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Synthetic Data (Almost) from Scratch: Generalized Instruction Tuning for Language Models

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arxiv 2402.13064 v1 pith:Z5UPBIAK submitted 2024-02-20 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords instructiondataglanhumantuningknowledgelanguagellms
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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We introduce Generalized Instruction Tuning (called GLAN), a general and scalable method for instruction tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs). Unlike prior work that relies on seed examples or existing datasets to construct instruction tuning data, GLAN exclusively utilizes a pre-curated taxonomy of human knowledge and capabilities as input and generates large-scale synthetic instruction data across all disciplines. Specifically, inspired by the systematic structure in human education system, we build the taxonomy by decomposing human knowledge and capabilities to various fields, sub-fields and ultimately, distinct disciplines semi-automatically, facilitated by LLMs. Subsequently, we generate a comprehensive list of subjects for every discipline and proceed to design a syllabus tailored to each subject, again utilizing LLMs. With the fine-grained key concepts detailed in every class session of the syllabus, we are able to generate diverse instructions with a broad coverage across the entire spectrum of human knowledge and skills. Extensive experiments on large language models (e.g., Mistral) demonstrate that GLAN excels in multiple dimensions from mathematical reasoning, coding, academic exams, logical reasoning to general instruction following without using task-specific training data of these tasks. In addition, GLAN allows for easy customization and new fields or skills can be added by simply incorporating a new node into our taxonomy.

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Cited by 11 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Towards Efficient and Effective Alignment of Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A thesis presenting Lion, WebR, LTE, BMC, and FollowBench, five empirical methods that together address LLM alignment data, training, and evaluation.

  2. HSS-Synth: Humanities and Social Sciences Data Synthesis for LLMs

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    HSS-Synth generates 230k instruction-tuning samples for 14 humanities/social-science fields and reports state-of-the-art fine-tuning results on 16 benchmarks.

  3. Search Hardness-Aware LLM-Based Problem Formulation for Expensive Simulation-Driven Design

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    Requirement-driven synthesis generates executable agent training tasks and trajectories from a capability description, improving a 35B model from 22.5% to 52.0% on Terminal-Bench 2.0 and from 813 to 1338 GDPval Elo.

  5. GLAN-QnA-KR: A Seedless Taxonomy-Driven Korean Instruction Corpus

    cs.CL 2026-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A 303,581-row Korean instruction corpus generated seedlessly from a 1,084-discipline taxonomy, with near-zero duplicates and low measured overlap with KMMLU, KoBEST, and HAE-RAE-Bench.

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    A fine-tuned LLaMA-2-7B model trained with selected LLM-generated data improves extraction of chemical synthesis actions from experimental text.

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    Fine-tuning TTS models on tens of hours of real audio enables generation of 500,000 hours of synthetic speech that reduces ASR error rates by over 30% on Whisper-large-v3.

  9. LongMagpie: A Self-synthesis Method for Generating Large-scale Long-context Instructions

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    By prompting an aligned LLM with a document and the special token that precedes a user query, LongMagpie synthesizes long-context instruction data that outperforms prior datasets when used to fine-tune Llama-3-8B.

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    Reinforcing the two experts most correlated with thinking tokens improves reasoning accuracy and efficiency in MoE large reasoning models, with gains of up to 10 points on AIME benchmarks.

  11. A Penalty Goes a Long Way: Measuring Lexical Diversity in Synthetic Texts Under Prompt-Influenced Length Variations

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    PATTR adds a target-length penalty to the Type-Token Ratio, producing a lexical diversity score with tunable, reduced short-text bias for LLM synthetic data.

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