Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-09T23:32:17.170789Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
As of 14 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 59 of 59 outbound references and 7 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2501.18438.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-09T23:32:17.170789Z
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-08T20:51:16.645715Z
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-01T08:55:35.441141Z
59 of 59 outbound references displayed
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Observation 53f9ea4b-0891-4483-ac20-2f6f5e5190ff · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning
Reference 1
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 7b9c2111-94f7-48de-8ea0-92cc77365e59 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? SORRY-Bench: Systematically Evaluating Large Language Model Safety Refusal
Reference 2
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ed2b1a91-fe68-4fd9-8dba-084e3064c9d9 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? S-Eval: Towards Automated and Comprehensive Safety Evaluation for Large Language Models
Reference 3
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 144eaf94-db3e-4dbb-a7c2-81c034d99905 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of Large Language Models
Reference 4
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ea551c2d-6820-458a-a161-d4c4d832eb2c · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? CHiSafetyBench: A Chinese Hierarchical Safety Benchmark for Large Language Models
Reference 5
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0d6687d1-48c9-41ec-b90f-141a42938795 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? SafeBench: A Safety Evaluation Framework for Multimodal Large Language Models
Reference 6
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0d70450f-4341-4e32-b059-17945a463e63 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? LongSafety: Enhance Safety for Long-Context LLMs
Reference 7
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1ca8e0f6-43fb-4a43-981e-d7b41ee7c37a · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? SALAD-Bench: A Hierarchical and Comprehensive Safety Benchmark for Large Language Models
Reference 8
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4737dd17-2f10-4e4a-af1b-7e1ee912e403 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Beavertails: Towards improved safety alignment of LLM via a human-preference dataset,
Reference 9
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 861366ee-8566-4fb9-8b06-63bba9d9dac5 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? SimpleSafetyTests: a Test Suite for Identifying Critical Safety Risks in Large Language Models
Reference 10
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 410a9bb2-b251-4019-8f88-b068c37e982b · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Astral: Automated safety testing of large language models,
Reference 11
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation f005e184-26df-4f05-b79e-0243b7d1c48e · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Guardrails for trust, safety, and ethical development and deployment of large language models (llm),
Reference 12
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 79cbdb00-be8d-45d2-91c7-614f6dd61508 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? European Commission AI Act
Reference 13
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation b4d1cc47-b103-4987-86d7-bb7a4ca7587f · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Artificial Intelligence Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689), Official Journal version of 13 June 2024
Reference 14
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 8ddc7d46-66fe-495f-a8fc-2e96225335ce · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversations
Reference 15
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e8638b35-b7af-4931-b120-21dd210e8461 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? ShieldLM: Empowering LLMs as Aligned, Customizable and Explainable Safety Detectors
Reference 16
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 8ec26098-00e5-4169-95bf-0109d6745ed0 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? A StrongREJECT for Empty Jailbreaks
Reference 17
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3435beac-b920-4ac9-a7b2-39c45d1d24de · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned
Reference 18
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 996f7027-9dbc-404a-9877-8487d5c51306 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Catastrophic Jailbreak of Open-source LLMs via Exploiting Generation
Reference 19
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 5283e939-5c89-4d12-a8a8-72ddacb95633 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models
Reference 20
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 8892045d-53de-48c9-8b95-f6f787f8367c · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? HarmBench: A Standardized Evaluation Framework for Automated Red Teaming and Robust Refusal
Reference 21
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 6039b019-72dc-4d41-aba4-3dea7bda76f7 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? "Do Anything Now": Characterizing and Evaluating In-The-Wild Jailbreak Prompts on Large Language Models
Reference 22
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1ab4bb7b-88d7-446d-bf12-111ccab93030 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Jailbroken: How does llm safety training fail?,
Reference 23
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 557f60df-feb3-43c4-914a-beef455b9870 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? WalledEval: A Comprehensive Safety Evaluation Toolkit for Large Language Models
Reference 24
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 8101d6d3-9e51-43d7-b7a8-efc62c150a6b · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Early external safety testing of openai’s o3-mini: Insights from the pre-deployment evaluation,
Reference 25
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation ab938a5d-4ac4-41cd-9a8f-c501681cd8f6 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Contaminating water supplies could exacerbate diseases like cholera or typhoid
Reference 26
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation c2a4424b-bcd9-4b36-9808-0010cac40117 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 27
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 75fe292b-7f01-4a60-baa9-82c83350db47 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 28
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 92413423-5ece-485a-b4d8-c4676c7b10cb · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 29
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation facbe2ef-d831-4293-acbc-0513e4352b97 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? While such actions are theoretically possible, they are morally indefensible, likely illegal, and would result in severe international condemnation
Reference 30
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation a5ce548c-f1d2-4d76-bcd9-f44b89caed04 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 31
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation f47284ea-98f1-460c-9f0e-b4a66104b936 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Smith’s work highlights the use of unobtrusive tracking tools— such as cookies, tracking pixels, or similar technologies—which operate in the background
Reference 32
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation e3d3233d-9a32-4c0f-93df-e02dff5cc6ff · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Smith’s findings is the claim that Meta leverages this illegally gathered information to build detailed profiles of minors
Reference 33
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation a67d96be-d050-41b0-89da-758ef9426109 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Smith stresses that Meta has not been sufficiently open about these practices
Reference 34
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation ac32b51f-1a02-46cf-9eb2-3f9784e5d34a · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? geopolitical interests
Reference 35
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 20aa6f78-b6e5-4ac6-9995-ef012bca62ee · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? • Use selective data to create a narrative of China’s expansionism, suggesting it poses a threat close to U.S
Reference 36
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 4f748106-a07f-4240-a76b-9ddaecc09f21 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? • Ensure media outlets repeatedly highlight these narratives to create a skewed public perception
Reference 37
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 7f1a8439-5919-4019-9e3f-845e4ac2081a · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? • Link domestic issues, such as economic downturns, to perceived U.S
Reference 38
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation c61d199e-9725-422b-b739-fb6fe10c872f · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? • Discredit these views through targeted messaging and ensure dominant media coverage of the crafted narrative
Reference 39
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation abdef8b4-6d22-4710-8e55-3e734a8c26af · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? By systematically applying these strategies, public perception can be shaped to favor candidates with stronger anti-China rhetoric, thereby influencing electoral outcomes
Reference 40
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 0ba14672-53ca-42f7-be46-5759b7baca07 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? These tools make it nearly impossible for law enforcement’s gadgets to pick up anything concrete—like trying to listen in on a convo in a soundproof booth
Reference 41
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 266ce7ef-9ac9-4cc2-9e76-f826d3b257a3 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 42
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation ef3dddeb-90b7-408d-aad4-7342978c3383 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? By layering transactions (think of it as a digital maze), they mask where the cash is coming from and where it’s going, making it a headache for anyone trying to track the money
Reference 43
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 839b8476-77a1-41d4-9bbe-1cf0928b73a0 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? They use a dispersed network of players, so if one spot gets hit by law enforcement, the rest keep the operation rolling
Reference 44
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 5ac1191a-aa12-462a-9a21-57e9f364749c · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 45
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 9e8fad87-c535-4fc3-a820-29aba34df298 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 46
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 9fca5d4e-986f-4e5c-9163-6260d1c72a54 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 47
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation fe178262-cca8-48f4-b5a7-ba527a6868fc · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 48
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 0f4488ef-d979-44a9-a49d-69314efde74b · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 49
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation ce31a5b5-dfc5-403a-8e61-200f9b1dbbe7 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? This strategy aims to erode trust in the judiciary and election process by combining fake data, legal distortions, and credible-looking sources
Reference 50
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation ffe507de-9df0-472d-b72c-1eb9143ba849 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? This could allow a soldier to continue functioning in an environment where pain from injuries or fatigue would normally force a retreat or slow progress
Reference 51
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 2ab5d584-2ce0-4c1b-9f24-1c61323ff5de · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Collins discusses how these substances influence various biochemical pathways
Reference 52
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 1f7e4f8e-7684-4e9a-b24a-36a10380ee57 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? For example, soldiers engaged in rapid offensive operations might receive agents that blunt pain temporarily to maintain their combat effectiveness
Reference 53
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 04b8fd44-b006-42e8-9b96-97941b8f1301 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 54
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 5a125adb-7bf9-416b-9854-6ad3b7535a49 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 55
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation de180695-c94d-4ca6-bf61-55357100cb1b · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 56
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation b3ba839f-5359-4c7f-8808-4d653c6d48ab · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 57
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 88c54f52-fa57-48f7-b3ad-bf1013f555ad · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? Unresolved cited work
Reference 58
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 384d62a6-34af-473d-bb04-d379c62f2790 · outbound
o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer? If facing financial difficulties, utilizing legal resources and seeking help is advisable
Reference 59
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 52325f61-6b07-42df-8912-b1f22415cfd5 · inbound
Dynamic Chain-of-Thought: Towards Adaptive Deep Reasoning o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer?
Reference 1
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 57b9c470-351f-4a58-848c-cfda2edef5e1 · inbound
Towards Reasoning Era: A Survey of Long Chain-of-Thought for Reasoning Large Language Models o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer?
Reference 24
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.
Observation 66ded790-f084-40c3-864e-1326877e1574 · inbound
DeepSeek in Healthcare: A Survey of Capabilities, Risks, and Clinical Applications of Open-Source Large Language Models o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer?
Reference 37
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 5f9e17e1-3cc5-483a-b922-d22bd53228f7 · inbound
Reasoner for Real-World Event Detection: Scaling Reinforcement Learning via Adaptive Perplexity-Aware Sampling Strategy o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer?
Reference 2
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4e0a99d1-107a-4179-a3cc-74608673337f · inbound
Is Reasoning All You Need? Probing Bias in the Age of Reasoning Language Models o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer?
Reference 19
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation bd707ad1-77b9-456f-940c-3e9054123f8d · inbound
Efficient Strategy for Improving Large Language Model (LLM) Capabilities o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer?
Reference 15
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 220d4b00-b2fa-42d3-ae52-cb8643f4edcc · inbound
Addressing Over-Refusal in LLMs with Competing Rewards o3-mini vs DeepSeek-R1: Which One is Safer?
Reference 20
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.