Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians

As of 21 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 30 of 30 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2509.12194.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.12194 v2

Coverage vector

measured 30 of 30 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:19.603410Z

measured 30 of 30 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

30 of 30 outbound references displayed

verified exact2
verified fuzzy0
unresolved28
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation d49e60be-48dd-4245-848f-02bf6179c7b7 · outbound

This paper cites Case 9431.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Case 9431

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:16.656179Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c84470d1-76b5-44b7-8396-72da7136470d · outbound

This paper cites Building a community of medical learning - A century of case records of the Massachusetts general hospital in the journal.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Building a community of medical learning - A century of case records of the Massachusetts general hospital in the journal

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:16.772075Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4d48cadf-50bd-44f7-9277-ff238cff7e11 · outbound

This paper cites The clinicopathological conferences (CPCs).

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians The clinicopathological conferences (CPCs)

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:16.880999Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b9f69243-cfda-4b6b-90e5-67093eb29781 · outbound

This paper cites Reasoning foundations of medical diagnosis; symbolic logic, probability, and value theory aid our understanding of how physicians reason.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Reasoning foundations of medical diagnosis; symbolic logic, probability, and value theory aid our understanding of how physicians reason

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:17.035089Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f432e112-4a3c-4555-b50c-ba5da1ecd991 · outbound

This paper cites Digital computers and medical logic.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Digital computers and medical logic

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:17.252755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation da73b3fc-ed84-486a-b7ce-787eb413aca9 · outbound

This paper cites Digitizing diagnosis: Medicine, minds, and machines in twentieth-century America.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Digitizing diagnosis: Medicine, minds, and machines in twentieth-century America

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:17.363151Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6ff66c39-36f4-48c8-84cf-bc1489342f08 · outbound

This paper cites Internist-1, an experimental computer-based diagnostic consultant for general internal medicine.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Internist-1, an experimental computer-based diagnostic consultant for general internal medicine

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:17.481089Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 07dce628-b8e8-42bc-8c1d-c6ee589d4cec · outbound

This paper cites Differential diagnosis generators: an evaluation of currently available computer programs.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Differential diagnosis generators: an evaluation of currently available computer programs

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:17.603719Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 484d4e69-3da5-4dba-bd47-2c6d1bdc9c89 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluation of medical decision support systems (DDX generators) using real medical cases of varying complexity and origin.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Evaluation of medical decision support systems (DDX generators) using real medical cases of varying complexity and origin

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:17.648517Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2522cf0b-a89c-4364-be94-241854f98b0c · outbound

This paper cites Accuracy of a generative artificial intelligence model in a complex diagnostic challenge.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Accuracy of a generative artificial intelligence model in a complex diagnostic challenge

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:17.698986Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5389475e-2c43-4993-b197-d0d1091394a3 · outbound

This paper cites Comparison of frontier open-source and proprietary large language models for complex diagnoses.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Comparison of frontier open-source and proprietary large language models for complex diagnoses

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:17.747323Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6775379a-521e-446b-8223-67bf6d4573f4 · outbound

This paper cites Towards accurate differential diagnosis with large language models.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Towards accurate differential diagnosis with large language models

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:17.868360Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 92ad0103-21d3-499f-bb4c-8ddcfc67bcab · outbound

This paper cites Superhuman performance of a large language model on the reasoning tasks of a physician.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Superhuman performance of a large language model on the reasoning tasks of a physician

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:18.002881Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c9b044ff-9e91-424f-b685-b6d12ece3f6c · outbound

This paper cites Sequential Diagnosis with Language Models.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Sequential Diagnosis with Language Models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:18.083351Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 26b49156-b3b9-4a69-9910-6c65d4d16fe4 · outbound

This paper cites It’s time to bench the medical exam benchmark.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians It’s time to bench the medical exam benchmark

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:18.268216Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d9a03f10-22e2-4e12-beb6-ea6fc0b98a45 · outbound

This paper cites When it comes to benchmarks, humans are the only way.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians When it comes to benchmarks, humans are the only way

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:18.373831Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8efba316-5ffa-4bef-8522-c037225f4c7e · outbound

This paper cites Representation and misdiagnosis of dark skin in a large-scale visual diagnostic challenge.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Representation and misdiagnosis of dark skin in a large-scale visual diagnostic challenge

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:18.524477Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4477b600-045a-468a-8122-68b3649cbfe2 · outbound

This paper cites OpenAlex: A fully-open index of scholarly works, authors, venues, institutions, and concepts.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians OpenAlex: A fully-open index of scholarly works, authors, venues, institutions, and concepts

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:18.659456Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 42f775e5-14d9-43ce-b516-7e1288372353 · outbound

This paper cites Hippocratic corpus.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Hippocratic corpus

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:18.758720Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c409f1b7-a516-478b-8f56-419faac26ac9 · outbound

This paper cites Hippocratic.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Hippocratic

Reference 20

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-04T16:48:34.842283Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 54159444-7804-4a23-8072-f4ddfe36fa9c · outbound

This paper cites MEDITRON-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Models.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians MEDITRON-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Models

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:19.005255Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0ca4b183-dea0-4650-b829-082df593e64e · outbound

This paper cites MedGemma Technical Report.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians MedGemma Technical Report

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:19.113616Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f758eee5-9639-439a-8804-f8cb20507442 · outbound

This paper cites Limitations of learning new and updated medical knowledge with commercial fine-tuning large language models.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Limitations of learning new and updated medical knowledge with commercial fine-tuning large language models

Reference 23

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-04T16:48:34.579892Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation a68c6e94-52e0-42b4-b3cd-851a038d854c · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating the effectiveness of biomedical fine-tuning for large language models on clinical tasks.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Evaluating the effectiveness of biomedical fine-tuning for large language models on clinical tasks

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:19.264742Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 027679e9-950c-49ad-9b4a-30379621858b · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:19.326115Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 59938cd2-eb3b-481c-9f91-ce3c1fd65b46 · outbound

This paper cites Can Generalist Foundation Models Outcompete Special-Purpose Tuning? Case Study in Medicine.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Can Generalist Foundation Models Outcompete Special-Purpose Tuning? Case Study in Medicine

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:19.371532Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 13fa9db0-d181-4d40-b6b8-b06da1206676 · outbound

This paper cites From Medprompt to o1: Exploration of Run-Time Strategies for Medical Challenge Problems and Beyond.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians From Medprompt to o1: Exploration of Run-Time Strategies for Medical Challenge Problems and Beyond

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:19.424876Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2dd01417-12a7-4027-be51-2950ac69ed3c · outbound

This paper cites The Bitter Lesson [Internet].

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians The Bitter Lesson [Internet]

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:19.458759Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 526563e2-3663-447a-a733-8f4dc7d40bdc · outbound

This paper cites LongHealth: A question answering benchmark with long clinical documents.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians LongHealth: A question answering benchmark with long clinical documents

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:19.545635Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cb5bc586-7c22-45fa-bb24-6b26abd0cdbf · outbound

This paper cites Health system-scale language models are all-purpose prediction engines.

Teaching large language models to reason like expert diagnosticians Health system-scale language models are all-purpose prediction engines

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T16:43:19.603410Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.