed power dependence matches a quantum coupled-mode model parameterized solely by independently measured device parameters and experimental settings.

Load-bearing premise

The claim that the wafer is uniform at the 2.9–3.1 dB level assumes the shot-noise calibration used in balanced homodyne detection is accurate and that reporting each die's best of four circuit variants fairly represents the wafer; if the calibration is off or the selection hides defective circuits, the <0.2 dB uniformity claim does not hold.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

A single 4-inch wafer can now yield a uniform bank of on-chip squeezed-light sources, so arrays of continuous-variable quantum processors or multiplexed entanglement sources could be fabricated in a standard CMOS-compatible foundry flow.
The measured squeezing crosses the commonly cited 3 dB threshold for continuous-variable entanglement swapping and teleportation, moving from marginal noise reduction to operationally useful nonclassical resources.
Because the dominant remaining loss is off-chip (fiber coupling and photodiode efficiency), straightforward packaging and detection improvements should push measured squeezing substantially higher, approaching the roughly 10.5 dB available from the resonator itself.
The same silicon nitride platform can host reconfigurable interferometers, long delay lines, modulators, and detectors, so this wafer-scale source is a step toward single-chip continuous-variable quantum processors.
The agreement of the model with data, using only independent device parameters, makes the model a predictive tool for designing future squeezing circuits without ad hoc fitting.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

(Editorial inference) The paper reports the maximum squeezing per die, chosen from four circuit variants per die; a full yield analysis counting all circuits that meet the 2.9 dB bar would give a truer measure of manufacturability than the per-die best case.
(Editorial inference) If the same uniformity holds across multiple wafer runs, the dominant cost of quantum photonic hardware shifts from generating nonclassical light to integration and packaging, which would accelerate the roadmap for continuous-variable quantum computing.
(Editorial inference) A natural extension is to test whether the uniform fabrication translates to broadband squeezing across many mode pairs, which would directly support quantum microcomb sources for frequency-multiplexed cluster states.
(Editorial inference) The authors do not report temperature sensitivity of the squeezing; a systematic measurement of squeezing versus chip temperature would validate the thermo-optic stabilization strategy used for wafer-scale operation.

Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

You should know two things about this one. First, the experimental core is solid: they fabricated eight dies on a 4-inch CMOS-compatible Si3N4 wafer, each with a high-Q microring squeezer plus integrated pump-rejection filters and edge couplers, and directly measured 2.9–3.1 dB of two-mode squeezing on every die. That is a genuine manufacturability step forward—prior chip demos were single devices, not wafer-scale. The paper also does something rare: the squeezing traces are real measured noise variances below shot noise, and the theoretical curves come from a standard coupled-mode model with independently extracted Q factors and a combined detection efficiency, so there is no obvious circular fitting. Credit is earned here.

The soft spots are real but not fatal. The headline uniformity claim—'<0.2 dB variation across the wafer'—is computed from one number per die: the maximum squeezing among four circuit variants on that die. That does not establish that all 32 circuits or even all copies of a single design fall within 0.2 dB; it only shows every die has at least one circuit in that window. If the other three variants are worse, the wafer-level reproducibility story is weaker. For a claim about manufacturability, the right statistic is per-design yield or at least the full distribution of measured circuits. There are also no error bars on the reported squeezing values, so the 2.9–3.1 range might be within measurement uncertainty anyway. And the abstract's '>3 dB' language is contradicted by their own numbers: 2.9 dB is below 3 dB. Minor wording, but it should be fixed.

The model agreement is stated qualitatively ('agree well') and Fig. 4b has no error bars, so I can't fully judge how tight the theory-data match is. The shot-noise calibration is standard and, if anything, would tend to understate squeezing, so I am not worried about inflation there.

Who is this for? Researchers working on integrated CV quantum information or foundry-based quantum photonics will get real value: the co-packaged filters and couplers, the wafer-scale Q-factor statistics, and the measured squeezing levels are useful benchmarks. But the uniformity inference needs the per-circuit data before the headline claim can be taken at face value.

Recommendation: send it to peer review. A serious referee should ask for per-design data and error bars, but this is a genuine experimental result with clear value—not a desk reject.

Referee Report

2 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper reports wafer-scale fabrication and measurement of two-mode squeezed vacuum sources on a CMOS-compatible Si3N4 platform. Eight dies on a 4-inch wafer are characterized; each die contains four circuit variants differing in pump-rejection filter parameters, and the directly measured maximum squeezing per die is reported to lie between 2.9 and 3.1 dB, i.e., <0.2 dB variation. The authors also present classical characterization of quality factors and escape efficiencies, a quantum coupled-mode model for the squeezing spectra, and a comparison of measured squeezing versus pump power with the model. The central claims are wafer-scale uniformity, reproducibility, and agreement with a first-principles theory parameterized by independently extracted device parameters.

Significance. If the uniformity and squeezing-level claims hold, this is a substantive advance: it would demonstrate a reproducible, foundry-compatible route to nonclassical light generation across a full wafer, which is a prerequisite for scalable continuous-variable processors and multiplexed entanglement sources. The paper's strengths include direct quadrature-noise traces for all eight dies, a physically grounded coupled-mode model (Eqs. 1-15) with a clear set of independently characterized inputs, and a credible loss budget identifying the dominant limitation (approximately 60% overall collection efficiency). The work also usefully compares with previous chip-level demonstrations and quantifies the improvement from integrated pump rejection.

major comments (2)

[Section 3.1, Fig. 2a] The headline claim of 'device-to-device variation <0.2 dB' is not supported by the data as presented. Each die integrates four circuits with different pump-rejection filter parameters, and Fig. 2a labels only the directly measured maximum squeezing level of each die. The reported 2.9-3.1 dB range is therefore a range of per-die maxima, i.e., an order statistic, not a characterization of the distribution of all 32 circuits. Even if individual circuits varied by, say, 1 dB, the per-die maxima could still fall in a 0.2 dB window. Please report the squeezing level for every circuit on every die (or a statistical summary over all circuits), or alternatively restrict the claim to 'best circuit per die' and change the wording accordingly. This is load-bearing because the paper's main claim is wafer-scale device-to-device uniformity.
[Section 3.2, Fig. 4b] The agreement between the measured squeezing/anti-squeezing data and the theoretical model is stated only qualitatively ('agree well'), and the data points in Fig. 4b have no error bars or repeated-measurement uncertainties. Since the manuscript emphasizes that the model is parameterized solely by independently extracted device parameters and experimental settings, please provide measurement uncertainties (e.g., from repeated phase scans or repeated power settings) and a quantitative agreement metric, such as residuals or a reduced chi-squared value. This would make the model-validation claim more robust and would also clarify how the 2.9-3.1 dB wafer-level values relate to the model's prediction.

minor comments (4)

[Section 1] The phrase 'squeezed light is extreme vulnerable' should read 'extremely vulnerable'.
[Fig. 3, Methods] The histograms in Figs. 3(c)-(e) would benefit from stating the number of resonances/dies included and the uncertainties in the Lorentzian fits; currently the text gives only 'most probable values' without a measure of the sample size or the fit error.
[Methods] In the derivation of the model, the word 'conjuction' appears; it should be 'conjunction'.
[Abstract / Introduction] The abstract says 'device-to-device variation <0.2 dB', while the Introduction states 'device-to-device variation <0.2 dB (2.9-3.1 dB)'. Please use a consistent term (e.g., 'per-die maximum variation') that matches the actual measured quantity.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity found: the headline squeezing values are direct measurements, and the theoretical model is parameterized by independently characterized device parameters.

full rationale

The paper's central result is a direct experimental measurement: homodyne quadrature noise traces normalized to a calibrated shot-noise level (Fig. 2b, Fig. 4a). No part of the 2.9-3.1 dB / <0.2 dB claim is derived from the theoretical model; the model is used only to plot dashed curves in Fig. 4b. The model's inputs are independently characterized: Q_i and Q_L from Lorentzian fits (Fig. 3b-e), escape efficiency eta from the Q_L/Q_i relation, and detection efficiency from separately listed coupling, propagation, visibility, and photodiode efficiencies. The Methods section contains a self-contained derivation of the quantum coupled-mode equations and the homodyne detection output operator, so the theory does not reduce to a fitted parameter renamed as a prediction. Citations of Refs. [48,49] are for a standard coupled-mode formalism rather than for the headline wafer-scale result, and the cited prior work is not invoked as an unverified uniqueness theorem. The per-die maximum labeling in Fig. 2a is a presentation choice that may bear on how the uniformity claim is interpreted, but it is not a case of a prediction reducing to a fitted input or a self-citation chain. Accordingly, no circular step is exhibited under the required quote-and-reduction standard.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No free parameters are fitted to the squeezing data. The theory uses independently extracted quality factors, escape efficiency, and a combined detection efficiency, with g0 obtained from material and waveguide parameters. The main assumptions are standard coupled-mode quantization, perfect azimuthal mode overlap, shot-noise-limited detection, and the lumped-loss model.

assumptions (4)

standard math Quantum coupled-mode equations with vacuum noise operators correctly describe below-threshold FWM in the microresonator (Eq. 6).
Adopted from Ref. [49]; it underpins the theoretical curves in Fig. 4b but is not needed for the raw measured squeezing claim.
domain assumption Perfect overlap of the azimuthal modes is assumed in the coupled-mode model.
Stated in Methods. If false, the model agreement would require effective mode-overlap factors, weakening the 'first-principles' claim.
domain assumption The balanced homodyne detector is shot-noise-limited at the 7 MHz measurement frequency.
The shot-noise reference is calibrated by injecting only the LO; if residual LO or technical noise existed, the measured squeezing values would be biased.
domain assumption All detection losses can be combined into a single quantum efficiency eta_total (Eq. 12).
This lumped-loss model is standard and assumes each loss channel adds only vacuum noise, which is the usual input-output treatment.

how reviews work

0 comments

Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Wafer-Scale Squeezed-Light Chips." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/PO6P5ZPV

@misc{pith2026250910445,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Wafer-Scale Squeezed-Light Chips},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/PO6P5ZPV}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2509.10445}
}

abstract

Squeezed-light generation in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) is essential for scalable continuous-variable (CV) quantum information processing. By suppressing quantum fluctuations below the shot-noise limit, squeezed states enable quantum-enhanced sensing and serve as a standard resource for CV quantum information processing. While chip-level squeezed-light sources have been demonstrated, extending this capability to the wafer level with reproducible strong squeezing to bolster large-scale quantum-enhanced sensing and information processing has been hindered by squeezed light's extreme susceptibility to device imperfections. Here, we report wafer-scale fabrication, generation, and characterization of two-mode squeezed-vacuum states on a fully complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible silicon nitride (Si$_3$N$_4$) PIC platform. Across a 4-inch wafer, 8 dies yield 2.9-3.1 dB directly measured quadrature squeezing with $< 0.2$ dB variation, demonstrating excellent uniformity. This performance is enabled by co-integrating ultralow-loss, strongly overcoupled high-$Q$ microresonators, cascaded pump-rejection filters, and low-loss inverse-tapered edge couplers. The measurements agree with a first-principles theoretical model parameterized solely by independently extracted device parameters and experimental settings. The measured squeezing level can be further improved by enhancing the efficiencies of off-chip detection and chip-to-fiber coupling. These results establish a reproducible, wafer-scale route to nonclassical-light generation in integrated photonics and lay the groundwork for scalable CV processors, multiplexed entanglement sources, and quantum-enhanced sensing.

Review history (2 revisions) →

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

Heterogeneously Integrated Squeezed-Light Generation and Detection on a Single Photonic Chip
quant-ph 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A single silicon-nitride chip now generates, routes, and detects a 34-mode squeezed quantum microcomb with about 3 dB of raw squeezing.
On-chip Quantum Measurement of Squeezing Generated from a Silicon Nitride Micro-ring Resonator
quant-ph 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Two cascaded silicon nitride micro-rings on one chip amplify and measure squeezed light before off-chip loss, yielding 4.6 dB observed squeezing despite 7 dB downstream loss.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

53 extracted references · 50 canonical work pages · cited by 2 Pith papers

[1]

Arute, F.et al.Quantum supremacy using a programmable supercon- ducting processor.Nature574(7779), 505–510 (2019)

work page 2019
[2]

S.et al.Quantum computational advantage with a pro- grammable photonic processor.Nature606(7912), 75–81 (2022)

Madsen, L. S.et al.Quantum computational advantage with a pro- grammable photonic processor.Nature606(7912), 75–81 (2022)

work page 2022
[3]

R., Gehring, T., Weedbrook, C

Pirandola, S., Bardhan, B. R., Gehring, T., Weedbrook, C. & Lloyd, S. Advances in photonic quantum sensing.Nature Photonics12(12), 724– 733 (2018)

work page 2018
[4]

L., Reinhard, F

Degen, C. L., Reinhard, F. & Cappellaro, P. Quantum sensing.Reviews of Modern Physics89(3), 035002 (2017)

work page 2017
[5]

& Thew, R

Gisin, N. & Thew, R. Quantum communication.Nature Photonics1(3), 165–171 (2007)

work page 2007
[6]

Walls, D. F. Squeezed states of light.Nature306(5939), 141–146 (1983)

work page 1983
[7]

Villar, A. d. S., Cruz, L., Cassemiro, K. N., Martinelli, M. & Nussen- zveig, P. Generation of bright two-color continuous variable entanglement. Physical review letters95(24), 243603 (2005)

work page 2005
[8]

J., Lett, P

Lawrie, B. J., Lett, P. D., Marino, A. M. & Pooser, R. C. Quantum sensing with squeezed light.Acs Photonics6(6), 1307–1318 (2019) . 12Wafer-Scale Squeezed-Light Chips

work page 2019

Show all 53 references

[9]

L., Furusawa, A

O’brien, J. L., Furusawa, A. & Vuˇ ckovi´ c, J. Photonic quantum technolo- gies.Nature Photonics3(12), 687–695 (2009)

2009
[10]

Masada, G.et al.Continuous-variable entanglement on a chip.Nature Photonics9(5), 316–319 (2015)

2015
[11]

& Valley, J

Slusher, R., Hollberg, L., Yurke, B., Mertz, J. & Valley, J. Observation of squeezed states generated by four-wave mixing in an optical cavity. Physical review letters55(22), 2409 (1985)

1985
[12]

Vahlbruch, H.et al.Observation of squeezed light with 10-db quantum- noise reduction.Physical Review Letters100(3), 033602 (2008)

2008
[13]

& Schnabel, R

Sch¨ onbeck, A., Thies, F. & Schnabel, R. 13 db squeezed vacuum states at 1550 nm from 12 mw external pump power at 775 nm.Optics Letters 43(1), 110–113 (2017)

2017
[14]

& Schnabel, R

Vahlbruch, H., Mehmet, M., Danzmann, K. & Schnabel, R. Detection of 15 db squeezed states of light and their application for the absolute calibration of photoelectric quantum efficiency.Physical Review Letters 117(11), 110801 (2016)

2016
[15]

Aasi, J.et al.Enhanced sensitivity of the ligo gravitational wave detector by using squeezed states of light.Nature Photonics7(8), 613–619 (2013)

2013
[16]

Ganapathy, D.et al.Broadband quantum enhancement of the ligo detec- tors with frequency-dependent squeezing.Physical Review X13(4), 041021 (2023)

2023
[17]

A.et al.Quantum-enhanced nonlinear microscopy.Nature 594(7862), 201–206 (2021)

Casacio, C. A.et al.Quantum-enhanced nonlinear microscopy.Nature 594(7862), 201–206 (2021)

2021
[18]

I.et al.Squeezed dual-comb spectroscopy.Science 387(6734), 653–658 (2025)

Herman, D. I.et al.Squeezed dual-comb spectroscopy.Science 387(6734), 653–658 (2025)

2025
[19]

Hariri, A.et al.Entangled dual-comb spectroscopy.arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.19800(2024)

2024 arXiv
[20]

Asavanant, W.et al.Generation of time-domain-multiplexed two- dimensional cluster state.Science366(6463), 373–376 (2019)

2019
[21]

V., Guo, X., Breum, C

Larsen, M. V., Guo, X., Breum, C. R., Neergaard-Nielsen, J. S. & Ander- sen, U. L. Deterministic generation of a two-dimensional cluster state. Science366(6463), 369–372 (2019)

2019
[22]

Wafer-Scale Squeezed-Light Chips13

Xia, Y.et al.Demonstration of a reconfigurable entangled radio-frequency photonic sensor network.Physical Review Letters124(15), 150502 (2020) . Wafer-Scale Squeezed-Light Chips13

2020
[23]

Guo, X.et al.Distributed quantum sensing in a continuous-variable entangled network.Nature Physics16(3), 281–284 (2020)

2020
[24]

Xia, Y.et al.Entanglement-enhanced optomechanical sensing.Nature Photonics17(6), 470–477 (2023)

2023
[25]

& Zhang, Z

Xia, Y., Li, W., Zhuang, Q. & Zhang, Z. Quantum-enhanced data classi- fication with a variational entangled sensor network.Physical Review X 11(2), 021047 (2021)

2021
[26]

Moody, G.et al.2022 roadmap on integrated quantum photonics.Journal of Physics: Photonics4(1), 012501 (2022)

2022
[27]

Wang, Z.et al.Large-scale cluster quantum microcombs.Light: Science & Applications14(1), 164 (2025)

2025
[28]

Jia, X.et al.Continuous-variable multipartite entanglement in an integrated microcomb.Nature1–8 (2025)

2025
[29]

F.et al.Silicon photonics interfaced with integrated electronics for 9 ghz measurement of squeezed light.Nature Photonics15(1), 11–15 (2021)

Tasker, J. F.et al.Silicon photonics interfaced with integrated electronics for 9 ghz measurement of squeezed light.Nature Photonics15(1), 11–15 (2021)

2021
[30]

Gurses, V.et al.An on-chip phased array for non-classical light.Nature Communications16(1), 6849 (2025)

2025
[31]

& Braunstein, S

Van Loock, P. & Braunstein, S. L. Unconditional teleportation of continuous-variable entanglement.Physical Review A61(1), 010302 (1999)

1999
[32]

& Fujii, K

Fukui, K., Tomita, A., Okamoto, A. & Fujii, K. High-threshold fault- tolerant quantum computation with analog quantum error correction. Physical Review X8(2), 021054 (2018)

2018
[33]

High-threshold fault-tolerant quantum computation with the gottesman-kitaev-preskill qubit under noise in an optical setup.Physical Review A107(5), 052414 (2023)

Fukui, K. High-threshold fault-tolerant quantum computation with the gottesman-kitaev-preskill qubit under noise in an optical setup.Physical Review A107(5), 052414 (2023)

2023
[34]

& Fan, L

Chen, P.-K., Briggs, I., Hou, S. & Fan, L. Ultra-broadband quadrature squeezing with thin-film lithium niobate nanophotonics.Optics Letters 47(6), 1506–1509 (2022)

2022
[35]

Park, T.et al.Single-mode squeezed-light generation and tomogra- phy with an integrated optical parametric oscillator.Science Advances 10(11), eadl1814 (2024)

2024
[36]

N.et al.Demonstration of a squeezed light source on thin-film lithium niobate with modal phase matching.arXiv preprint 14Wafer-Scale Squeezed-Light Chips arXiv:2406.16516(2024)

Arge, T. N.et al.Demonstration of a squeezed light source on thin-film lithium niobate with modal phase matching.arXiv preprint 14Wafer-Scale Squeezed-Light Chips arXiv:2406.16516(2024)

2024 arXiv
[37]

Shi, X.et al.Squeezed light generation in periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate waveguides.arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.08599(2025)

2025
[38]

Dutt, A.et al.On-chip optical squeezing.Physical Review Applied3(4), 044005 (2015)

2015
[39]

D.et al.Broadband quadrature-squeezed vacuum and non- classical photon number correlations from a nanophotonic device.Science Advances6(39), eaba9186 (2020)

Vaidya, V. D.et al.Broadband quadrature-squeezed vacuum and non- classical photon number correlations from a nanophotonic device.Science Advances6(39), eaba9186 (2020)

2020
[40]

Zhao, Y.et al.Near-degenerate quadrature-squeezed vacuum generation on a silicon-nitride chip.Physical Review Letters124(19), 193601 (2020)

2020
[41]

Zhang, Y.et al.Squeezed light from a nanophotonic molecule.Nature Communications12(1), 2233 (2021)

2021
[42]

Shen, Y.et al.Strong nanophotonic quantum squeezing exceeding 3.5 db in a foundry-compatible kerr microresonator.Optica12(3), 302–308 (2025)

2025
[43]

E., Ruhnke, B., Wildi, T

Ulanov, A. E., Ruhnke, B., Wildi, T. & Herr, T. Quadrature squeezing in a nanophotonic microresonator.arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.17337(2025)

2025 arXiv
[44]

Yang, Z.et al.A squeezed quantum microcomb on a chip.Nature Communications12(1), 4781 (2021)

2021
[45]

& Bowers, J

Xiang, C., Jin, W. & Bowers, J. E. Silicon nitride passive and active photonic integrated circuits: trends and prospects.Photonics research 10(6), A82–A96 (2022)

2022
[46]

Nature Communications15(1), 751 (2024)

Shekhar, S.et al.Roadmapping the next generation of silicon photonics. Nature Communications15(1), 751 (2024)

2024
[47]

& Grangier, P

Grosshans, F. & Grangier, P. Quantum cloning and teleportation criteria for continuous quantum variables.Physical Review A64(1), 010301 (2001)

2001
[48]

N., Liu, S

Wu, B.-H., Alexander, R. N., Liu, S. & Zhang, Z. Quantum comput- ing with multidimensional continuous-variable cluster states in a scalable photonic platform.Physical Review Research2(2), 023138 (2020)

2020
[49]

Chembo, Y. K. Quantum dynamics of kerr optical frequency combs below and above threshold: Spontaneous four-wave mixing, entanglement, and squeezed states of light.Physical Review A93(3), 033820 (2016) . Wafer-Scale Squeezed-Light Chips15

2016
[50]

Taballione, C.et al.8×8 reconfigurable quantum photonic processor based on silicon nitride waveguides.Optics Express27(19), 26842–26857 (2019)

2019
[51]

A manufacturable platform for photonic quantum comput- ing.Nature641, 876–883 (2025)

PsiQuantum. A manufacturable platform for photonic quantum comput- ing.Nature641, 876–883 (2025)

2025
[52]

Snigirev, V.et al.Ultrafast tunable lasers using lithium niobate integrated photonics.Nature615(7952), 411–417 (2023)

2023
[53]

& Zhang, Z

Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Hariri, A., Al-Hallak, A.-R. & Zhang, Z. Fabrication of ultra-low-loss, dispersion-engineered silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits via silicon hardmask etching.ACS Photonics12(2), 1039–1046 (2025) . Methods Device fabrication process.The complete wa...

2025

Pith tools

Reviewed August 15, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [1]

Arute, F.et al.Quantum supremacy using a programmable supercon- ducting processor.Nature574(7779), 505–510 (2019)

work page 2019

[2] [2]

S.et al.Quantum computational advantage with a pro- grammable photonic processor.Nature606(7912), 75–81 (2022)

Madsen, L. S.et al.Quantum computational advantage with a pro- grammable photonic processor.Nature606(7912), 75–81 (2022)

work page 2022

[3] [3]

R., Gehring, T., Weedbrook, C

Pirandola, S., Bardhan, B. R., Gehring, T., Weedbrook, C. & Lloyd, S. Advances in photonic quantum sensing.Nature Photonics12(12), 724– 733 (2018)

work page 2018

[4] [4]

L., Reinhard, F

Degen, C. L., Reinhard, F. & Cappellaro, P. Quantum sensing.Reviews of Modern Physics89(3), 035002 (2017)

work page 2017

[5] [5]

& Thew, R

Gisin, N. & Thew, R. Quantum communication.Nature Photonics1(3), 165–171 (2007)

work page 2007

[6] [6]

Walls, D. F. Squeezed states of light.Nature306(5939), 141–146 (1983)

work page 1983

[7] [7]

Villar, A. d. S., Cruz, L., Cassemiro, K. N., Martinelli, M. & Nussen- zveig, P. Generation of bright two-color continuous variable entanglement. Physical review letters95(24), 243603 (2005)

work page 2005

[8] [8]

J., Lett, P

Lawrie, B. J., Lett, P. D., Marino, A. M. & Pooser, R. C. Quantum sensing with squeezed light.Acs Photonics6(6), 1307–1318 (2019) . 12Wafer-Scale Squeezed-Light Chips

work page 2019