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AnyTool: Self-Reflective, Hierarchical Agents for Large-Scale API Calls

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arxiv 2402.04253 v1 pith:UNRPMQSO submitted 2024-02-06 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords anytoolprotocolqueriesapisevaluationgpt-4hierarchicalintroduce
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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We introduce AnyTool, a large language model agent designed to revolutionize the utilization of a vast array of tools in addressing user queries. We utilize over 16,000 APIs from Rapid API, operating under the assumption that a subset of these APIs could potentially resolve the queries. AnyTool primarily incorporates three elements: an API retriever with a hierarchical structure, a solver aimed at resolving user queries using a selected set of API candidates, and a self-reflection mechanism, which re-activates AnyTool if the initial solution proves impracticable. AnyTool is powered by the function calling feature of GPT-4, eliminating the need for training external modules. We also revisit the evaluation protocol introduced by previous works and identify a limitation in this protocol that leads to an artificially high pass rate. By revising the evaluation protocol to better reflect practical application scenarios, we introduce an additional benchmark, termed AnyToolBench. Experiments across various datasets demonstrate the superiority of our AnyTool over strong baselines such as ToolLLM and a GPT-4 variant tailored for tool utilization. For instance, AnyTool outperforms ToolLLM by +35.4% in terms of average pass rate on ToolBench. Code will be available at https://github.com/dyabel/AnyTool.

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Forward citations

Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Scores Are Not Decisions: Cost-Aware Stopping for Tool Acquisition in LLM Agents

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Cost-aware stopping over ranked tool prefixes, trained on stop-versus-continue payoff gaps, beats score and sufficiency thresholds under heterogeneous tool costs.

  2. FitText: Evolving Agent Tool Ecologies via Memetic Retrieval

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    FitText embeds memetic evolutionary retrieval inside the agent's reasoning loop to iteratively refine pseudo-tool descriptions, raising retrieval rank from 8.81 to 2.78 on ToolRet and pass rate to 0.73 on StableToolBench.

  3. Doc2Agent: Scalable Generation of Tool-Using Agents from API Documentation

    cs.CL 2025-06 reject novelty 6.0 of 10

    Doc2Agent automatically converts unstructured REST API documentation into validated, Python-based tools for AI agents, reporting a 55% relative WebArena improvement over direct API calling.

  4. MCP-Zero: Active Tool Discovery for Autonomous LLM Agents

    cs.AI 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    An LLM agent framework where the model actively emits structured server/tool requests, retrieved through hierarchical semantic routing, reducing context overhead while maintaining tool-selection accuracy.

  5. AutoTool: Dynamic Tool Selection and Integration for Agentic Reasoning

    cs.CL 2025-12 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    AutoTool's two-phase SFT/RL plus ranking training lets 8B LLM agents beat larger fixed-tool agents across math, search, code, and vision benchmarks, though unseen-tool gains are asserted, not isolated.

  6. TripTailor: A Real-World Benchmark for Personalized Travel Planning

    cs.AI 2025-08 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    A travel-planning benchmark is claimed in the abstract, but the full text is an unrelated supernova spectroscopy paper, leaving the central claim completely unsupported.

  7. MemTool: Optimizing Short-Term Memory Management for Dynamic Tool Calling in LLM Agent Multi-Turn Conversations

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    MemTool is a short-term memory framework with three modes (autonomous, workflow, hybrid) that lets LLM agents add and remove tools across multi-turn conversations, evaluated over 100 turns on 13+ models.

  8. ToolRegistry: A Protocol-Agnostic Tool Management Library for Function-Calling LLMs

    cs.SE 2025-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    ToolRegistry unifies LLM tool registration and execution across four protocols via an RPC-style Tool object, reporting large code reductions and concurrency speedups.

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