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The World as a Hologram
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According to 't Hooft the combination of quantum mechanics and gravity requires the three dimensional world to be an image of data that can be stored on a two dimensional projection much like a holographic image. The two dimensional description only requires one discrete degree of freedom per Planck area and yet it is rich enough to describe all three dimensional phenomena. After outlining 't Hooft's proposal I give a preliminary informal description of how it may be implemented. One finds a basic requirement that particles must grow in size as their momenta are increased far above the Planck scale. The consequences for high energy particle collisions are described. The phenomena of particle growth with momentum was previously discussed in the context of string theory and was related to information spreading near black hole horizons. The considerations of this paper indicate that the effect is much more rapid at all but the earliest times. In fact the rate of spreading is found to saturate the bound from causality. Finally we consider string theory as a possible realization of 't Hooft's idea. The light front lattice string model of Klebanov and Susskind is reviewed and its similarities with the holographic theory are demonstrated. The agreement between the two requires unproven but plausible assumptions about the nonperturbative behavior of string theory. Very similar ideas to those in this paper have been long held by Charles Thorn.
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Showing 60 of 93 Pith papers that cite this
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The von Neumann algebraic quantum group $\mathrm{SU}_q(1,1)\rtimes \mathbb{Z}_2$ and the DSSYK model
The DSSYK model emerges as the dynamics on the quantum homogeneous space of the von Neumann algebraic quantum group SU_q(1,1) ⋊ Z2.
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Geometric Entropies and their Hamiltonian Flows
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Light-Front approach to $4d$ massless Higher-Spin interactions
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Quantum Horizon and Quantum Membrane Paradigm from Black Hole Quantum Mechanics
Horizon partons on the fuzzy sphere form lowest-Landau-level states under an intrinsic Berry monopole, generating Ohmic, Hall and polarization currents that a link-field condensate locks to the bulk Maxwell field, yie...
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Holograms and Standard Models
DSSYK∞ at infinite temperature duals in the flat-space limit to the 't Hooft model, and holographic entropy at TB=∞ forbids quantum corrections to the vacuum energy.
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Higher-spin composites and emergent AdS$_3$ geometry in the $(1+1)$-dimensional Gross-Neveu model
The paper proposes that condensate competition in the 2d Gross-Neveu model generates an emergent AdS₃ bulk, a higher-spin tower, D1-branes, and linearized Einstein gravity with G₃ = ℓ_AdS/4πN².
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Spherically symmetric black holes in Gravity from Entropy and spontaneous emission
In the Gravity from Entropy framework, spherically symmetric black holes acquire r^{-4} corrections to Schwarzschild geometry, with large-mass evaporation at constant rate -β/24 and intermediate-mass loss following th...
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Jacobson's thermodynamic approach to classical gravity applied to non-Riemannian geometries: remarks on the simplicity of Nature
Jacobson's thermodynamic approach applied to non-Riemannian geometries selects the Einstein-Hilbert action plus a quadratic torsion term as Nature's choice when non-metricity is absent and the metric energy-momentum t...
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Novel five-dimensional rotating Lifshitz black holes with electric and axionic charges
Exact 5D rotating Lifshitz black holes with electric and axionic charges were found and used to show that rotation weakens holographic superconductivity while higher z enhances it.
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Symmetry-Resolved Entanglement Entropy from Heat Kernels
An improved heat kernel framework with phase-factor reconstruction computes symmetry-resolved entanglement entropy for charged systems and derives a cMERA flow equation that agrees with CFT and holographic calculations.
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Bootstrapping Yang-Mills matrix integrals
Bootstrap bounds on ⟨tr XX⟩ and ⟨tr XXXX⟩ in D-matrix Yang-Mills integrals shrink to islands matching Monte Carlo, with large-D trajectories guiding a positivity-free ansatz.
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Cosmological pole-skipping, shock waves and quantum chaotic dynamics of de Sitter horizons
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Scalar fields and 3D Flat Space Cosmologies
A direct bulk derivation of scalar quasi-normal modes in 3D flat space cosmologies is presented, using a hard-wall boundary condition and complex momenta, together with one-loop partition functions computed in simplif...
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The Double EFT Expansion in Quantum Gravity
Quantum gravity EFT actions organize higher-curvature corrections into a field-theoretic expansion suppressed by the lightest new mass and a quantum-gravitational expansion suppressed by the species scale.
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A microscopic realization of dS$_3$
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Tantum Gravity
A triple-scaling limit of quantum gravity keeps black hole thermodynamics finite and reproduces the Hawking temperature.
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Einstein gravity from a matrix integral -- Part II
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The mini-Page Curve in Cosmology
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Regularized Master-Field Approximation for Large-$N$ Reduced Matrix Models
A regularized finite-dimensional master field numerically solves large-N reduced matrix models, reproducing exact Euclidean solutions and perturbative Minkowski results for one- and two-matrix cases.
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Towards a Holographic dual of Carrollian BCFT
An end-of-the-world brane in 3d flat spacetime is shown to reduce spacetime symmetries to the boundary Carrollian conformal algebra, suggesting a flat-space analogue of AdS3/BCFT2 holography.
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Holographic entanglement entropy with conformal boundary conditions
In AdS3 with conformal boundary conditions, holographic entanglement entropy is still the minimal-surface area over 4G_N, and the dual Liouville plus T Tbar theory gives entropy governed by the effective central charge c_eff.
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Information-Theoretic Black Hole Entropy I: Beyond the Area Law
Black hole entropy is proposed to equal the Kullback-Leibler divergence between a mass-biased N-bit ensemble and the uniform ensemble, with the area law as the leading 1/N term.
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Holographic timelike complexity for de Sitter
Timelike subregion volume complexity in de Sitter grows exponentially early and diverges hyperfast at a maximal duration; near the SdS black hole horizon the divergence is replaced by slower, claimed-nonlinear growth.
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Wormholes as red herrings: reflection positivity and the reconstruction of unitary quantum field theories
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CFT Dual for Timelike Geodesic in Lorentzian dS
Timelike geodesic-integrated Wightman functions in dS are dual to bulk-operator correlators with a linear combination of an OPE block and its Casimir partner.
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The Entanglement Wedge Polygon
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Holographic Dual of PT Symmetric BCFT
Holographic dual of PT-symmetric BCFT via imaginary scalar on EOW brane shows spontaneous PT breaking and enhanced entanglement entropy growth in quenched state.
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$\boldsymbol{T\overline{T}}$ correlators from tensionless strings
Constructs deformed vertex operators in a topological string description of T T-bar deformed tensionless AdS3/CFT2 and computes their exact tree-level two-point functions.
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Pure states for subregions in gravity and their entanglement entropy
A construction assigns pure states to subregions in quantum gravity via partially frozen path integrals and gives a holographic prescription for their entanglement entropy that satisfies consistency conditions and rec...
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Traversable Wormholes Supported by Entropy-Inspired Effective Matter Sectors
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Wasserstein Space of Quantum Chaos
Effective dimension of Wasserstein space for quantum energy eigenstates reduces with increasing chaos, capturing Lyapunov exponents and indicating scar states via optimal transport geometry.
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3d QFT IR divergences as UV divergences in 4d Holographic Cosmology
Two-loop 2- and 3-point functions of a massive 3d toy QFT with generalized conformal structure are log-finite in the deep IR, suggesting nonperturbative IR finiteness and, holographically, no cosmological singularity.
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Cosmological brick walls & quantum chaotic dynamics of de Sitter horizons
Brick-wall spectra in de Sitter space show long-range chaotic signatures via spectral form factor and Krylov complexity even when conventional level repulsion is absent.
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Geometric noise spectrum in interferometers
The noise spectrum an interferometer would see from quantum spacetime jitter is computed for vacuum, thermal, squeezed, and scalar-backreaction states; all are Planck-suppressed.
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$SO(1, d + 1)$ symmetry of the Exact RG equation
The ERG evolution operator is SO(1,d+1)-invariant for any admissible cutoff, with cutoff-dependent conformal generators that reduce to standard AdS isometries for the special AdS-mapping cutoff.
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Soft Algebras in AdS$_4$ from Light Ray Operators in CFT$_3$
A conformal map identifies the flat-space soft gluon S-algebra with light-ray operators built from CFT3 currents and their descendants in AdS4.
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Grand Canonical vs Canonical Krylov Complexity in Double-Scaled Complex SYK Model
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No boundary density matrix in elliptic de Sitter dS/$\mathbb{Z}_2$
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Time-like Janus Solution -- holographic global quantum quench --
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Radiation in Fluid/Gravity and the Flat Limit
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Volume as an index of a subalgebra
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Entanglement Entropy of Quantum Corners
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Observers and Timekeepers: From the Page-Wootters Mechanism to the Gravitational Path Integral
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Photon rings in a holographic toy model
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An apologia for islands
Entanglement islands and Page curves can arise in massless gravity without an external bath, and compactly supported gauge-invariant operators exist in islands around generic symmetry-breaking black hole backgrounds.
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Anisotropic conformal Carroll field theories and their gravity duals
Plane wave spacetimes in three and four dimensions realize anisotropic conformal Carroll algebras as their (asymptotic) symmetry algebras, providing candidate holographic duals for z-anisotropic Carrollian CFTs.
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Asymptotic gauge symmetry and UV extension of the nonperturbative coupling in holographic QCD
A holographic effective strong coupling with momentum-dependent confinement strength and ultraviolet boundary conditions reproduces alpha_s data at all scales and gives alpha_s(MZ) = 0.1161 +/- 0.0017.
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QFT in Klein space
Authors construct canonical and path-integral quantizations for QFT in Klein space using extra modes, deriving correlation functions that match Minkowski space via analytical continuation.
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Modular Channels, Thermal Filtering and the Spectral Emergence of Spacetime
Modular channels induce universal thermal filtering that explains Unruh and Page phenomena, reinterprets entanglement first law as Clausius relation to derive Einstein equations, and proposes MCFC linking causal scree...
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Holographic Correlators of Boundary/Crosscap CFTs in Two Dimensions
Explicit bulk derivations yield two- and three-point stress tensor correlators in AdS3/BCFT2 and scalar and stress tensor correlators for XCFT2 on RP2, with tension independence and finite-cutoff deformations.
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Multiparticle States for the Flat Hologram
The paper defines and constructs composite or multiparticle primary operators for Carrollian and celestial CFTs using OPE blocks and momentum-space partial waves, extending the flat-space dictionary beyond single-part...
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A comprehensive numerical study on four categories of holographic dark energy models
Seven holographic dark energy models are constrained with DESI BAO, Planck CMB, and PantheonPlus supernovae; LambdaCDM stays preferred, Ricci dark energy is ruled out, and event-horizon models show large data-set-depe...
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Von Neumann Algebras in Double-Scaled SYK
Double-scaled SYK chord algebra is a Type II₁ factor whose empty state is tracial, cyclic, and separating.
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Carrollian Perspective on Celestial Holography
A 3d sourced conformal Carrollian field theory is proposed to holographically capture 4d flat gravity kinematics, with Ward identities matching 2d celestial CFT after relating operators.
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Spacetime structure near generic horizons and soft hair
A family of horizon boundary conditions labeled by s yields BMS-like algebras with spin-s supertranslations, while another choice gives a non-linear Heisenberg-like algebra whose generators build the BMS-like ones.
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Spacetime granularity from finite-dimensionality of local observable algebras
Under finite-dimensionality of local observable algebras, the reconstructed operational spacetime topology is an atomistic Boolean algebra, implying a granular cellular spacetime.
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Cross-Correlations of Metric and Monopole Perturbations from Holographic Cosmology
At 1-loop in holographic cosmology, f_NL^{ξÃÃ}=0 while the angle-averaged f_NL^{γÃÃ}=6, from a full ⟨TJJ⟩ computation including contact terms.
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