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Probing collectivity in heavy-ion collisions with fluctuations of the $p_T$ spectrum
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abstract
Event-by-event fluctuations in the initial stages of ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions depend little on rapidity. The hydrodynamic expansion which occurs in later stages then gives rise to correlations among outgoing particles which depend weakly on their relative rapidity. Azimuthal correlations, through which anisotropic flow ($v_n(p_T)$) is defined, have been the most studied. Here we study a new observable introduced in 2020 by Schenke, Shen and Teaney and dubbed $v_0(p_T)$, which quantifies the relative change in the $p_T$ spectrum induced by a fluctuation. We describe how it can be measured. Using hydrodynamic simulations, we make quantitative predictions for $v_0(p_T)$ of charged and identified hadrons. We then discuss how $v_0(p_T)$ relates to two phenomena which have been measured: The increase of the mean transverse momentum in ultracentral collisions, and the event-by-event fluctuations of the transverse momentum per particle $[ p_T]$. We show that $v_0(p_T)$ determines the dependence of these quantities on the $p_T$ cuts implemented in the analysis. We quantitatively explain the rise of $\sigma_{p_T}$ observed by ATLAS as the upper $p_T$-cut is increased from $2$ to $5$~GeV/$c$.
Forward citations
Cited by 5 Pith papers
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Thermal and geometric normal modes of spectral fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
Rotated PCA of simulated Pb+Pb spectra separates spectral fluctuations into a coherent thermal mode that fully explains v0(pT) and a double-node geometric mode that drives the low-pT sign change of v02(pT).
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Extracting the speed of sound of QCD from transverse momentum fluctuations
From ATLAS data on transverse-momentum fluctuations in ultra-central Pb+Pb collisions, the QGP speed of sound is extracted as 0.496 ± 0.008 at 221 ± 13 MeV, matching lattice QCD.
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Enhanced hydrodynamic predictions for $v_{02}(p_T)$
Ideal hydrodynamics plus a v2-fitted correction predicts v02(pT): a high-pT decrease for charged hadrons, meson-baryon splitting, and a non-monotonic proton v02 in mid-central Pb+Pb.
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Correlation between particle spectra and elliptic flow
A new three-particle observable, v02(pT), correlates the hadron spectrum with elliptic flow and is predicted to show a mass-ordering inversion at low pT in Pb+Pb collisions.
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Study of $p_\mathrm{T}$-differential radial flow in blast-wave model
A blast-wave model with Gaussian event-by-event fluctuations reproduces ALICE v0(pT) data and yields systematically higher freeze-out temperatures than conventional pT-spectra fits.
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