Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch

As of 14 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 100 of 165 outbound references and 4 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2501.07124.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2501.07124 v3

Coverage vector

measured 100 of 165 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.331862Z

measured 104 of 104 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00

measured 4 of 4 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T13:18:00.321479Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-10T06:15:00.866473Z

Reference resolution

100 of 165 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy0
unresolved99
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 353c996a-49a5-4e25-999a-9704cb14b243 · outbound

This paper cites 01-ai/yi: A series of large language models trained from scratch by developers @01-ai, 2023.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch 01-ai/yi: A series of large language models trained from scratch by developers @01-ai, 2023

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.955542Z

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Observation 26c84eaa-e468-4105-8b3a-b46224bdf5a6 · outbound

This paper cites Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.959421Z

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Observation 5cbd8f9c-904d-4d6a-bf0e-3a628577094b · outbound

This paper cites Nemotron-4 340B Technical Report.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Nemotron-4 340B Technical Report

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.963309Z

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Observation b16dbe74-6fee-486c-8ee9-a708f81ba64e · outbound

This paper cites SantaCoder: don't reach for the stars!.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch SantaCoder: don't reach for the stars!

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.967459Z

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Observation 7b8d6cd3-4c44-4ac9-a8f4-69e8e4a6b565 · outbound

This paper cites Smollm - blazingly fast and remarkably powerful.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Smollm - blazingly fast and remarkably powerful

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.971970Z

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Observation b9908567-1d0d-4b41-8e27-64a7bc2147e9 · outbound

This paper cites The falcon series of open language models, 2023.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch The falcon series of open language models, 2023

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.975834Z

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Observation 459c08ae-b3ec-4f36-9a60-a65d1a30a75e · outbound

This paper cites Mathqa: Towards interpretable math word problem solving with operation-based formalisms, 2019.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Mathqa: Towards interpretable math word problem solving with operation-based formalisms, 2019

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.979803Z

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Observation 677cf518-4f43-443e-b81a-4ece58f79b7c · outbound

This paper cites GPT-NeoX: Large Scale Autoregressive Language Modeling in PyTorch , 9 2023.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch GPT-NeoX: Large Scale Autoregressive Language Modeling in PyTorch , 9 2023

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.984191Z

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Observation 5130e73c-5385-4d44-8658-a5a94aa78cb2 · outbound

This paper cites PaLM 2 Technical Report.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch PaLM 2 Technical Report

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.988432Z

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Observation 682bede8-499a-4b44-a522-9ba7dfe1c06d · outbound

This paper cites Model card for claude 3.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Model card for claude 3

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.992058Z

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Observation 3bc24cd8-44e7-41a9-b8df-30c5b5e53710 · outbound

This paper cites Program Synthesis with Large Language Models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Program Synthesis with Large Language Models

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.995171Z

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Observation 4f63f515-d423-47fc-85fa-f112e1074f35 · outbound

This paper cites Jiang, Jia Deng, Stella Biderman, and Sean Welleck.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Jiang, Jia Deng, Stella Biderman, and Sean Welleck

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:01.999295Z

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Observation 37c5bd7a-7e0d-4beb-b9eb-bc1be24a34cb · outbound

This paper cites Qwen Technical Report.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Qwen Technical Report

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.003077Z

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Observation e68d8bd9-e96d-472e-bd0b-f254ccfbfccf · outbound

This paper cites Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.006684Z

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Observation bdd10a75-959f-4984-9a84-51d3010e6953 · outbound

This paper cites Trafilatura: A Web Scraping Library and Command-Line Tool for Text Discovery and Extraction.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Trafilatura: A Web Scraping Library and Command-Line Tool for Text Discovery and Extraction

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.009921Z

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Observation e0b9ef25-a8b6-48d7-ba3c-c601cfbea8b4 · outbound

This paper cites Efficient Training of Language Models to Fill in the Middle.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Efficient Training of Language Models to Fill in the Middle

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.013010Z

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Observation 733e0b5b-8126-49bf-a5d6-9ed6adf2cb99 · outbound

This paper cites Infinity instruct.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Infinity instruct

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.016393Z

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Observation d32ee3df-d104-47ef-a4d0-887de42d0615 · outbound

This paper cites Stable LM 2 1.6B Technical Report.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Stable LM 2 1.6B Technical Report

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.019512Z

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Observation a929b4cf-f6fd-462e-8488-1ffe950eebfc · outbound

This paper cites A framework for the evaluation of code generation models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch A framework for the evaluation of code generation models

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.023089Z

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Observation de808395-7c4c-4c84-b40d-ad225cf6b9a2 · outbound

This paper cites Red-Teaming Large Language Models using Chain of Utterances for Safety-Alignment.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Red-Teaming Large Language Models using Chain of Utterances for Safety-Alignment

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.026489Z

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Observation 34a0f1f4-db22-4fa9-a52c-942427e07f4a · outbound

This paper cites Purple Llama CyberSecEval: A Secure Coding Benchmark for Language Models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Purple Llama CyberSecEval: A Secure Coding Benchmark for Language Models

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.030313Z

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Observation 3ede848b-1766-4ace-88b5-a8b9c5e9e298 · outbound

This paper cites Safety-Tuned LLaMAs: Lessons From Improving the Safety of Large Language Models that Follow Instructions.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Safety-Tuned LLaMAs: Lessons From Improving the Safety of Large Language Models that Follow Instructions

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.037382Z

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Observation f9c5f72e-490a-4b04-84af-3cec111c53e3 · outbound

This paper cites Emergent and Predictable Memorization in Large Language Models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Emergent and Predictable Memorization in Large Language Models

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.041642Z

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Observation ad9d6489-289d-4997-ac5c-ec97a7927f3c · outbound

This paper cites Pythia: A suite for analyzing large language models across training and scaling.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Pythia: A suite for analyzing large language models across training and scaling

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.044863Z

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Observation 62104c6c-a437-4c88-80fc-f7098987ac89 · outbound

This paper cites Lee, Haonan Li, Charles Lovering, Niklas Muennighoff, Ellie Pavlick, Jason Phang, Aviya Skowron, Samson Tan, Xiangru Tang, Kevin A.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Lee, Haonan Li, Charles Lovering, Niklas Muennighoff, Ellie Pavlick, Jason Phang, Aviya Skowron, Samson Tan, Xiangru Tang, Kevin A

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.048149Z

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Observation 908d7370-691f-416b-bbad-3a5670b12da7 · outbound

This paper cites Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.052615Z

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Observation 9f4df066-a5cc-4c95-b81d-681f5ea5b8e3 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-Neo: Large Scale Autoregressive Language Modeling with Mesh-Tensorflow , March 2021.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch GPT-Neo: Large Scale Autoregressive Language Modeling with Mesh-Tensorflow , March 2021

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.055732Z

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Observation a11260a7-cfb1-423d-baa6-241e93d60615 · outbound

This paper cites Gpt-neox-20b: An open-source autoregressive language model, 2022.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Gpt-neox-20b: An open-source autoregressive language model, 2022

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.059993Z

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Observation 3e2eaa45-bdb0-42fd-bae0-e1210afce069 · outbound

This paper cites Language models are few-shot learners.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Language models are few-shot learners

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.063408Z

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Observation 2d2fe6f1-c841-45f2-a154-7985062c84be · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.067418Z

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Observation 2320637d-67ee-4f2e-b709-1c9e3d35ce82 · outbound

This paper cites Program of Thoughts Prompting: Disentangling Computation from Reasoning for Numerical Reasoning Tasks.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Program of Thoughts Prompting: Disentangling Computation from Reasoning for Numerical Reasoning Tasks

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.071072Z

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Observation 71e82385-988b-4d51-9e8a-bc6ca1b06298 · outbound

This paper cites Berkay Celik.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Berkay Celik

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.074985Z

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Observation 11fceb6e-415b-49f5-94fd-6366f32272ab · outbound

This paper cites Palm: Scaling language modeling with pathways.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Palm: Scaling language modeling with pathways

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.078843Z

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Observation dd6e64d5-4ce1-4f4d-abea-fe6a2cff3d28 · outbound

This paper cites Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.082316Z

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Observation 745ddf9b-c294-4ab2-8a07-e663e61bec8d · outbound

This paper cites Claude 2.1 model card.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Claude 2.1 model card

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.086091Z

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Observation c0f9f6ed-ae70-4d8b-93ae-3a1f3deef052 · outbound

This paper cites Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.089721Z

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Observation f8072b34-19f6-4572-999c-fecd73c524d4 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.096331Z

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Observation 620c4cc6-e3c9-4eca-a133-013a26907290 · outbound

This paper cites FlashAttention-2: Faster Attention with Better Parallelism and Work Partitioning.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch FlashAttention-2: Faster Attention with Better Parallelism and Work Partitioning

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.100332Z

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Observation 9e3c24f1-d64a-4c22-9cc9-8dcdbfa8247f · outbound

This paper cites Transformers are SSM s: Generalized models and efficient algorithms through structured state space duality.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Transformers are SSM s: Generalized models and efficient algorithms through structured state space duality

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.104556Z

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Observation 500e964a-2772-4318-b08f-e8986998d485 · outbound

This paper cites Mpt-7b: How we scaled to train the world's largest open-source model, 2024.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Mpt-7b: How we scaled to train the world's largest open-source model, 2024

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.108199Z

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Observation 3c526ebc-31c5-411a-950a-8a978bb560d9 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek LLM: Scaling Open-Source Language Models with Longtermism.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch DeepSeek LLM: Scaling Open-Source Language Models with Longtermism

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.111522Z

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Observation 17ce54dc-9bdf-478d-8e8b-159b4dfa5895 · outbound

This paper cites Cerebras-GPT: Open Compute-Optimal Language Models Trained on the Cerebras Wafer-Scale Cluster.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Cerebras-GPT: Open Compute-Optimal Language Models Trained on the Cerebras Wafer-Scale Cluster

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.114677Z

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Observation 665d302d-37e6-4b56-992b-cbb4e5602f87 · outbound

This paper cites Build it Break it Fix it for Dialogue Safety: Robustness from Adversarial Human Attack.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Build it Break it Fix it for Dialogue Safety: Robustness from Adversarial Human Attack

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.118352Z

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Observation 1802e637-0315-493f-abe2-81c4158263af · outbound

This paper cites Measuring the carbon intensity of ai in cloud instances.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Measuring the carbon intensity of ai in cloud instances

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.122269Z

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Observation 2c49ece4-f296-4f06-ae2b-8a317b4b6d0a · outbound

This paper cites Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.129330Z

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Observation 3cc63d1a-799e-46e8-8f24-a53bb8ac485f · outbound

This paper cites Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.133111Z

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Observation d7d70984-70d3-4e0e-840e-47c57aa7773f · outbound

This paper cites The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.136349Z

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Observation b77448b8-6375-44ba-9d28-855f93286586 · outbound

This paper cites A framework for few-shot language model evaluation, 12 2023.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch A framework for few-shot language model evaluation, 12 2023

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.140349Z

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Observation 4b5f0ed7-9e0a-47b2-b4fe-04e8dc1286ea · outbound

This paper cites Openllama: An open reproduction of llama, May 2023.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Openllama: An open reproduction of llama, May 2023

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.144639Z

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Observation 9faaac25-56ca-4b78-88ce-6602d87306ab · outbound

This paper cites ChatGLM: A Family of Large Language Models from GLM-130B to GLM-4 All Tools.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch ChatGLM: A Family of Large Language Models from GLM-130B to GLM-4 All Tools

Reference 52

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.147830Z

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Observation e02df997-f95e-4d92-97dd-3e27849233d9 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 53

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.151311Z

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Observation 41635d41-28b7-476e-80a8-269d0057f979 · outbound

This paper cites OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models

Reference 54

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.155176Z

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Observation 99c9f3ce-63b8-4508-bcbd-56b96cc00e00 · outbound

This paper cites Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces

Reference 55

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.159446Z

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Observation cbe8a428-2578-4ee3-9822-7cecafdaa0a4 · outbound

This paper cites Textbooks Are All You Need.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Textbooks Are All You Need

Reference 56

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.163641Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 377b48e5-89ed-4b0d-a99b-c6ab94cf3c84 · outbound

This paper cites Pile of Law: Learning Responsible Data Filtering from the Law and a 256GB Open-Source Legal Dataset.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Pile of Law: Learning Responsible Data Filtering from the Law and a 256GB Open-Source Legal Dataset

Reference 57

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.167170Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation e37e348a-888a-4f97-ae71-b057a7d4ea76 · outbound

This paper cites Measuring massive multitask language understanding.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Measuring massive multitask language understanding

Reference 58

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.171187Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation f3d54395-f465-46cc-9e3b-3821f6a517ab · outbound

This paper cites Scaling laws and interpretability of learning from repeated data, 2022.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Scaling laws and interpretability of learning from repeated data, 2022

Reference 59

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.174107Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 5325d773-ce83-463a-b940-e68cce82adcf · outbound

This paper cites Gpipe: Efficient training of giant neural networks using pipeline parallelism.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Gpipe: Efficient training of giant neural networks using pipeline parallelism

Reference 60

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.177541Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 019bd9f7-cc7d-43c8-9bc3-a389d6834dee · outbound

This paper cites Mistral 7B.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Mistral 7B

Reference 61

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.180688Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 04a9b181-53cc-4dbd-87d9-511039fadd5c · outbound

This paper cites Mixtral of Experts.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Mixtral of Experts

Reference 62

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.184639Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 15571009-fc40-49e2-b260-bef286dbf032 · outbound

This paper cites What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Exams.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Exams

Reference 63

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.188363Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation dc8b8ae4-7d60-429a-bff1-b104b48a1384 · outbound

This paper cites Pubmedqa: A dataset for biomedical research question answering.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Pubmedqa: A dataset for biomedical research question answering

Reference 64

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.192535Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 8a727b01-f1b0-422f-a0c3-e0b97f204c1d · outbound

This paper cites ProsocialDialog: A Prosocial Backbone for Conversational Agents.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch ProsocialDialog: A Prosocial Backbone for Conversational Agents

Reference 65

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:03.247928Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation b145c6c1-3727-4b12-90a0-e0f9b34b67e0 · outbound

This paper cites Reducing activation recomputation in large transformer models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Reducing activation recomputation in large transformer models

Reference 66

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.199547Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation d80d1715-a930-418b-af5c-4fb7b296707a · outbound

This paper cites Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica

Reference 67

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.203992Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 867df05e-ff7f-4362-96f3-e6604ffbbaa0 · outbound

This paper cites RACE: Large-scale ReAding Comprehension Dataset From Examinations.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch RACE: Large-scale ReAding Comprehension Dataset From Examinations

Reference 68

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.207771Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 79945661-1790-45bd-b89b-76ecfc9a2961 · outbound

This paper cites Amp: Automatically finding model parallel strategies with heterogeneity awareness.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Amp: Automatically finding model parallel strategies with heterogeneity awareness

Reference 69

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.211814Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 72d2d7cd-df33-489b-8151-edcb3e122410 · outbound

This paper cites DataComp-LM: In search of the next generation of training sets for language models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch DataComp-LM: In search of the next generation of training sets for language models

Reference 70

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.215712Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cc166aed-8f57-46ec-9290-45d1c0aabcde · outbound

This paper cites StarCoder: may the source be with you!.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch StarCoder: may the source be with you!

Reference 71

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.219380Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 76c1f094-4242-437c-848a-a1e86a42b946 · outbound

This paper cites DeepInception: Hypnotize Large Language Model to Be Jailbreaker.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch DeepInception: Hypnotize Large Language Model to Be Jailbreaker

Reference 72

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.223259Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 0c0de2d0-6fa5-46c1-9f6c-e60b38fa38d7 · outbound

This paper cites Textbooks Are All You Need II: phi-1.5 technical report.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Textbooks Are All You Need II: phi-1.5 technical report

Reference 73

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.226972Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation ac1dd331-5d0f-4cb7-bf85-552a2c51d7f7 · outbound

This paper cites Against the achilles' heel: A survey on red teaming for generative models, 2024.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Against the achilles' heel: A survey on red teaming for generative models, 2024

Reference 74

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.230532Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 09d746df-dcec-428f-9498-20a3734e6b20 · outbound

This paper cites Truthfulqa: Measuring how models mimic human falsehoods, 2021.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Truthfulqa: Measuring how models mimic human falsehoods, 2021

Reference 75

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.233747Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation bfd16ff5-243f-48be-8b4e-a9f4127b063a · outbound

This paper cites ToxicChat: Unveiling Hidden Challenges of Toxicity Detection in Real-World User-AI Conversation.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch ToxicChat: Unveiling Hidden Challenges of Toxicity Detection in Real-World User-AI Conversation

Reference 76

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.236804Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation e6119b63-645e-4fc5-aba1-bc75ed39954d · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model

Reference 77

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.240581Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0cd7980e-610b-49d6-befe-0a085fb9fe08 · outbound

This paper cites Goal-oriented prompt attack and safety evaluation for llms.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Goal-oriented prompt attack and safety evaluation for llms

Reference 78

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.244556Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e21b2f94-9be7-4401-b0f4-580752f4d2f2 · outbound

This paper cites Logiqa 2.0—an improved dataset for logical reasoning in natural language understanding.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Logiqa 2.0—an improved dataset for logical reasoning in natural language understanding

Reference 79

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.247757Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2ff9f191-945d-4bcf-b78b-9dc5f8da0586 · outbound

This paper cites Prompt Injection attack against LLM-integrated Applications.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Prompt Injection attack against LLM-integrated Applications

Reference 80

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.251901Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 542add97-136b-468a-a54b-75501854fe1a · outbound

This paper cites LLM360: Towards Fully Transparent Open-Source LLMs.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch LLM360: Towards Fully Transparent Open-Source LLMs

Reference 81

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.256160Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 72ba1396-22b3-4e23-b784-47c5fab262fb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Unresolved cited work

Reference 82

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.259959Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 5fe49e8b-9b45-41dc-8283-4ae44f9daa5c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Unresolved cited work

Reference 83

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.263440Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3e7ff170-1ce7-4598-9f69-437e880b870b · outbound

This paper cites The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuning.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuning

Reference 84

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.266755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation b51fcd39-1874-432e-b5b8-36942066a195 · outbound

This paper cites StarCoder 2 and The Stack v2: The Next Generation.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch StarCoder 2 and The Stack v2: The Next Generation

Reference 85

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.270581Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3ea9b17c-4447-4e72-86c2-1e3b52be9c68 · outbound

This paper cites HarmBench: A Standardized Evaluation Framework for Automated Red Teaming and Robust Refusal.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch HarmBench: A Standardized Evaluation Framework for Automated Red Teaming and Robust Refusal

Reference 86

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.274300Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5a7f8115-75e3-4b52-898b-ec1748c49fa7 · outbound

This paper cites Introducing meta llama 3: The most capable openly available llm to date, 2024.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Introducing meta llama 3: The most capable openly available llm to date, 2024

Reference 87

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.277701Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f846330e-948a-4a92-b447-9ce66143fda4 · outbound

This paper cites Can a suit of armor conduct electricity? a new dataset for open book question answering.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Can a suit of armor conduct electricity? a new dataset for open book question answering

Reference 88

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.281307Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 353657b0-39cc-4b40-83df-16a9c7bab53d · outbound

This paper cites Crosslingual Generalization through Multitask Finetuning.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Crosslingual Generalization through Multitask Finetuning

Reference 89

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.285019Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 12aa9019-3dc4-4a0f-87c8-8a55e4c1961f · outbound

This paper cites OctoPack: Instruction Tuning Code Large Language Models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch OctoPack: Instruction Tuning Code Large Language Models

Reference 90

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.288356Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bcd71929-54f8-4010-a38a-41c0d3be8ac2 · outbound

This paper cites OLMoE: Open Mixture-of-Experts Language Models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch OLMoE: Open Mixture-of-Experts Language Models

Reference 91

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.291740Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c43956bb-d0ef-41bb-9819-4b5c5f1fae0a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Unresolved cited work

Reference 92

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.295140Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation feb5e4f5-1390-458c-ada9-a52aea10514a · outbound

This paper cites Pipedream: Generalized pipeline parallelism for dnn training.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Pipedream: Generalized pipeline parallelism for dnn training

Reference 93

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.298396Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6412da5c-14a2-4153-ad18-0a6f1342978c · outbound

This paper cites Efficient large-scale language model training on gpu clusters using megatron-lm.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Efficient large-scale language model training on gpu clusters using megatron-lm

Reference 94

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.302336Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation de3f0b55-32de-4602-9e3a-e9848c6574c9 · outbound

This paper cites Gpt-4 technical report, 2023.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Gpt-4 technical report, 2023

Reference 95

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.306122Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f67a740a-c36b-407b-a5f7-5bee299582d3 · outbound

This paper cites Grok-1: Explainable ai system.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Grok-1: Explainable ai system

Reference 96

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.310216Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f7a866fc-febe-41f6-8dce-43297f6a59de · outbound

This paper cites Reka Core, Flash, and Edge: A Series of Powerful Multimodal Language Models.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Reka Core, Flash, and Edge: A Series of Powerful Multimodal Language Models

Reference 97

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.313497Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 023d7c34-7e5c-4458-95b9-03a59bda5e8a · outbound

This paper cites Medmcqa: A large-scale multi-subject multi-choice dataset for medical domain question answering.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Medmcqa: A large-scale multi-subject multi-choice dataset for medical domain question answering

Reference 98

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.316876Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a43284d0-6a4f-4d19-8bfb-f6b2e6f56e71 · outbound

This paper cites Nemotron-4 15B Technical Report.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Nemotron-4 15B Technical Report

Reference 99

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.320492Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2058f417-e1a3-47d0-9406-3be02f93d793 · outbound

This paper cites BBQ: A Hand-Built Bias Benchmark for Question Answering.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch BBQ: A Hand-Built Bias Benchmark for Question Answering

Reference 100

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.323853Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3d2c8ee2-1ab4-44e5-b939-561b88c95719 · outbound

This paper cites Openwebmath: An open dataset of high-quality mathematical web text, 2023.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Openwebmath: An open dataset of high-quality mathematical web text, 2023

Reference 101

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.327870Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c7372d9d-0fc7-49d3-9f4e-1f76f1322290 · outbound

This paper cites Carbon Emissions and Large Neural Network Training.

LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch Carbon Emissions and Large Neural Network Training

Reference 102

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:54:02.331862Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation bca93d8b-50e0-40af-ae8a-631cc3c33fcc · inbound

Evaluation of LLMs in Speech is Often Flawed: Test Set Contamination in Large Language Models for Speech Recognition cites this paper.

Evaluation of LLMs in Speech is Often Flawed: Test Set Contamination in Large Language Models for Speech Recognition LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:18:00.321479Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 44acbbac-0a63-49ac-a2ef-18634bc53a3d · inbound

Fluid Language Model Benchmarking cites this paper.

Fluid Language Model Benchmarking LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T17:10:43.436455Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3fceb114-49db-44b3-8a73-7bad8b49d944 · inbound

VLA Foundry: A Unified Framework for Training Vision-Language-Action Models cites this paper.

VLA Foundry: A Unified Framework for Training Vision-Language-Action Models LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch

Reference 40

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T02:11:57.125399Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 37d2254b-2d91-4067-b330-26975a3278ec · inbound

CollabEval: Statistically Efficient Collaborative Model Evaluation via Matrix Completion cites this paper.

CollabEval: Statistically Efficient Collaborative Model Evaluation via Matrix Completion LLM360 K2: Building a 65B 360-Open-Source Large Language Model from Scratch

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-11T09:38:44.568685Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.