SFDM creates a continuous AFDM waveform by holding instantaneous frequency at the wrapped chirp midpoint per interval while accumulating phase continuously, eliminating jumps, lowering out-of-band emissions, and preserving the original modulation matrix and receiver processing.
Doppler-resilient orthogonal signal-division multiplexing for underwater acoustic communication
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Stepped Frequency Division Multiplexing: A Jump-Free Continuous-Time AFDM Waveform
SFDM creates a continuous AFDM waveform by holding instantaneous frequency at the wrapped chirp midpoint per interval while accumulating phase continuously, eliminating jumps, lowering out-of-band emissions, and preserving the original modulation matrix and receiver processing.