Pith Number

pith:WFNOLC4Y

pith:2026:WFNOLC4YKKEAJIA6WOOMZF6IFJ

not attested not anchored not stored refs pending

Unintended Negative Impacts of Promotional Language in Patent Evaluation

Bingkun Zhao, Chenwei Zhang, Hao Peng

Higher promotional language in patent applications links to lower grant, transfer, and appeal success rates.

arxiv:2605.04926 v2 · 2026-05-06 · cs.CL

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Add to your LaTeX paper

\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{WFNOLC4YKKEAJIA6WOOMZF6IFJ}

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Record completeness

1 Bitcoin timestamp

2 Internet Archive

3 Author claim open · sign in to claim

4 Citations open

5 Replications open

✓ Portable graph bundle live · download bundle · merged state

The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

a higher frequency of promotional words is negatively associated with the probability of an application being (i) granted a patent, (ii) transferred ownership, and (iii) successfully appealed. This promotional penalty holds even after accounting for a range of confounding factors and is largely robust across different technological areas.

C2weakest assumption

That the 135-word promotional lexicon, validated in science, measures promotional framing without systematic bias or omission in the distinct legal and technical language of patents, and that all relevant confounders (beyond those controlled) are captured in the matching and regression setup.

C3one line summary

Patents with more promotional language show 5-6 percentage point lower success rates in granting, transfer, and appeal reversal, despite objectively reflecting higher combinatorial novelty and future citations.

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-06-25T01:17:53.727215Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

b15ae58b98528804a01eb39ccc97c82a498b5b77cda4651412b3eae3346516dd

Aliases

arxiv: 2605.04926 · arxiv_version: 2605.04926v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2605.04926 · pith_short_12: WFNOLC4YKKEA · pith_short_16: WFNOLC4YKKEAJIA6 · pith_short_8: WFNOLC4Y

Agent API

Resolver JSON Graph JSON Events JSON Schema Signing key

Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/WFNOLC4YKKEAJIA6WOOMZF6IFJ \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: b15ae58b98528804a01eb39ccc97c82a498b5b77cda4651412b3eae3346516dd

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "7ae8f90a440587ff53ccf666b7a6ae5088092a87ebc7cea85e22d86aeea08c1d",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.CL",
    "submitted_at": "2026-05-06T13:52:32Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "25e877c53bd484c354c0c8011c609876ef5d4554f06b93d89f15eb424f85fd40"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2605.04926",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}