Pith Number

pith:XPRHBVKT

pith:2026:XPRHBVKTK5DEG5M3PCTSW3UADI

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Urban Flood Observations: A hand-labeled training and validation dataset of post-flood inundation

Ariful Islam, Beth Tellman, Hannah K. Friedrich, Jonathan Giezendanner, Rohit Mukherjee, Upmanu Lall, Venkataraman Lakshmi, Zhijie Zhang

A hand-labeled dataset of 215 satellite image chips enables machine learning models to map urban flood inundation at 77.3 mean IoU.

arxiv:2604.23066 v2 · 2026-04-24 · cs.CV

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The bundle contains the canonical record plus signed events. A mirror can host it anywhere and recompute the same current state with the deterministic merge algorithm.

Claims

C1strongest claim

We present Urban Flood Observations (UFO), a global, hand-labeled dataset of post-flood inundation in diverse urban settings. UFO comprises 215 image chips (1024 by 1024 pixels) from 14 flood events between 2017 and 2021, derived from 3 m PlanetScope imagery. ... achieving a mean Intersection over Union (IoU) of 77.3. We also used UFO to evaluate two widely used surface water products ... which yielded IoUs of 44.1 and 48.1, respectively.

C2weakest assumption

The hand-labeling by experts accurately captures all visible surface water without significant errors from shadows, vegetation, or urban features, and the 14 selected events and chips provide sufficient diversity and representativeness for training generalizable models.

C3one line summary

UFO is a new publicly available hand-labeled dataset of 215 PlanetScope image chips from 14 urban flood events annotated for inundated and non-inundated areas, validated via segmentation model with 77.3 mean IoU and comparisons to existing water products.

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-06-09T01:05:17.904229Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

bbe270d553574643759b78a72b6e801a29648a26656717b16f624c34638bade5

Aliases

arxiv: 2604.23066 · arxiv_version: 2604.23066v2 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2604.23066 · pith_short_12: XPRHBVKTK5DE · pith_short_16: XPRHBVKTK5DEG5M3 · pith_short_8: XPRHBVKT

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Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/XPRHBVKTK5DEG5M3PCTSW3UADI \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: bbe270d553574643759b78a72b6e801a29648a26656717b16f624c34638bade5

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "34b4c2d6bcfc31ea1897621ee74d598fb1d07f4492f107f3fd86e09a630806ba",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "primary_cat": "cs.CV",
    "submitted_at": "2026-04-24T23:30:22Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "7df233b146854478518d8da0b73861b2b35bb3246dc47228620b5f7d98842a9a"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2604.23066",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 2
  }
}