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arxiv: 2606.23457 · v2 · pith:RA7XGPDSnew · submitted 2026-06-22 · ✦ hep-ph

Charting Dark Matter down to the neutrino floor/fog in the 2HD+a scenario

Giorgio Arcadi , Abdelhak Djouadi , Stefano Profumo This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 08:12 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph
keywords dark matter2HD+a modelneutrino fogrelic densitydirect detectionpseudoscalarWIMPtwo-component DM
0
0 comments X

The pith

In the 2HD+a model with vanishing A-a mixing, annihilation to ha and Ha states sets the observed relic density while loop-induced direct detection rates fall inside the neutrino fog.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper studies thermally produced dark matter in the 2HD+a extension of the Standard Model, focusing on the Type-I and Type-II Yukawa sectors. It isolates the regime of strongly suppressed singlet-doublet pseudoscalar mixing and shows that annihilation into ha and Ha final states reproduces the measured relic density. In the same limit, loop-induced nucleon scattering cross sections naturally sit inside the neutrino fog for single-component dark matter with masses above 100 GeV. The two-component scenario, where the light pseudoscalar a is also stable, is instead excluded over most of its parameter space by current LZ and FERMI-LAT data. Both setups remain testable with future tonne-scale detectors and can be enlarged by imposing relations that further suppress couplings of the 125 GeV Higgs to pairs of a bosons.

Core claim

With sinθ driven to zero, the 2HD+a model permits dark matter to annihilate into ha and Ha states to achieve the observed relic density, while loop-induced direct detection cross sections naturally reside inside the neutrino fog; the single-component setup lies below the floor for masses above 100 GeV, whereas the two-component setup with a stable a is strongly disfavored by present limits, although specific parameter relations that suppress the 125 GeV boson coupling to two a states can enlarge the viable space.

What carries the argument

The limit of strongly suppressed singlet-doublet A-a mixing (sinθ → 0) that simultaneously enables ha/Ha annihilation for the relic density and suppresses tree-level direct detection while rendering the light a long-lived or stable.

If this is right

  • Single-component dark matter naturally lies below the neutrino floor for masses above 100 GeV while satisfying relic density.
  • Two-component dark matter with stable a is largely excluded by existing LZ and FERMI-LAT bounds.
  • The light pseudoscalar a becomes long-lived and produces displaced vertices at colliders.
  • Specific relations among parameters that suppress the 125 GeV boson coupling to two a states enlarge the viable space for both scenarios.
  • Future XLZD and CTA data can further test or exclude the remaining parameter regions.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same suppression mechanism could be applied in other two-Higgs-doublet extensions to push dark matter signals below irreducible neutrino backgrounds.
  • Collider searches for long-lived pseudoscalars become a complementary probe that does not rely on direct detection.
  • If the two-component scenario is realized, multi-component dark matter searches at future experiments would need to account for both stable states simultaneously.

Load-bearing premise

The assumption that the singlet-doublet pseudoscalar mixing angle is driven exactly to zero is required for both the relic-density mechanism and the placement of direct detection rates inside the neutrino fog.

What would settle it

A positive direct detection signal above the neutrino fog for dark matter masses above 100 GeV, or the absence of displaced-vertex signatures for the light pseudoscalar at colliders, would rule out the single-component setup in this limit.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.23457 by Abdelhak Djouadi, Giorgio Arcadi, Stefano Profumo.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Model points from parameter scans (see main text for details) of the 2HD+a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Same model points displayed in the upper row of Fig. 1. The color pat [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Same as Fig. 1 but for the model points with sin [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Model points, in the sin θ < 10−3 regime, featuring the correct DM relic density and complying at the same time with current constraints from direct and indirect detection. The two panels correspond to, respectively, the Type-I and Type-II scenarios. In each panel, the color pattern of the model points tracks the decay length, cτa of the a state. The connection to LHC phenomenology is illustrated in [PITH… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Model points of the 2HD+a complying, at the same time, with the requirement [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Model points of the 2HD+a complying, at the same time, with the requirement [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Parameter scan of the 2HD+a in the two-component DM (2CDM) freeze-out [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: As evident, the vast majority of the parameter space is already excluded by current [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Production cross-section for a series of resonance production processes, which are [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: The same as Fig. 9 but for the Type-II model. The panel relative to the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Left column: Points of the parameter scan, in the sin θ < 10−3 regime, in the (Ma, cτa) plane. All the points displayed comply with the correct DM relic density and the present bounds from indirect detection. Points marked in blue are also compatible with present constraints from direct detection while the ones marked in green have scattering cross-section lying inside the neutrino fog. Right column: Valu… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Next-generation direct detection experiments will probe dark matter (DM) scattering cross-sections deep into the neutrino fog, the regime where coherent neutrino scattering becomes an irreducible background. We investigate whether thermally produced weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) can naturally populate this regime while satisfying relic density and indirect detection constraints. Adopting as a case study the 2HD+a model, we have performed comprehensive parameter scans over the Type-I and Type-II Yukawa configurations. We have included the limit of strongly suppressed singlet--doublet {\it A-a} mixing sin$\theta \! \to \! 0$ and we show that annihilation into {\it ha} and ${\it Ha}$ final states sustains the correct relic density while loop-induced direct detection cross-sections naturally land inside the neutrino fog; in the same limit the light pseudoscalar boson becomes long-lived, featuring displaced-vertex signatures when produced at colliders. Finally, in the case of zero mixing, we have considered a new possibility for DM phenomenology as the $a$ state becomes cosmologically stable and, consequently, an additional DM component. We map all the viable parameter space against current LZ and FERMI-LAT bounds and projected XLZD and CTA sensitivities. We find that the single component setup lies naturally below the neutrino floor for DM masses above 100 GeV while, on the contrary, most of the parameter space of the two component DM scenario is strongly disfavored already considering present limit. The parameter space of both single and two component DM scenario can be nevertheless broadened by considering specific relations among the model parameters to suppress the coupling between the 125 GeV bosons and two $a$ states. Our results represent in any case a motivation to fully exploit future tonne-scale detectors.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper studies thermally produced WIMP dark matter in the 2HD+a model, focusing on the limit of strongly suppressed singlet-doublet A-a mixing (sinθ → 0). Comprehensive parameter scans are performed for Type-I and Type-II Yukawa configurations. The authors show that annihilation into ha and Ha final states can yield the observed relic density, while loop-induced spin-independent direct-detection cross sections naturally fall inside the neutrino fog for single-component DM with m_DM > 100 GeV. In the same limit the light pseudoscalar a is long-lived (displaced-vertex signatures at colliders). For zero mixing they also consider a as a second, cosmologically stable DM component; most of that parameter space is excluded by current LZ and FERMI-LAT data, although specific parameter relations can enlarge the viable region. Viable points are mapped against present and projected bounds from LZ, FERMI-LAT, XLZD and CTA.

Significance. If the numerical results hold, the work supplies a concrete, motivated example in which a WIMP naturally populates the neutrino-fog regime while satisfying relic-density and indirect-detection constraints. The explicit treatment of both single- and two-component DM, together with the collider phenomenology of a long-lived a, adds useful phenomenology. The comprehensive scans over Type-I and Type-II configurations constitute a clear strength of the analysis.

major comments (1)
  1. [discussion of the sinθ → 0 limit and the associated parameter scans] The central claims (correct relic density via ha/Ha annihilation and loop-only σ_SI inside the neutrino fog) are obtained exclusively in the strict sinθ → 0 limit. The manuscript should demonstrate the robustness of these conclusions for small but finite sinθ, because even modest mixing reintroduces tree-level DD scattering and modifies the annihilation matrix elements; a brief scan or scaling argument quantifying the size of the tree-level contribution as a function of sinθ would be required to establish that the quoted results are representative rather than an isolated limiting case.
minor comments (2)
  1. [model definition] Notation for the two Higgs doublets and the singlet pseudoscalar should be introduced once with a clear table of quantum numbers and mixing angles before the scans are presented.
  2. [results and discussion] The text refers to “the parameter space of both single and two component DM scenario” being broadened by “specific relations among the model parameters”; an explicit example of such a relation (e.g., a coupling suppression condition) would improve clarity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive summary and constructive feedback on our manuscript. We address the major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: The central claims (correct relic density via ha/Ha annihilation and loop-only σ_SI inside the neutrino fog) are obtained exclusively in the strict sinθ → 0 limit. The manuscript should demonstrate the robustness of these conclusions for small but finite sinθ, because even modest mixing reintroduces tree-level DD scattering and modifies the annihilation matrix elements; a brief scan or scaling argument quantifying the size of the tree-level contribution as a function of sinθ would be required to establish that the quoted results are representative rather than an isolated limiting case.

    Authors: We agree that the central results are derived in the sinθ → 0 limit and that finite mixing introduces tree-level direct-detection contributions proportional to sin²θ. The limit is theoretically motivated as the decoupling regime between the singlet and doublet sectors. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated paragraph with a scaling argument: the tree-level SI cross section scales as sin²θ (times the usual Higgs mixing factors), while annihilation matrix elements receive O(sinθ) corrections. For sinθ ≲ 0.01 the tree-level term remains subdominant to the loop-induced contribution and lies below the neutrino fog for m_DM > 100 GeV. We will also note that the relic-density condition is only mildly affected in this range. This establishes that the quoted phenomenology is representative for sufficiently small but non-zero mixing. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity: results from numerical scans in an explicit model limit

full rationale

The paper's central claims rest on comprehensive parameter scans of the 2HD+a model in the explicitly adopted sinθ → 0 limit. Relic density is obtained via standard annihilation channels into ha/Ha states, while direct-detection rates are computed as loop-induced quantities that fall inside the neutrino fog for m_DM > 100 GeV; these outcomes follow from the model's Lagrangian and numerical exploration rather than from any self-definitional equation, fitted parameter renamed as prediction, or load-bearing self-citation. No derivation step reduces by construction to its own inputs, and the single- versus two-component distinction is a direct consequence of setting the mixing to zero. The analysis is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only; the ledger is populated from statements visible in the abstract. The model relies on standard thermal freeze-out, loop-induced scattering, and the assumption that sinθ can be taken to zero without violating other constraints.

free parameters (2)
  • sinθ (A-a mixing angle)
    Set to near-zero limit to obtain both relic density and neutrino-fog cross-sections; value is chosen by hand to define the regime of interest.
  • Yukawa configuration (Type-I or Type-II)
    Scanned but treated as discrete choices that affect couplings.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Thermal production of WIMPs via standard freeze-out
    Invoked to relate annihilation cross-section to relic density.
  • domain assumption Loop-induced direct-detection cross-section formula remains valid at sinθ → 0
    Required for the claim that cross-sections naturally fall inside the neutrino fog.

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discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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