Probing PbTe-Pb nanowire devices with radio-frequency reflectometry

Hao Zhang; Jiaye Xu; Jierong Huo; Ke He; Lining Yang; Lin Li; Peilin Li; Qi-Kun Xue; RuNan Shang; Wenyu Song

arxiv: 2606.04544 · v2 · pith:UEYMMOVA · submitted 2026-06-03 · cond-mat.mes-hall · quant-ph

Probing PbTe-Pb nanowire devices with radio-frequency reflectometry

Xin-Yi Tang , Lin Li , Zezhou Xia , Jierong Huo , Wenyu Song , Lining Yang , Zonglin Li , Jiaye Xu

show 5 more authors

Peilin Li Runan Shang Qi-Kun Xue Ke He Hao Zhang

This is my paper

Reviewed by Pith T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 kernel 2026-06-28 05:12 UTCgrok-4.3pith:UEYMMOVA record.json open to challenge →

classification cond-mat.mes-hall quant-ph

keywords PbTe-Pb nanowiresradio-frequency reflectometryMajorana zero modesCdTe substratedielectric losstopological quantum computation

0 comments

The pith

Radio-frequency reflectometry works on PbTe-Pb nanowire devices even under magnetic fields needed for zero-energy modes.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that radio-frequency reflectometry, using both resistive and capacitive sensing, is compatible with selective-area-grown PbTe-Pb nanowires on CdTe substrates. These nanowires are predicted to host Majorana zero modes. Dielectric losses from the substrate are quantified, and the technique functions in finite magnetic fields. This enables fast control of the devices toward applications in topological quantum computation.

Core claim

Implementation of rf reflectometry on PbTe-Pb nanowire devices demonstrates compatibility for resistive and capacitive sensing, with dielectric loss from the CdTe substrate quantitatively characterized, and feasibility verified under finite magnetic fields where zero-energy modes can emerge.

What carries the argument

Radio-frequency reflectometry applied for sensing changes in the nanowire devices, including resistive and capacitive components.

If this is right

Fast control and readout of PbTe quantum devices is established.
The technique remains viable in magnetic fields where zero-energy modes may appear.
Applications in topological quantum computation using these nanowires are supported.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Similar rf methods could be applied to other nanowire platforms for Majorana research.
Substrate loss characterization may guide material choices to improve signal quality in related devices.
Real-time monitoring of mode formation might become feasible with this fast technique.

Load-bearing premise

Dielectric losses from the CdTe substrate can be quantitatively characterized and do not prevent reliable detection or control of zero-energy modes under applied magnetic fields.

What would settle it

A measurement showing that rf reflectometry signals degrade or become unusable under the magnetic fields required for zero-energy mode emergence would falsify the feasibility claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.04544 by Hao Zhang, Jiaye Xu, Jierong Huo, Ke He, Lining Yang, Lin Li, Peilin Li, Qi-Kun Xue, RuNan Shang, Wenyu Song, Xin-Yi Tang, Zezhou Xia, Zonglin Li.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: FIG. 1. rf-readout system for PbTe nanowires. (a) Schematic of fridge wiring. (b) Circuit diagram of the device PCB. The rf [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: (a) shows the rf response of the NS device measured using a VNA at a magnetic field of 0 T. The bias voltage V was set to −2 mV, i.e., outside the superconducting gap. VTG was kept fixed at −5 V throughout the measurement, and VSG was scanned to tune the barrier region via cross talk. At VSG = −4 V, the device is pinched off, and a dip appears in the frequency f scan. The black curve in [PITH_FULL_IMAG… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: FIG. 3. Comparison of rf and dc probing of the PbTe-Pb [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: FIG. 4. Magnetic field compatibility. (a) The resonator re [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_4.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: FIG. 5. Resistive and capacitive sensing of PbTe devices. (a) SEM of a PbTe device using the resistive readout. (b) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_5.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: For these directions, the resonator can sustain [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_8.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: FIG. 6. (a) Optical image (full range) of the PCB. (b) Zoom-in of the left part of the PCB. (c) Optical image of the sapphire [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: shows the simulated |S21| for the NS-device circuit as the device conductance is varied between 0 and 2e 2/h. We find that setting Rdissipation to 4 kΩ aligns the variation of the resonance dip (∼ 2 dB) with our result in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_7.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: FIG. 8. (a-c) and (d-f) are similar to that in Fig. 4, but for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_8.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

We report the implementation of radio-frequency (rf) reflectometry on selective-area-grown PbTe-Pb nanowire devices on a CdTe substrate. These nanowires are predicted to host Majorana zero modes. We demonstrate the compatibility of the rf technique, including both resistive and capacitive sensing, with these nanowires. The effect of dielectric loss from the CdTe substrate is quantitatively characterized. Furthermore, the feasibility of rf reflectometry is verified under finite magnetic fields where zero-energy modes can emerge. Our results establish the fast control of PbTe quantum devices, paving the way for their applications in topological quantum computation.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

Rf reflectometry works on PbTe-Pb nanowires on CdTe and holds up at finite B, but the abstract gives no numbers so the actual performance is hard to judge.

read the letter

The main takeaway is that the authors implemented rf reflectometry on selective-area-grown PbTe-Pb nanowires on CdTe, showed both resistive and capacitive sensing, quantified the substrate dielectric loss, and checked that the method still functions at finite magnetic fields. This directly addresses a practical need for fast readout in devices aimed at Majorana zero modes.

What is new is the specific application to this nanowire platform. Rf reflectometry is established, but confirming compatibility with PbTe-Pb on CdTe plus the field-dependent test is a legitimate experimental step. The paper does well by tackling the substrate loss head-on with a quantitative characterization and by running the checks under the magnetic fields where zero-energy modes are expected. Those are the relevant engineering questions for this material system.

The soft spots are mostly about missing detail rather than conceptual problems. The abstract states the claims but supplies no loss values, signal strengths, error bars, or sample traces, so it is impossible to tell how large the dielectric loss actually is or whether the readout has enough margin for real experiments. If the full paper contains clear data showing usable signals above the background, that concern disappears. The work is also purely a demonstration with no modeling or comparison to other substrates, which keeps the scope narrow but is consistent with what they set out to do.

This paper is for experimental groups building hybrid nanowire devices for topological quantum computation who need to know whether rf readout is viable on CdTe-based structures. A reader who is setting up similar devices would get concrete information on compatibility.

I would send it to peer review. The result is incremental but answers a real question with testable claims, and the field needs these kinds of device-level checks.

Referee Report

0 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the implementation of radio-frequency reflectometry on selective-area-grown PbTe-Pb nanowire devices fabricated on a CdTe substrate. It claims to demonstrate compatibility of the rf technique for both resistive and capacitive sensing, to quantitatively characterize the dielectric loss arising from the CdTe substrate, and to verify that the method remains feasible under finite magnetic fields where zero-energy modes are expected to emerge.

Significance. If the experimental results are robust, the work would establish fast rf-based control of PbTe quantum devices and thereby open a route toward their use in topological quantum computation. The quantitative treatment of substrate dielectric losses is a potentially useful contribution for device design in this material system.

minor comments (1)

The abstract states that dielectric loss is 'quantitatively characterized' and that feasibility is 'verified' under magnetic field, yet no numerical values, error bars, or figure references are supplied in the provided text; the full manuscript must be examined to assess whether the data support these claims.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for reviewing our manuscript and for the accurate summary provided. We appreciate the recognition of the potential significance for topological quantum computation applications. No specific major comments are listed in the report, so we have no individual points to address. We remain available to supply additional data or clarifications that might resolve the uncertainty in the recommendation.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in experimental demonstration

full rationale

This is a purely experimental paper reporting the implementation and characterization of rf reflectometry on PbTe-Pb nanowire devices. The abstract and claims describe direct measurements of compatibility, dielectric losses, and performance under magnetic fields, with no derivations, equations, fitted predictions, or self-referential steps. All load-bearing results are observational and externally verifiable through the reported experiments rather than reducing to inputs by construction or self-citation chains. The work is self-contained against external benchmarks with no mathematical circularity present.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is an experimental demonstration relying on prior theoretical predictions for Majorana modes in the PbTe-Pb system; no new free parameters, mathematical axioms, or invented entities are introduced by the paper itself.

axioms (1)

domain assumption PbTe-Pb nanowires on CdTe substrates are predicted to host Majorana zero modes under applied magnetic fields
Stated directly in the abstract as the motivation for the devices.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5665 in / 1176 out tokens · 38045 ms · 2026-06-28T05:12:30.154441+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

33 extracted references

[1]

Z. Cao, D. E. Liu, W.-X. He, X. Liu, K. He, and H. Zhang, Numerical study of PbTe-Pb hybrid nanowires for engineering Majorana zero modes, Phys. Rev. B105, 085424 (2022)

2022
[2]

Jiang, S

Y. Jiang, S. Yang, L. Li, W. Song, W. Miao, B. Tong, Z. Geng, Y. Gao, R. Li, F. Chen, Q. Zhang, F. Meng, L. Gu, K. Zhu, Y. Zang, R. Shang, Z. Cao, X. Feng, Q.-K. Xue, D. E. Liu, H. Zhang, and K. He, Selective area epi- taxy of PbTe-Pb hybrid nanowires on a lattice-matched substrate, Phys. Rev. Materials6, 034205 (2022)

2022
[3]

J. Jung, S. G. Schellingerhout, M. F. Ritter, S. C. ten Kate, O. A. van der Molen, S. de Loijer, M. A. Verheijen, H. Riel, F. Nichele, and E. P. Bakkers, Selective area growth of PbTe nanowire networks on InP, Advanced Functional Materials32, 2208974 (2022)

2022
[4]

R. M. Lutchyn, J. D. Sau, and S. Das Sarma, Ma- jorana fermions and a topological phase transition in semiconductor-superconductor heterostructures, Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 077001 (2010)

2010
[5]

Y. Oreg, G. Refael, and F. von Oppen, Helical liquids and Majorana bound states in quantum wires, Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 177002 (2010)

2010
[6]

Nayak, S

C. Nayak, S. H. Simon, A. Stern, M. Freedman, and S. Das Sarma, Non-Abelian anyons and topological quan- tum computation, Rev. Mod. Phys.80, 1083 (2008)

2008
[7]

Z. Geng, Z. Zhang, F. Chen, S. Yang, Y. Jiang, Y. Gao, B. Tong, W. Song, W. Miao, R. Li, Y. Wang, Q. Zhang, F. Meng, L. Gu, K. Zhu, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, X. Feng, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Observation of Aharonov-Bohm effect in PbTe nanowire networks, Phys. Rev. B105, L241112 (2022)

2022
[8]

S. C. ten Kate, M. F. Ritter, A. Fuhrer, J. Jung, S. G. Schellingerhout, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, H. Riel, and F. Nichele, Small charging energies and g-factor anisotropy in PbTe quantum dots, Nano Letters22, 7049 (2022). 9

2022
[9]

Zhang, W

Z. Zhang, W. Song, Y. Gao, Y. Wang, Z. Yu, S. Yang, Y. Jiang, W. Miao, R. Li, F. Chen, Z. Geng, Q. Zhang, F. Meng, T. Lin, L. Gu, K. Zhu, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, X. Feng, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Proximity effect in PbTe-Pb hybrid nanowire Josephson junctions, Phys. Rev. Mater.7, 086201 (2023)

2023
[10]

W. Song, Y. Wang, W. Miao, Z. Yu, Y. Gao, R. Li, S. Yang, F. Chen, Z. Geng, Z. Zhang, S. Zhang, Y. Zang, Z. Cao, D. E. Liu, R. Shang, X. Feng, L. Li, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Conductance quantization in PbTe nanowires, Phys. Rev. B108, 045426 (2023)

2023
[11]

Y. Gao, W. Song, S. Yang, Z. Yu, R. Li, W. Miao, Y. Wang, F. Chen, Z. Geng, L. Yang, Z. Xia, X. Feng, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Hard superconducting gap in PbTe nanowires, Chinese Physics Letters41, 038502 (2024)

2024
[12]

Y. Wang, F. Chen, W. Song, Z. Geng, Z. Yu, L. Yang, Y. Gao, R. Li, S. Yang, W. Miao, W. Xu, Z. Wang, Z. Xia, H.-D. Song, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Ballistic PbTe nanowire devices, Nano Letters23, 11137 (2023)

2023
[13]

R. Li, W. Song, W. Miao, Z. Yu, Z. Wang, S. Yang, Y. Gao, Y. Wang, F. Chen, Z. Geng, L. Yang, J. Xu, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Selective-area-grown PbTe-Pb pla- nar Josephson junctions for quantum devices, Nano Let- ters24, 4658 (2024)

2024
[14]

Gupta, V

M. Gupta, V. Khade, C. Riggert, L. Shani, G. Menning, P. J. H. Lueb, J. Jung, R. M´ elin, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, and V. S. Pribiag, Evidence forπ-shifted cooper quartets and few-mode transport in pbte nanowire three-terminal josephson junctions, Nano Letters24, 13903 (2024)

2024
[15]

Z. Geng, F. Chen, Y. Gao, L. Yang, Y. Wang, S. Yang, S. Zhang, Z. Li, W. Song, J. Xu,et al., Enhanced super- conductivity in PbTe-In hybrids, Phys. Rev. Mater.9, 084802 (2025)

2025
[16]

Y. Gao, W. Song, Z. Yu, S. Yang, Y. Wang, R. Li, F. Chen, Z. Geng, L. Yang, J. Xu, Z. Wang, Z. Li, S. Zhang, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, SQUID oscillations in PbTe nanowire networks, Phys. Rev. B110, 045405 (2024)

2024
[17]

Z. Li, W. Song, S. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Yu, R. Li, Z. Yan, J. Xu, Y. Gao, S. Yang, L. Yang, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Anisotropy of PbTe nanowires with and without a superconductor, Phys. Rev. B111, 195416 (2025)

2025
[18]

Y. Wang, L. Yang, W. Song, L. Chen, Z. Yu, X. He, Z. Yan, J. Xu, R. Li, W. Wang,et al., Presence ver- sus absence of charging energies in PbTe quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B (2026)

2026
[19]

Y. Wang, W. Song, Z. Cao, Z. Yu, S. Yang, Z. Li, Y. Gao, R. Li, F. Chen, Z. Geng, L. Yang, J. Xu, Z. Wang, S. Zhang, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q.-K. Xue, D. E. Liu, K. He, and H. Zhang, Gate- tunable subband degeneracy in semiconductor nanowires, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences121, e2406884121 (2024)

2024
[20]

W. Song, Z. Yu, Y. Wang, Y. Gao, Z. Li, S. Yang, S. Zhang, Z. Geng, R. Li, Z. Wang,et al., Reducing dis- order in PbTe nanowires for Majorana research, Nano Letters25, 2350 (2025)

2025
[21]

Y. Gao, W. Song, Y. Wang, Z. Geng, Z. Cao, Z. Yu, S. Yang, J. Xu, F. Chen, Z. Li,et al., Quantized An- dreev conductance in semiconductor nanowires, Phys. Rev. Appl.23, L061004 (2025)

2025
[22]

Zhang, W

S. Zhang, W. Song, Z. Li, Z. Yu, R. Li, Y. Wang, Z. Yan, J. Xu, Z. Wang, Y. Gao, S. Yang, L. Yang, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Strong enhancement of g-factor in PbTe–Pb hybrid nanowires, Nano Letters26, 4739 (2026)

2026
[23]

Liet al., Gate-tunable superconductor-semiconductor coupling and its impact on zero-energy modes in PbTe- Pb nanowires, (to be appeared) (2026)

R. Liet al., Gate-tunable superconductor-semiconductor coupling and its impact on zero-energy modes in PbTe- Pb nanowires, (to be appeared) (2026)

2026
[24]

Plugge, A

S. Plugge, A. Rasmussen, R. Egger, and K. Flensberg, Majorana box qubits, New Journal of Physics19, 012001 (2017)

2017
[25]

Karzig, C

T. Karzig, C. Knapp, R. M. Lutchyn, P. Bonder- son, M. B. Hastings, C. Nayak, J. Alicea, K. Flens- berg, S. Plugge, Y. Oreg, C. M. Marcus, and M. H. Freedman, Scalable designs for quasiparticle-poisoning- protected topological quantum computation with Majo- rana zero modes, Phys. Rev. B95, 235305 (2017)

2017
[26]

D. J. Reilly, C. M. Marcus, M. P. Hanson, and A. C. Gossard, Fast single-charge sensing with a rf quantum point contact, Applied Physics Letters91, 162101 (2007)

2007
[27]

M. D. Schroer, M. Jung, K. D. Petersson, and J. R. Petta, Radio frequency charge parity meter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 166804 (2012)

2012
[28]

N. Ares, F. J. Schupp, A. Mavalankar, G. Rogers, J. Grif- fiths, G. A. C. Jones, I. Farrer, D. A. Ritchie, C. G. Smith, A. Cottet, G. A. D. Briggs, and E. A. Laird, Sen- sitive radio-frequency measurements of a quantum dot by tuning to perfect impedance matching, Phys. Rev. Appl. 5, 034011 (2016)

2016
[29]

Razmadze, D

D. Razmadze, D. Sabonis, F. K. Malinowski, G. C. M´ enard, S. Pauka, H. Nguyen, D. M. van Zanten, E. C. O′Farrell, J. Suter, P. Krogstrup, F. Kuemmeth, and C. M. Marcus, Radio-Frequency methods for Majorana- based quantum devices: Fast charge sensing and phase- diagram mapping, Phys. Rev. Appl.11, 064011 (2019)

2019
[30]

D. M. T. van Zanten, D. Sabonis, J. Suter, J. I. V¨ ayrynen, T. Karzig, D. I. Pikulin, E. C. T. O’Farrell, D. Razmadze, K. D. Petersson, P. Krogstrup, and C. M. Marcus, Photon-assisted tunnelling of zero modes in a Majorana wire, Nature Physics16, 663 (2020)

2020
[31]

F. K. Malinowski, L. Han, D. de Jong, J.-Y. Wang, C. G. Prosko, G. Badawy, S. Gazibegovic, Y. Liu, P. Krogstrup, E. P. Bakkers, L. P. Kouwenhoven, and J. V. Koski, Radio-FrequencyC-Vmeasurements with subattofarad sensitivity, Phys. Rev. Appl.18, 024032 (2022)

2022
[32]

Vigneau, F

F. Vigneau, F. Fedele, A. Chatterjee, D. Reilly, F. Kuem- meth, M. F. Gonzalez-Zalba, E. Laird, and N. Ares, Probing quantum devices with radio-frequency reflectom- etry, Applied Physics Reviews10, 021305 (2023)

2023
[33]

Tanget al., Zenodo,https://doi.org/10.5281/ zenodo.20592971(2026)

X.-Y. Tanget al., Zenodo,https://doi.org/10.5281/ zenodo.20592971(2026)

2026

[1] [1]

Z. Cao, D. E. Liu, W.-X. He, X. Liu, K. He, and H. Zhang, Numerical study of PbTe-Pb hybrid nanowires for engineering Majorana zero modes, Phys. Rev. B105, 085424 (2022)

2022

[2] [2]

Jiang, S

Y. Jiang, S. Yang, L. Li, W. Song, W. Miao, B. Tong, Z. Geng, Y. Gao, R. Li, F. Chen, Q. Zhang, F. Meng, L. Gu, K. Zhu, Y. Zang, R. Shang, Z. Cao, X. Feng, Q.-K. Xue, D. E. Liu, H. Zhang, and K. He, Selective area epi- taxy of PbTe-Pb hybrid nanowires on a lattice-matched substrate, Phys. Rev. Materials6, 034205 (2022)

2022

[3] [3]

J. Jung, S. G. Schellingerhout, M. F. Ritter, S. C. ten Kate, O. A. van der Molen, S. de Loijer, M. A. Verheijen, H. Riel, F. Nichele, and E. P. Bakkers, Selective area growth of PbTe nanowire networks on InP, Advanced Functional Materials32, 2208974 (2022)

2022

[4] [4]

R. M. Lutchyn, J. D. Sau, and S. Das Sarma, Ma- jorana fermions and a topological phase transition in semiconductor-superconductor heterostructures, Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 077001 (2010)

2010

[5] [5]

Y. Oreg, G. Refael, and F. von Oppen, Helical liquids and Majorana bound states in quantum wires, Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 177002 (2010)

2010

[6] [6]

Nayak, S

C. Nayak, S. H. Simon, A. Stern, M. Freedman, and S. Das Sarma, Non-Abelian anyons and topological quan- tum computation, Rev. Mod. Phys.80, 1083 (2008)

2008

[7] [7]

Z. Geng, Z. Zhang, F. Chen, S. Yang, Y. Jiang, Y. Gao, B. Tong, W. Song, W. Miao, R. Li, Y. Wang, Q. Zhang, F. Meng, L. Gu, K. Zhu, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, X. Feng, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Observation of Aharonov-Bohm effect in PbTe nanowire networks, Phys. Rev. B105, L241112 (2022)

2022

[8] [8]

S. C. ten Kate, M. F. Ritter, A. Fuhrer, J. Jung, S. G. Schellingerhout, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, H. Riel, and F. Nichele, Small charging energies and g-factor anisotropy in PbTe quantum dots, Nano Letters22, 7049 (2022). 9

2022

[9] [9]

Zhang, W

Z. Zhang, W. Song, Y. Gao, Y. Wang, Z. Yu, S. Yang, Y. Jiang, W. Miao, R. Li, F. Chen, Z. Geng, Q. Zhang, F. Meng, T. Lin, L. Gu, K. Zhu, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, X. Feng, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Proximity effect in PbTe-Pb hybrid nanowire Josephson junctions, Phys. Rev. Mater.7, 086201 (2023)

2023

[10] [10]

W. Song, Y. Wang, W. Miao, Z. Yu, Y. Gao, R. Li, S. Yang, F. Chen, Z. Geng, Z. Zhang, S. Zhang, Y. Zang, Z. Cao, D. E. Liu, R. Shang, X. Feng, L. Li, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Conductance quantization in PbTe nanowires, Phys. Rev. B108, 045426 (2023)

2023

[11] [11]

Y. Gao, W. Song, S. Yang, Z. Yu, R. Li, W. Miao, Y. Wang, F. Chen, Z. Geng, L. Yang, Z. Xia, X. Feng, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Hard superconducting gap in PbTe nanowires, Chinese Physics Letters41, 038502 (2024)

2024

[12] [12]

Y. Wang, F. Chen, W. Song, Z. Geng, Z. Yu, L. Yang, Y. Gao, R. Li, S. Yang, W. Miao, W. Xu, Z. Wang, Z. Xia, H.-D. Song, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Ballistic PbTe nanowire devices, Nano Letters23, 11137 (2023)

2023

[13] [13]

R. Li, W. Song, W. Miao, Z. Yu, Z. Wang, S. Yang, Y. Gao, Y. Wang, F. Chen, Z. Geng, L. Yang, J. Xu, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Selective-area-grown PbTe-Pb pla- nar Josephson junctions for quantum devices, Nano Let- ters24, 4658 (2024)

2024

[14] [14]

Gupta, V

M. Gupta, V. Khade, C. Riggert, L. Shani, G. Menning, P. J. H. Lueb, J. Jung, R. M´ elin, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, and V. S. Pribiag, Evidence forπ-shifted cooper quartets and few-mode transport in pbte nanowire three-terminal josephson junctions, Nano Letters24, 13903 (2024)

2024

[15] [15]

Z. Geng, F. Chen, Y. Gao, L. Yang, Y. Wang, S. Yang, S. Zhang, Z. Li, W. Song, J. Xu,et al., Enhanced super- conductivity in PbTe-In hybrids, Phys. Rev. Mater.9, 084802 (2025)

2025

[16] [16]

Y. Gao, W. Song, Z. Yu, S. Yang, Y. Wang, R. Li, F. Chen, Z. Geng, L. Yang, J. Xu, Z. Wang, Z. Li, S. Zhang, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, SQUID oscillations in PbTe nanowire networks, Phys. Rev. B110, 045405 (2024)

2024

[17] [17]

Z. Li, W. Song, S. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Yu, R. Li, Z. Yan, J. Xu, Y. Gao, S. Yang, L. Yang, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Anisotropy of PbTe nanowires with and without a superconductor, Phys. Rev. B111, 195416 (2025)

2025

[18] [18]

Y. Wang, L. Yang, W. Song, L. Chen, Z. Yu, X. He, Z. Yan, J. Xu, R. Li, W. Wang,et al., Presence ver- sus absence of charging energies in PbTe quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B (2026)

2026

[19] [19]

Y. Wang, W. Song, Z. Cao, Z. Yu, S. Yang, Z. Li, Y. Gao, R. Li, F. Chen, Z. Geng, L. Yang, J. Xu, Z. Wang, S. Zhang, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q.-K. Xue, D. E. Liu, K. He, and H. Zhang, Gate- tunable subband degeneracy in semiconductor nanowires, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences121, e2406884121 (2024)

2024

[20] [20]

W. Song, Z. Yu, Y. Wang, Y. Gao, Z. Li, S. Yang, S. Zhang, Z. Geng, R. Li, Z. Wang,et al., Reducing dis- order in PbTe nanowires for Majorana research, Nano Letters25, 2350 (2025)

2025

[21] [21]

Y. Gao, W. Song, Y. Wang, Z. Geng, Z. Cao, Z. Yu, S. Yang, J. Xu, F. Chen, Z. Li,et al., Quantized An- dreev conductance in semiconductor nanowires, Phys. Rev. Appl.23, L061004 (2025)

2025

[22] [22]

Zhang, W

S. Zhang, W. Song, Z. Li, Z. Yu, R. Li, Y. Wang, Z. Yan, J. Xu, Z. Wang, Y. Gao, S. Yang, L. Yang, X. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Zang, L. Li, R. Shang, Q.-K. Xue, K. He, and H. Zhang, Strong enhancement of g-factor in PbTe–Pb hybrid nanowires, Nano Letters26, 4739 (2026)

2026

[23] [23]

Liet al., Gate-tunable superconductor-semiconductor coupling and its impact on zero-energy modes in PbTe- Pb nanowires, (to be appeared) (2026)

R. Liet al., Gate-tunable superconductor-semiconductor coupling and its impact on zero-energy modes in PbTe- Pb nanowires, (to be appeared) (2026)

2026

[24] [24]

Plugge, A

S. Plugge, A. Rasmussen, R. Egger, and K. Flensberg, Majorana box qubits, New Journal of Physics19, 012001 (2017)

2017

[25] [25]

Karzig, C

T. Karzig, C. Knapp, R. M. Lutchyn, P. Bonder- son, M. B. Hastings, C. Nayak, J. Alicea, K. Flens- berg, S. Plugge, Y. Oreg, C. M. Marcus, and M. H. Freedman, Scalable designs for quasiparticle-poisoning- protected topological quantum computation with Majo- rana zero modes, Phys. Rev. B95, 235305 (2017)

2017

[26] [26]

D. J. Reilly, C. M. Marcus, M. P. Hanson, and A. C. Gossard, Fast single-charge sensing with a rf quantum point contact, Applied Physics Letters91, 162101 (2007)

2007

[27] [27]

M. D. Schroer, M. Jung, K. D. Petersson, and J. R. Petta, Radio frequency charge parity meter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 166804 (2012)

2012

[28] [28]

N. Ares, F. J. Schupp, A. Mavalankar, G. Rogers, J. Grif- fiths, G. A. C. Jones, I. Farrer, D. A. Ritchie, C. G. Smith, A. Cottet, G. A. D. Briggs, and E. A. Laird, Sen- sitive radio-frequency measurements of a quantum dot by tuning to perfect impedance matching, Phys. Rev. Appl. 5, 034011 (2016)

2016

[29] [29]

Razmadze, D

D. Razmadze, D. Sabonis, F. K. Malinowski, G. C. M´ enard, S. Pauka, H. Nguyen, D. M. van Zanten, E. C. O′Farrell, J. Suter, P. Krogstrup, F. Kuemmeth, and C. M. Marcus, Radio-Frequency methods for Majorana- based quantum devices: Fast charge sensing and phase- diagram mapping, Phys. Rev. Appl.11, 064011 (2019)

2019

[30] [30]

D. M. T. van Zanten, D. Sabonis, J. Suter, J. I. V¨ ayrynen, T. Karzig, D. I. Pikulin, E. C. T. O’Farrell, D. Razmadze, K. D. Petersson, P. Krogstrup, and C. M. Marcus, Photon-assisted tunnelling of zero modes in a Majorana wire, Nature Physics16, 663 (2020)

2020

[31] [31]

F. K. Malinowski, L. Han, D. de Jong, J.-Y. Wang, C. G. Prosko, G. Badawy, S. Gazibegovic, Y. Liu, P. Krogstrup, E. P. Bakkers, L. P. Kouwenhoven, and J. V. Koski, Radio-FrequencyC-Vmeasurements with subattofarad sensitivity, Phys. Rev. Appl.18, 024032 (2022)

2022

[32] [32]

Vigneau, F

F. Vigneau, F. Fedele, A. Chatterjee, D. Reilly, F. Kuem- meth, M. F. Gonzalez-Zalba, E. Laird, and N. Ares, Probing quantum devices with radio-frequency reflectom- etry, Applied Physics Reviews10, 021305 (2023)

2023

[33] [33]

Tanget al., Zenodo,https://doi.org/10.5281/ zenodo.20592971(2026)

X.-Y. Tanget al., Zenodo,https://doi.org/10.5281/ zenodo.20592971(2026)

2026