Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study

As of 18 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 63 of 63 outbound references and 5 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2502.02481.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2502.02481 v4

Coverage vector

measured 63 of 63 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:33.818813Z

measured 68 of 68 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00

measured 5 of 5 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T20:27:33.322252Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-02T08:36:48.608960Z

Reference resolution

63 of 63 outbound references displayed

verified exact3
verified fuzzy0
unresolved60
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation e2e1fd6c-d1a6-4e32-b249-a22f9e997f24 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 11935c5a-4c90-4e1c-8a01-27359ebff887 · outbound

This paper cites The Falcon Series of Open Language Models.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study The Falcon Series of Open Language Models

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:32.636644Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9e0fbe46-94c4-42fc-9b3d-69aafce8b38d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 139d32c0-304e-4007-a7db-bcbd253f6a0a · outbound

This paper cites PaLM 2 Technical Report.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study PaLM 2 Technical Report

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:32.647605Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation f14af9b6-ff9b-42c5-964f-5194a32719f0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 5287ee52-fcf0-4788-aa86-6fa5c843857c · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:32.704661Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 42eaa656-b9de-4201-9487-56e7ae4b3d4e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 9296137a-3fdf-4110-b8a9-0e528ac0398e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:34.849701Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 892db3fa-9ea8-4f28-b551-e92686e01de9 · outbound

This paper cites Efficient and Effective Text Encoding for Chinese LLaMA and Alpaca.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Efficient and Effective Text Encoding for Chinese LLaMA and Alpaca

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:32.923134Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation d6b372b8-ec24-498a-9901-c2f7105982cd · outbound

This paper cites Aya Expanse: Combining Research Breakthroughs for a New Multilingual Frontier.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Aya Expanse: Combining Research Breakthroughs for a New Multilingual Frontier

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:32.985210Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 68d3f076-1a9a-4dc9-9907-06cd27798c09 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:34.834913Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation ef4f9724-1319-407d-9b67-44b7ce08288b · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:33.060571Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1175ce45-7785-4036-845c-4d541ebb1685 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:33.066045Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 05cbc59f-b17c-4bbc-a8ad-1163ef635c2b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:33.071342Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0c4f8059-90d4-4442-91c7-5af0f20ad2cd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d757b26c-63c9-45eb-985f-3ac3f4f4c8ab · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 67869d6a-2455-4d83-8ad3-57182f6d1a2d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:33.086284Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 197fdb73-0e20-4ca0-8c23-51829eec5d5c · outbound

This paper cites Towards Boosting Many-to-Many Multilingual Machine Translation with Large Language Models.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Towards Boosting Many-to-Many Multilingual Machine Translation with Large Language Models

Reference 18

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:34.372299Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 0c0e87ed-2aaa-4832-a8d0-181c37f7e60e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 41ef28d9-5738-42c5-9423-053d114afbb5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4dd4be1c-c013-45e3-a832-bfec9c0dbb3d · outbound

This paper cites xCOMET: Transparent Machine Translation Evaluation through Fine-grained Error Detection.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study xCOMET: Transparent Machine Translation Evaluation through Fine-grained Error Detection

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:33.105921Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b23caa9b-f75e-4e7d-94d6-966ec5ad4fcc · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation c1ebb0f8-326e-4e74-b6f3-0ccccd942a25 · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Mistral 7B

Reference 23

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 4f7cb1d2-e9e9-4972-83cf-03646ff1a525 · outbound

This paper cites Is ChatGPT A Good Translator? Yes With GPT-4 As The Engine.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Is ChatGPT A Good Translator? Yes With GPT-4 As The Engine

Reference 24

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Observation 2ea70978-c5be-46b7-a3f1-848174dca0bc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation ca35ed5d-6f33-42cc-9062-0917ddcc30b7 · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study FastText.zip: Compressing text classification models

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Observation c9f5e156-e89d-4923-badb-127a873233bc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dd9202d7-2d85-4ae6-9bb1-aab1fac28fda · outbound

This paper cites MADLAD-400: A Multilingual And Document-Level Large Audited Dataset.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study MADLAD-400: A Multilingual And Document-Level Large Audited Dataset

Reference 28

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 14116314-704d-4129-b7c4-e546dc1a81c9 · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6d66d3d8-e108-455b-bfd1-a49e1fc705f2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 3f87056a-0abb-466f-9083-f9affce200a8 · outbound

This paper cites IKUN for WMT24 General MT Task: LLMs Are here for Multilingual Machine Translation.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study IKUN for WMT24 General MT Task: LLMs Are here for Multilingual Machine Translation

Reference 31

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation cdaa3bfe-fb13-4cc2-9435-e0c52a4251cc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8aec1e0b-5caa-4bf8-ba16-54229cf80f91 · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study LLaMAX: Scaling Linguistic Horizons of LLM by Enhancing Translation Capabilities Beyond 100 Languages

Reference 33

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fc81ec0c-1d51-479f-bb49-3cfa4ff0badb · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Rossi, and Thien Huu Nguyen

Reference 34

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Observation 6a174afd-7862-42af-a91a-293d4f7241a0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation bf73b8e4-4260-4188-8d06-b0a77e079a90 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 36

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Observation 89eb039d-bb0f-4511-8c89-838eb219fc7d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation bf8200cf-52ea-4302-a5a2-af0df5041c82 · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Guerreiro, Jos \ A Pombal, Daan van Stigt, Marcos Treviso, Luisa Coheur, Jos \'e G

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7a6ec0a4-a1c8-4a86-89ce-167316f27c42 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Observation 073b7e23-ffe7-435a-be03-66a88ba957dc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Observation 0e4a447a-d446-4e3b-9405-c558532f2a0a · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 7673b57a-fbbe-481c-b07d-8867636e7f6e · outbound

This paper cites No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation

Reference 42

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Observation 435a0b3d-4e69-4291-930e-ce470ccf8188 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 609bce2d-72a6-413a-b22f-64bfbff971a9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 4674d19d-8007-49f9-a256-14000b558927 · outbound

This paper cites LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models

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Observation 0bfa7d24-8dc0-44cc-9fb4-b47ff567def0 · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 46

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Observation 139c906d-7289-476b-b992-4c1b7ae0554e · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Observation 24f803bf-d124-4422-9603-1f0474d3e2a6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models

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Observation f3b6ceae-5369-4a87-8ed0-fb7526e09823 · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

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Observation 7ab778d4-7501-49ac-86e3-8a34d7b547d9 · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Observation 321e2259-d202-4451-ae40-c8ec9bbb3253 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 53

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Observation c845cbdf-8033-496d-ab2b-f1098d072c72 · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 54

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Observation 544e4af2-e9d5-48d8-94a9-7ffde0214f2f · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study X-ALMA: Plug & Play Modules and Adaptive Rejection for Quality Translation at Scale

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Observation 9702246a-c67f-4b8a-9d37-e36061f8d8e0 · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 56

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation c1739d25-64fb-41a9-9af1-7f683f2d621d · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2 Technical Report.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Qwen2 Technical Report

Reference 57

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Observation f8d00f4c-fc30-4451-950c-b8465562c54a · outbound

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Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models

Reference 58

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Observation d0c5b390-121e-4812-a998-7f0b1b9ea8fb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

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Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:34.512631Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation b3deae66-aa82-43b1-986e-6192dd6d0da5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 60

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:34.497739Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 2cae7d2f-f78d-4bbe-b3be-16f02bf32680 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study Unresolved cited work

Reference 61

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:33.773237Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a3063e4c-9374-4cd7-a759-4caf2a7e3e90 · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 62

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:33.788291Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a34b6e51-e06a-4889-995e-3520f9be6087 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study write newline

Reference 63

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T12:03:33.818813Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation e7780d94-6de7-4417-ba9a-92695d75ab29 · inbound

KIT's Offline Speech Translation and Instruction Following Submission for IWSLT 2025 cites this paper.

KIT's Offline Speech Translation and Instruction Following Submission for IWSLT 2025 Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:27:33.322252Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c5957d0c-9819-4cdb-ac7e-dbd8e3f1fccd · inbound

QUST_NLP at SemEval-2025 Task 7: A Three-Stage Retrieval Framework for Monolingual and Crosslingual Fact-Checked Claim Retrieval cites this paper.

QUST_NLP at SemEval-2025 Task 7: A Three-Stage Retrieval Framework for Monolingual and Crosslingual Fact-Checked Claim Retrieval Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T04:30:28.611332Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4eb5f9f1-7791-4d01-9e92-5562dfa5e746 · inbound

Hunyuan-MT Technical Report cites this paper.

Hunyuan-MT Technical Report Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T05:33:30.777560Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d02f400c-2141-4d26-bb59-917b93620d99 · inbound

MCAT: Scaling Many-to-Many Speech-to-Text Translation with MLLMs to 70 Languages cites this paper.

MCAT: Scaling Many-to-Many Speech-to-Text Translation with MLLMs to 70 Languages Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study

Reference 21

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-17T03:18:57.190010Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation bb9f47bb-8862-4a67-a5f7-0936b2633371 · inbound

Multilingual Coreference Resolution via Cycle-Consistent Machine Translation cites this paper.

Multilingual Coreference Resolution via Cycle-Consistent Machine Translation Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study

Reference 12

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-02T08:36:48.610785Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.