Introduces textual belief states and factorized GRPO to enforce strict latent state mediation in text-based world models, yielding preserved prediction accuracy with large gains in representation quality and rollout performance on TextWorld and ScienceWorld.
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Reasoning with Language Model is Planning with World Model
Canonical reference. 92% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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92% of classified citations
abstract
Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities, especially when prompted to generate intermediate reasoning steps (e.g., Chain-of-Thought, CoT). However, LLMs can still struggle with problems that are easy for humans, such as generating action plans for executing tasks in a given environment, or performing complex math, logical, and commonsense reasoning. The deficiency stems from the key fact that LLMs lack an internal $\textit{world model}$ to predict the world $\textit{state}$ (e.g., environment status, intermediate variable values) and simulate long-term outcomes of actions. This prevents LLMs from performing deliberate planning akin to human brains, which involves exploring alternative reasoning paths, anticipating future states and rewards, and iteratively refining existing reasoning steps. To overcome the limitations, we propose a new LLM reasoning framework, $\underline{R}$easoning vi$\underline{a}$ $\underline{P}$lanning $\textbf{(RAP)}$. RAP repurposes the LLM as both a world model and a reasoning agent, and incorporates a principled planning algorithm (based on Monto Carlo Tree Search) for strategic exploration in the vast reasoning space. During reasoning, the LLM (as agent) incrementally builds a reasoning tree under the guidance of the LLM (as world model) and task-specific rewards, and obtains a high-reward reasoning path efficiently with a proper balance between exploration $\textit{vs.}$ exploitation. We apply RAP to a variety of challenging reasoning problems including plan generation, math reasoning, and logical inference. Empirical results on these tasks demonstrate the superiority of RAP over various strong baselines, including CoT and least-to-most prompting with self-consistency. RAP on LLAMA-33B surpasses CoT on GPT-4 with 33% relative improvement in a plan generation setting.
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representative citing papers
Tree of Thoughts enables language models to solve complex planning tasks by generating, evaluating, and searching over coherent intermediate thoughts in a tree, raising Game of 24 success from 4% to 74% with GPT-4.
A survey that unifies prior work on multi-agent LLM systems via the LIFE framework, mapping dependencies across collaboration, failure attribution, and autonomous self-evolution while identifying cross-stage challenges.
MIST is a new simulator for heterogeneous multi-stage LLM inference that combines hardware traces with analytical models to explore configuration trade-offs in hybrid CPU-accelerator systems.
Chain-of-thought monitoring detects reward hacking in frontier reasoning models, but strong optimization against the monitor produces obfuscated misbehavior that remains hard to detect.
Coconut lets LLMs perform reasoning directly in continuous latent space by recycling hidden states as inputs, outperforming standard chain-of-thought on search-intensive logical tasks with better accuracy-efficiency trade-offs.
A three-agent loop of code generation, test creation, and execution feedback lifts pass@1 to 96.3% on HumanEval and 91.8% on MBPP for GPT-4 while using roughly half the tokens of prior state-of-the-art.
GILP combines a small parameterized world model with LLM agent reasoning via a consistency gate, reducing hallucinated-state rate from 0.176 to 0.035 and raising success from 0.668 to 0.838 on graph planning benchmarks.
STOP uses structured on-policy analysis to prune long reasoning traces to their earliest correct node, cutting token usage 19-42% with little accuracy loss on math benchmarks.
Verbal Process Supervision uses structured critiques from stronger models in an iterative loop to improve LLM reasoning, reaching 94.9% on GPQA Diamond and large gains on AIME 2025.
ARM evolves specialized reasoning modules from basic CoT via tree search to serve as reusable components in multi-agent systems that generalize across models and domains without per-task re-optimization.
GenoMAS deploys six specialized LLM agents with guided planning to preprocess transcriptomic data and identify genes, reaching 89.13% composite similarity and 60.48% F1 on the GenoTEX benchmark while outperforming prior methods.
Math reasoning gains in LLMs rarely transfer to general domains; RL tuning generalizes while SFT causes forgetting and representation drift.
OmegaPRM automates collection of 1.5 million process supervision labels via binary-search MCTS, raising Gemini Pro math accuracy from 51% to 69.4% on MATH500 and Gemma2 27B from 42.3% to 58.2%.
CoALA is a modular cognitive architecture for language agents that organizes memory components, action spaces for internal and external interaction, and a generalized decision-making loop to support more systematic development of capable agents.
A survey of LLM-based autonomous agents that proposes a unified framework for their construction and reviews applications in social science, natural science, and engineering along with evaluation methods and future directions.
Reasoning in large output spaces proceeds via shortlisting then fine-grained reasoning; this characterization enables a mechanistic distillation strategy that outperforms standard distillation.
Injecting noise into LLM latent trajectories creates diverse reasoning paths whose agreement acts as a confidence signal for selective abstention, cutting error rates from 40-70% to under 15% on math tasks.
A case-based learning framework extracts reusable knowledge from past tasks to improve LLM agents' structured performance on complex real-world tasks, outperforming standard prompting baselines especially as task complexity grows.
An MCP-native workflow engine decouples agent reasoning from execution by using declarative blueprints, reducing token cost by over 99% on a 67-step Kubernetes synchronization task.
The paper surveys human memory categories, maps them to LLM memory, and proposes a new three-dimension (object, form, time) categorization into eight quadrants to organize existing work and highlight open problems.
A survey proposing a holistic GraphRAG framework with components including query processor, retriever, organizer, generator, and data source, plus domain-tailored reviews, challenges, and future directions.
The survey structures agentic reasoning for LLMs into foundational, self-evolving, and collective multi-agent layers while distinguishing in-context orchestration from post-training optimization and reviewing applications across domains.
Agents should invoke external tools only when epistemically necessary, per the introduced Theory of Agent framework that frames tool use as a decision under uncertainty.
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